Mbiru Dzehurumende Yebumbiro Remitemo

Kutsiga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuri paparamende inoparadzirwa nokungwarira kwechiremera pakati pamasangano ayo anodzora. Apo rimwe bazi rehurumende rinodarika miganhu yaro inorondedzerwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo, haringodzongonyedzi chete tsika dzamabumbiro emitemo asi rinotyisidzira zvikurukuru nhevedzano yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Kuparadzana kwemasimba, pfungwa yakadzorwa nemuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika Montesquieu uye yakanatswa neFramers of the Constitution, haisati ichingova zvayo donzo ramagariro. Ikoshipi yeumbindo inorwisana nokuiswa kwesimba iro rakatungamirira kumutemo wehurumende wehurumende yakare.

Kunzwisisa chinoitika apo bazi rinodarika chiremera charo kunoda kunzverwa kukuru kwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, mienzaniso yenhau yokunyengera, gadziriro dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinowanika kudzorera dzikamo, uye kuvadziko yenzanga inoparirwa apo miitiro iyoyo inenge yakaneta kana kuti kufuratirwa. Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunoyerwa kwete nokusavapo kwerwisano pakati pamapazu, asi kupfurikidza nokukwanisa kwegadziriro yokupedza kurwisana ikoko mukati momutemo.

Simba Rakasiyana

Vamiriri veUnited States Constitution vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nefundo yavo yeredhimoni dzakaitika dzakawa mukuva revamirioni kana kuti hurumende. Vakagumisa kuti kuunganidzwa kwamasimba omutemo, okutungamirira, uye okutonga mumaoko mamwe chetewo kwakanga kuri "rondedzero yakaisvonaka youdzvinyiriri" kudzivirira ikoku, vakagadzira mapazi matatu akasiana, rimwe nerimwe namasimba aro amene akaverengwa nesundo zvokudzivisa kuvhozhokerwa navamwe.

James Madison akabudisa uzivi uhu zvakajeka zvikuru mu Munyorero No. 51, achinyora kuti "rukudzo runofanira kuitwa kuti rukurire gwinyiro. Hurumende inoita ikoku kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mitoo yokudzivisa dzimwe. Dare rinodzora chikwama nesimba rokuzivisa hondo. Purezidhendi anoraira chiuto ndokuita mitemo. Mutongi anodudzira mitemo iyoyo ndokuvimbisa tsinhirano yayo neBumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro yokunzvera uye yemitengo inotsamira pamitengo yebazu rimwe nerimwe kuti adzivirire maruramiriro aro aro acho amene.

Unyanzvi hweiyi gadziriro ndehwokuti haitsamiri pamutsa kana kuti kunaka kwavamiriri. Panzvimbo pezvo, inoparira gwinyiro rimene kurwisana naro.Apo bazu rimwe rinodarika, rinopindira nguva dzose pasimba kana kuti chiremera cherimwe bazi, iro ipapo rine zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chebumbiro remitemo nekurudziro yesangano kudzorera. Uku kusawirirana hakusati kuri chiratidzo chokukundikana kwehurumende asi rutivi rwegadziriro yayo, kuderedza muitiro womutemo ndokuubvisa kupfurikidza nemirangariro mizhinji.

Zvisinei, kana mamwe mapazi akakundikana kuongorora nhanho, kana kuti apo vanhu vanobvuma kuwedzera simba ravo, zvivako zvepamutemo zvinotanga kuparara.

Kuratidzirwa Kunoita Kunyanyisa Munyika Yazvino Uno

Kazhinji kacho, zviito zvinoratidzika sezviduku zvinochinja zvishoma nezvishoma simba. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokupfuura murayiro waro webumbiro remitemo.

