Kukosha Kwokuchinja Kunzwa kweCongress

Zvinyorwa zvokunzwa zveCongress nezvinyorwa zvinowirirana zvinopa hwindo husingaenzaniswi mukuita mitemo yeAmerica. Zvinochengeta mashoko chaiwoiwo avaiti vemitemo, zvapupu, uye nyanzvi sezvavanokurukura, kunzvera, uye zvimiro. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzisi, vatori venhau, uye varonzeri vevagari vemo, aya magwaro anoshandura miitiro yemitemo isinganzwisisiki kuva chaiyoiyo, nhau dzenyika chaiyoiyo. Bva kufambisa mubatanidzwa mukuru mukuru wemishumo yedare, kunzwa, uye zvinoitika pauriri zvinogona kuva zvisingavaki kudzorerwi.

Kupfurikidza nokuziva zvinyorwa izvi zvesangano, unowana mashoko akananga kumabhuku makuru anojekesa makarakadzirwe emitemo, kukurukurwa, kupfuudzwa, kana kuti kukundwa kwemashandiro anoita Congress basa rayo pabazu guru.

Kunzwisisa Zvinyorwa zveCongress: Basa Rakajairika

Zvinyorwa zveCongress hazvisi zvebhuku rimwe chete rinonakidza, asi zvinobatanidza marudzi akasiyana - siyana emagwaro, rimwe nerimwe riine chinangwa chakasiyana.

Maruva Akanyorwa

  • Kunzwa manyoro: Verbatin kana kuti zvinyorwa zvedare nedare rinopa mhaka. Zvinobatanidza chipupuriro chamashoko, mashoko akanyorwa anopiwa nezvapupu, uye kurukurirano pakati pemitezo yeCongress nezvapupu. Manyoro anowanzobudiswa mavhiki kana mwedzi pashure pokutonga.
  • Mishumo yeCommittee: Magwaro etsika ayo anowirirana nomutemo anoshumwa kunze kwedare. Inotsanangura donzo regweta, kupeta nzeve nokudzorwa, uye kubatanidza mirangariro mishomanene kana kuti yokuwedzera. Mishumo yematare inotsoropodza nokuda kwedonzo remitemo.
  • Congressonal Record (CR): Nhauro yezuva nezuva yenharo nezvinoitika paImba napamuzinda weDare. Inobatanidza hurukuro, mavhoti, uye kufukidzwa kwetsinhiro. CR haisi rondedzero yokunzwa; inofukidza chiito chouriri bedzi.
  • Mapepa eImba neDare: Chikamu chikuru chinobatanidza mashoko apurezidhendi, mishumo inobva kumasangano anotungamirira, uye dzimwe kurukurirano kuCongress. Izvi zvinowanzogovera mashoko enhau kana kuti mirau inoruramisa.
  • Set: A muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa nemishumo yakabudiswa neCongress kubvira muna 1817. Inobatanidza mishumo yedare, mishumo yedhipatimendi guru, uye mamwe zvinyorwa. The STerminal Set inokosha zvikuru mukunzvera kwenhau.

Kusiyanisa Kunzwa Nenharo Dzezvirunga

Pfundo ravose renyongano musiyano pakati pedare rinorekodhwa mashoko anonzwa nekurukurirano youriri mu Conrional Record. Kunzwa kuongorora uye kuwana maidi; kunoitika mumatare uye kunobatanidza zvapupu. Nharo dzinobatanidza uko mitezo inoreverera kana kuti inopesana nepepa pamberi povhota. Zvose zvinokosha, asi zvinobatira madonzo akasiyana - siyana. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwomuitiro, kunzwa mashoko kazhinji kazhinji dzinogovera kurukurirano huru zvikuru, nepo CRD inoratidzira kutungamirira kwokupedzisira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuwana Zvinyorwa Zvemasangano: Zvinokosha Pakombiyuta

Mapepa ekare enhau angada mamwe matanho, asi makombiyuta anoramba achiwedzerwa.

Hurumende Yekutanga Inodzorwa

  • .Gov: Mashoko epamutemo eU.S. anochengetwa neRaibhurari yeCongress, inogovera kunyorwa kwemashoko ose epepa, mitemo, kunzwa zvinyorwa (kubva pa1096, mberi), mishumo yedare, uye Chinyorwa cheRecouragency [[. Kunzvera kwokufambira mberi kunobvumira kugadziriswa nedare, musi, zvinyorwa, uye rudzi rwedare.
  • [[NTRANT:0] GovInfo:[[FLT :3] A basa reHofisi Yokubudisa yeHurumende yeU.S. (GPO). Inopa muunganidzwa wakakwana wezvinyorwa zvapamutemo kubva kumapazu ose matatu ehurumende. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvedare, unogona kutsvakisisa [[FLT: 4.] Conforional Record[[[[FFT:5]] [kubva muna 1994], marekodhiyo (misi yakasiana-mbiki, mishumo yedare, uye Sries Set (yakanyanyoganhurirwa). Nzvimbo inosimudzira kunyorwa kwapa.
  • [FLT][FOLT:1] . . . . . . . . Raibhurari inogovera miunganidzwa chaiyo yemitauro, kubatanidza [ Conforional Record[ neyakatangira kubva muna 1789 kusvikira zvino. Dzimwe nhau dzinowanika kupfurikidza nechirongwa cheAmerica yeYeuko, kunyange zvazvo kufukidzwa kusati kwambova kwakafanira pamberi penguva yokuita jaira.

Kushandisa Mativi Okutsvaka Zvinobudirira

Kuti usakurirwa nemigumisiro, shandisa mazano aya okutsvaka:

  • Shandisa mashoko anokosha uye zvitsama zvamashoko. batanidza mashoko akawanda munokora mashoko, somuenzaniso, "kusimbisa tsinga dzecheni" kana kuti "zvakavanzika zvechidimbu". Inzwa mashoko akafanana ne "authoisition," "chapupu," kana kuti "kunzwa pamberi pa"
  • Rivhiri nenhamba yeCongress nomusi. Dare rimwe nerimwe rinofamba kwamakore maviri (g., 117th Congress: 2021-20222). Kudira kuCongress chaiyo inobvisa zvinyorwa zvekare zvisina basa.
  • . Kana uchiziva kuti idare ripi rakaita kutonga (mutoo, Dare reDare reDare reMari, reImba judiary Committee), shandisa musefa. Mazita eDare anochinja nokufamba kwenguva, naizvozvo ungada kunzvera misiyano mizhinji.
  • [ Kutsvaka mukati memisoro yokunzwa. Mazita okuremekedza okunzwa anowanzobatanidza musoro wenhau nezita redare. Shandisa rutivi rwemusoro kuti uwane kunzwa chaiko.
  • Ushandise mashoko okunzvera azvino uno. On Congress.gov, unogona kubatanidza minda se .

Kusvika Panzeve Dzapamberi pa19995

Pamberi pa1995, marekodhi akawanda aitaurwa nevanhu haana kunyorwa pachishandiswa mapepa.

  • ProjectQuest Congressal (mapepa akanyorwa namashoko, anowanzowanika muraibhurari dzeyunivhesiti) – anopa kunzwa kwakakwana kuvambira muna 1824 zvichienda mberi.
  • Hein Online - rimwe basa rokuzvinyoresa neCongregational Documents yeU.S. iyo inobatanidza kunzwa nezvinyorwa zvedare.
  • Hurumende yokuisa maraibhurari – maraibhurari akawanda ane makopi chaiwoiwo kana kuti microfiche yenzwi rekare. Shandisa GPO Catalog[ kuwana maraibhurari pedyo newe.

Kududzira Mashoko Anotaurwa Nevanhu Vanonzwa: Nhungamiro Nenzira Imwe Cheteko

Marekodhi okunzwa anogona kuva akadzama, achimhanya mazana emapeji.

Usati Warava: Ziva Nheyo Yacho

  • Cherekedza zita rechibvumirano, nhamba yeCongress, uye musi. . Izvi zvinobatanidza mashoko akapoteredza ezvematongerwe enyika nenhau.
  • Rava [[NHAU] musoro wokunzwa [ uye rugwaro rwedonzo. Chigaro chinowanzotanga netsinhiro inotsanangura chikonzero nei kunzwa kwacho kwaidanwa.
  • Dzokorora rudungwe rwapupu. Ndiani akapupurira? Vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nyanzvi dzedzidzo, vamiriri veindasitiri, kana kuti vatsigiri? Vadikani vavo vanotsoropodza nokuda kwokunzvera rusaruro.
  • Cherekedza [ mashoko akanyorwa. Zvapupu zvizhinji zvinopa chipupuriro chakanyorwa icho chine udzame zvikuru kupfuura tsinhiro dzazvo dzinotaurwa.