Chiito Chine Vatungamiriri Nedzidziso Yesangano

Bazu ravakuru vakuru kazhinji kazhinji manyuko makurusa ekugona kukunda. Huru hwemazuva ano hune simba guru rokutungamirira nerehondo izvo zvigaro zvaisagona kukarira zvizere. Maturusi enyanzvi dzokupamba zvinobatanidza kushandiswa kwoutsinye kwe mirairo yokuuraya [ iyo inofuratira Congress kuvamba muitiro mutsva, [ kuisa chiratidzo mashoko [[[ anozivisa vavariro yaPrezidhenti yokuramba kusimbisa mativi omutemo achangobva kusaina, uye murairo mukuru wezve wezve zvemari kupfurikidza namasangano okutarisira.

Chisarudzo cheHondo cheGenesai yeGenesi ya 1973, yakapfuudzwa paPurezidhendi Nixon's trato, yakaedza kuganhurira mano aPrezidhendi okuita mauto akashongedzwa kuti arwisane pasina mvumo yedare. Zvisinei, purezidhendi ari wose chifo akapanikira kuva kwake kwebumbiro remitemo, uye kubatanidzwa kwehondo munzvimbo dzakafanana neLibya, Kosovo, uye mukurwisana neISSIS zvakatangwa pasina ziziviso dzehondo, kuchimirira kukura kwenguva dzose kwechiremera chavakuru vakuru vakuru vehondo.

Imwe nharaunda inokosha yokunyengera kushandiswa kwesimba re rekudzora, umo purezidhendi anoramba kushandisa mari yakakodzera neCongress. Nepo Purezidhendi Nixon akashandisa ikoku nenzira youdzori, kuchitungamirira ku Garlement Control Control Act ya 1974, muitiro wacho wakamutsidzirwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura sechishandiso chokubvisa zvinhu zvinokosha, kudenha kwakananga simba reReconvement of book.

Kushanda Kwapamutemo Nokupfuura

Bazu remitemo, Congress, rakagadzirwa kuva bazi guru. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva rakapa nokuzvidira chiremera charo chokuita mitemo kubazu guru, richiumba hurumende inoshanda nokungwarira kukuru. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro nguva pfupi yapfuura rakanzwa achida kuderedza nhume idzi mudzidziso ye "mibvunzo," kombamiro yeCongress yokupfuudza, mitemo isina kujeka uye kusiira masangano makuru kunzvimbo dzinotungamirira kumirira kuchinjwa kwesimba kunokosha kubva kuboka riri pedyo zvikuru navanhu.

Kunyange zvazvo kutarisira kuri basa repamutemo uye richikosha, kunogona kutsoropodzwa parinotarisa vashandi vebazi vanotungamirira nokuda kwezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika, kunoda kuti mashoko akadzivirirwa neropafadzo yepamusoro kana kuti kuchengeteka kwenyika pasina chinangwa chepamutemo, kana kuti kuedza kupesvedzera kuti mutemo utevedzerwe.

Kutonga Nokunyanyopindira Musangano

judiary, sebazu risina ngozi zvikuru kupfurikidza nepurani yeFramers, harisati richitongodzivirirwa kukunda. Simba re rehwirudzuro ye , rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison[[FLT]], rinobvumira matare kurova mitemo inopfuudzwa nemitemo nezviito zvinotorwa nomukuru wehurumende. Nepo iyi iri divi remitemo yeAmerica, inogona kuva mutongi apo matare anodarika basa rawo somuturikiri uye kuva vagadziri vemiitiro vamene.

Mienzaniso yevangangowana matare anobatanidza kubudisa mirayiro inodzivisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende munyika yose yakavakirwa padare rimwe chete, ichipa nenzira inobudirira mutongi mumwe woruwa kuva nesimba pamusoro pomutemo wenyika. Chimwe chimiro kukura kwedzidziso kubvumira mapoka ane zvichemo zvavose kukwirira, kuchinja matare ehurumende kuva dare renyika nokuda kwenharo dzakafara dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dziri munhandare imwe yemitemo. Kukakavadzana pakati pa [[FLT: 0] chirambidzo chemitemo [[FLT: 1] uye [FLT:] chiito chezviito zvehurumende kuti asungwe, [[FLT:]]] idivivis irwo kunzwisiswa apo dare rinokanganisa uye apo rinoita.