Paunenge uchiverenga: Isa Ngwariro Pagadziriro

  • [ Kutaura kwakazaruka:[ mitezo yeDare nechigaro zvinowanzoshandisa izvozvi kuratidzira mirangariro yavo. Izvi zvinoratidzira mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti bvumirano.
  • chipupuriro cheZvapupu: tsinhiro dzezvirevo dzinoteverwa nemibvunzo inobva kumitezo. Isa ngwariro pakutaura, mifungo, uye nharo. Tsvaka mhinduro dzakananga mukupesana nemhinduro dzinodzivisa.
  • Kuchinjana nemhinduro (Q&A) : Izvi zvinozivisa kusagadzikana kukurusa. Mitezo ingadenha zvapupu kana kuti kubvunza mibvunzo inojekesa. Mutambo unoratidza apo kusabvumirana kwemiitiro kuripo.
  • [ Kurukurirano kana kuti nzvimbo yakatarwa: kana zvapupu zvakawanda zvikaoneka pamwe chete, cherekedza kuti zvinowirirana sei. Dzimwe nguva kusawirirana pakati pezvapupu kunorairidza zvikuru kupfuura tsinhiro dzavo dzakagadzirirwa.

Kubudisa Uchapupu Hwokutsvakurudza

  • Shandisa tsinhiro kana kuti kupfupikisa kunopiwa mubudiso remashoko anonyorwa. Mamwe matare anobatanidza pfupiso yamapfundo makuru edare.
  • Kutemwa kwechisarudzo ne dare rinoshuma [ kwakabudiswa pashure pokutongwa. Mishumo inowanzodudza ufakazi ndokutsanangura kuti yakapesvedzera sei gadziriro dzemari.
  • Nhamba dzakananga dzemapeji kana kuti mitsetse pakutaura mashoko. Mitsetse yokunzwa inoiswa pafoni; shandisa magadzirirwo (Senate Inzwa 117-123, mapeji 45-48).
  • Nzvera zvinhu zvinoiswamo[ muhendicheto: machati, mabhii, kana kuti tsvimbo kunzvera uko kunowedzera chinyorwa chinotaurwa.

Zvirongwa Zvokutsvakurudza Zvakabudirira Zvevadzidzisi Nevadzidzi

Zvinyorwa zveCongress zvisaririra zvemigove yekirasi, mapepa echikamu, uye kunzvera kwemiitiro.

Kuvaka Nguva Yaiitika Nguva Dzose

Tevera mutemo kubva pasumo kusvikira kumutemo. Kuwana kutongwa kunoitwa papepa, ipapo rava mushumo wedare, ipapo nzvera gakava rouriri mu Conregional Record. Iyi nhevedzano inozivisa kuti nharo dzinovapo sei uye kuti kubvumirana kwezvematongerwe enyika kunokurukurwa sei.

Kuenzanisa Uchapupu hweZvapupu Nokufamba Kwenguva

Kana ukanzvera nhau yetsika inodzokororwazve (sezvikurukuru, kuvandika mashoko, kuchinja kwezvoutano, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze), enzanisa kunzwa kubva kuMasangano akasiyana - siyana. Cherekedza kuti mukuru mukuru wesangano rimwe chetero kana kuti nyanzvi anochinja sei chipupuriro chayo sezvo kuchinja kwemamiriro enyika. Uku kutora zvinhu kwenguva refu kunozivisa kuchinja zvinhu zvokutanga noufakazi hutsva.

Kushandisa Manyoro Anonzwa Nokuda Kwokugadzirira Kukurukurirana

Vatori rutivi veMock Congress neModel UN vanogona kushandisa mashoko okunyora kugadzirira nharo chaidzoidzo.Ziva mapfundo akasimba zvikurusa akaitwa kurutivi rumwe norumwe mukati mokutonga chaikoiko, ipapo kuagadziridza nokuda kwekuedza kwako.Izvi zvikonzero zvako muhurukuro chaiyoiyo yemitemo.

Kudzidzisa Namanyuko Makuru

Vadzidzisi vanogona kupa vadzidzi zvikamu zvemashoko zvakananga zvokunzwa.Kumbira vadzidzi kuti vazive kutaura kukuru, ufakazi, uye unyanzvi hupi nohupi hwokusada mhinduro hunoshandiswa nezvapupu kana kuti mitezo.

Misungo Inowanzoshandiswa uye Nzira Yokuidzivisa Nayo

  • [ Marekodhi okunyora akarurama zvikuru: Nepo marondedzere emashoko anobudisa marekodhi asingachinjiki, zvikanganiso zviduku kana kuti zvisipo zvinogona kuitika. Kana mashoko akatorwa anoratidzika kuva akakwana zvikuru kana kuti akanyanyonatswa, aienzanisa nevhidhiyo yakarekodwa kana iripo (matura akawanda enhau eC-SPA).
  • Kushora mutoo wokuisa sumo: Mashoko okunzwa anoratidza tsinhiro dzinotaurwa, asi pepa ringadzokororwa mumarusando edare. Mishumo yeDare inogovera nhau yokupa, asi mapepa okudzosa kazhinji kazhinji haasvikiki.
  • Kutarira mishumo yeDare mishoma: inodikanwa kubatanidza mirangariro mishomanene kana kuti inopesana. Iyoyi inowanzowanikwa pamugumo womushumo uye inogona kuva inokosha sezvibvumikiso zvizhinji.
  • Kuvimba bedzi namanyuko mamwe: uye ungapotsa mamiriro emitemo akapoteredza. Kubatanidza nemishumo, [ Chinyorwa cheRekodi yeForegion, uye kunzvera kubva mumifungo yemagaba kana kuti magwemo enhau anoremekedzwa.

Mashandisiro Anoita Zvemagetsi uye Zvirongwa Zvokuda Kuzivikanwa

Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mazuva ano pakutsvakurudza zvine zvinhu zviri nyore:

  • Tsamba-kuvhura nokukopa zvimwe zvinoda kufanana: GovInfo neCongress.gov inobvumira kukopa maPD kana kuti madhigilamu. Mamwe masangano anopa mafaira enzwi nokuda kwemanzwi (kwete mavhodhiyo) kubvira mumakore achangobva kupfuura.
  • Kutsvaka mukati megwaro rimwe: Kana ukangovhura PDF inonzwa, shandisa Ctrl+F (Cmd+F paMac) kutsvaka mazita, mashoko, kana kuti zvitsama zviri mukati megwaro iroro.
  • API pakuvhura : nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokunzvera zvazvino uno, Congress.gov naGovInfo zvinopa AP Is (marongedzero epurogiramu) kumichina yemichina inoshandiswa kutorazve zvidimbu uye rugwaro rwakazara.
  • Tsvakaro netupepa: Tunhu twakadai seZotero kana EndNote tinogona kubata mashoko okupedzisa munzvimbo dzehurumende zvakananga.

Nhoroondo: Kushanduka - shanduka Kwokuona Zvinhu Nezvakapoteredza

Kunzwisisa nhau yezvinyorwa zvemisangano kunobetsera vanzveri kunzwisisa chinowanika kubva munhambo dzakasiana - siana.

  • 1789-1873: Anions of Congress [[789-1824]), [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Nhevedzo yeMikamo [ [1] [185] [185] [18] [18] [18] na[[FLT] Crogional Globe [187] (183]) yakabatira savatsi [[FL:] .Iinowanikwa napa [FLT]
  • 1873-pano panosvika: [[FLT]] chinyorwa chapamutemo [ yakava magazini. Mavhoriyamu apakuvamba haana udzame hunopfuura yazvino uno; mitezo yaigona kuhwirudzura nokutambanudza tsinhiro, pane dzimwe nguva kuisa hurukuro dzisina kutongopiwa zvomenemene.
  • 1970s\-pano pari zvino: Kuwanika kwezvinyorwa zvokunzwa kwakakura zvikuru pashure peChiito cheLegislative Reorganisation cha 1970. Kufukidzwa kweterevhizheni kupfurikidza neC-SPAN (kuvamba 1979) kwakawedzera kuziva kwavose, uye kumanikidzwa kuti vaone zvakafara.
  • 100-0-pano panosvika: Nhamburiko dzokudimuka neGPO neRaibhurari yeCongress zvakaita kuti zvinyorwa zviwanike nyore nyore paIndaneti. Zvisinei, haasati ari magwaro ose anobva muma 1990 anopindwa; mamwe aripo bedzi samakopi akadhindwa kana kuti microche.

Kuti utsvakurudze nezvezana remakore rechi20 uye pakuvamba, ungafanira kuvimba nemasero okunyoresa kana kuti zvinhu zviduku - duku zviri mumaraibhurari makuru okutsvakurudza.

Basa Rinoshanda Rokutsvakurudza

Kukubetsera kutanga, herino basa nhano nenhano nokuda kwegadziriro yokunzvera yenguva dzose ichishandisa zvinyorwa zvesangano:

  1. Ratidza mubvunzo wako wokunzvera. Muenzaniso: “Kokorodzano yakakurukura sei funganyo pamusoro perrogothe yemitemo mukati meChibvumirano che 117?”
  2. [ inogadza matare akafanira. Muchiitiko chino: Imba Eynergy neChengetery, Mabhizimisi, kana kuti Home Judicary (Masangano akaderera).
  3. Search Congress.gov anoshandisa mashoko anokosha “rusaruro rwepfungwa” kana kuti“ uchenjeri hwokugadzira” hwakabatanidzwa ne “kunzwa.” Tsimendi dzesero nedandero remusi (2021-20222).
  4. [ Kunyora PDF (ma) [[FLT]] - kazhinji kazhinji kunzwa kumwe kungakwana; kana kuti kusadaro, ita ndaza yokunzwa.
  5. [ Rava ndaza yezvapupu uye kutaura kwokuzarura kutanga - ikoku kunokuudza kunyorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  6. Chipupuriro cheSkim chamapfundo makuru - cherechedza izvo zvapupu zvakapokanwa zvikurusa. Shandisa basa rokutsvaka mukati mePDF nokuda kwamashoko akafanana ne “bias” kana kuti“ unyoro.
  7. Sarudza mushumo wedare nokuda kwomutongo upi noupi wakaguma. Ona kuti mushumo wacho unobatanidza sei zviwanwa zvokunzwa. Tsvaka mirangariro miduku.
  8. [ Cheka chinyorwa chenhau che [[FLT] nokuda kwekurukurirano youriri papepa. Cherechedza nongedzero dzipi nedzipi dzinodzokera kukutonga.
  9. [ penda zviwanwa zvako - nyora kunzvera kunobatanidza chipupuriro chamanzwi nemugumisiro wokupedzisira wemitemo (kana kuti kushaikwa kwayo).

Kushandiswa Kwakanaka uye Kunongwarira Kwezvinyorwa zveCongress

Sezvinongoita chero bhuku ripi zvaro, shandisa zvinyorwa zvesangano zvine kutendeseka kwenyanzvi:

  • Usanokora mashoko [[[FL:1] kunze kwemashoko akapoteredza. Nzwisisa mutsetse wakafara wokubvunza usati wadudza kutaura kwechapupu.
  • [[FOL:0] Kutaura kwakarurama [ - chidudza kuti inhengo ipi kana kuti chapupu chakataura, uye papejii.
  • Bvuma ganhuriro - marekodhi haabati mitauro, kana kuti tsinhano dzakagadzirwa. Idzo ichinyorwa chamashoko, kwete mufananidzo wakakwana wenzwi.
  • Sarudza pakati peidi nomurangariro[[[FL:1] - zvapupu zvingapa mashoko, asi mitezowo inotaura zvikumbiro zvokusada kupindura. Iva akajeka mukunzvera kwako pamusoro pechinotsigirwa noufakazi mukupesana.

Mugumisiro: Kupa Simba Kutsvakurudza Nezvinyorwa zveCongress

Kuisa mashoko amashoko okunzwa namarekodhi zvedare rinoyera unyanzvi hunovandudza nokushandisa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa marudzi echinyorwa, kushandisa magemge emitaro akarurama, uye kushandisa gadziriro dzokurava dzakarongwa, unogona kuzarura mutsetse mukuru wemashoko makuru anobva. Kana uri mudzidzi kunyora pepa rezita, mudzidzisi anoronga zvidzidzo zvehurumende, kana kuti gadziriro yemiitiro yokuronga, aya manyoro anopa ufakazi chaihwo hwebasa remitemo hunobvumwa.

Tanga nemubvunzo wokunzvera wakajeka, shandisa zvishandiso zvinorondedzerwa pano, uye rangarira kunzwa kumwe nokumwe sekurukurirano pakati pavachengeti. Nokufamba kwenguva, uchakudziridza mano okunzvera nokukurumidza kutendeseka kwezvapupu, kuziva zvibvumikiso zvikuru, uye kubatanidza uchapupu humwe nehumwe kukurukurirano huru dzemiitiro. Nhamburiko inopiwa mukuziva zvinyorwa izvi inopa mibayiro mukunzwisisa kwakadzama, kwakajeka zvikuru kwemashandiro anoita Congress.