Kuongorora Nyaya Munhau Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Nhoroondo inogovera mienzaniso yakajeka yemhinduro yegadziriro yezvisakiso izvi zvinoratidzira nzira dzinowanika nemigariro umo dzinobudirira kana kuti dzinokundikana.

Purezidhendi Truman neStetel Seizare (1952)

Mukati meHondo yeKorea, Purezidhendi Harry Truman akabudisa murayiro mukuru wokubata zvigadziko zvesimbi zvenyika kuti zvidzivise kurova kwaaityanga kuti kwaizoremadza nhamburiko yehondo. Akaita asina chiremera chehondo, achiramba kuti masimba ake okuberekwa saMutungamiriri-in-Chief akamubvumira kuita saizvozvo. Makambani esimbi aikwirira, uye nhau yacho, [[FLT] [FLT]] .[FLT]

Muchisarudzo chakatanhamara 6-3, Dare rakatonga mukurwisana naTruman. Mutongi Hugo Black, achinyorera voruzhinji, akadavira kuti Purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo chokutora zvinhu zvakavanzika nenzira iyi, sezvo shopu yeBumbiro reMitemo inoita simba muCongress bedzi. Chinokosha zvikurusa, murangariro waMutongi Robert Jackson wakaumba chirongwa chinowirirana chokunzvera simba rapurezidhendi: (1) Apo Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoita nokubvumira kwoufundisi kwamashoko, simba rake rakawanda. (2) Apo anoita mukusavapo kwechibvumirano chemitemo yedare rehurumende, iye ari mu "Urongari yoruvivi." (3) Apo anoita mukurwisana kana kuti kuda kweChibvumirano, simba rake rinenge riri pa "kudzosera ."

Purezidhendi akamanikidzwa kudzokera shure, uye zvigaro zvesimbi zvakaramba zviri mumaoko evanhu.

Chinokwezva Chinoiswa Mumvura Neganhuriro Dzeropafadzo Yakananga

Bazi guru, pasi paPurezidhendi Richard Nixon, rakabatanidzwa mumuitiro wokushandisa zvisina kufanira simba, kubatanidza kupunza dzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee, richishandisa masangano akachenjera nokuda kwezvinangwa zvamatongerwe enyika, uye richiedza kudzivisa kunzvera kweFBI.

Vatengi vakanzverwa namasangano akawanda. [[FLT:] judiary pakupedzisira yakamanikidzirwa Nixon kuwirirana netepi dzeNzvimbo inoyera, inodzora mu United States v. Nixon kuti ropafadzo yechiremera haisati iri yakakwana uye inofanira kutera ku zvinodikanwa zvepamutemo zvegadziriro yeruramisiro yetsotsi. Conforn[[FLT:]] Conmentspect jours forfictertifict of arst, of gest, etcrite, uye transtivement. [FOct:]

Watergate yakaratidza kuti munhu anenge anyengerwa anonyatsoongororwa panoitwa basa remapazi ose mukonzati.

Chirango Chitsva Netyisidziro Yokuparadza Dare

Kunyanyisa kunogonawo kubva kudare redare redzimhosva kana kuti kugona kuitwa nenzira inoparira njodzi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukati mekuderera kukuru kwoUkuru Hwemari, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal rakanangana nomutemo wakaipa weNew Deal uyo akarova Dare Gurusa reSangano gurusa serisiri rehurumende. Kukangaidzika., Roosevelt akakarakadza chirongwa cha "pasuo redare" chaizodaimubvumira kugadza ruramisiro yokuwedzera nokuda kweruramisiro iri yose inogara pazera ra 70, achimupa ruramisiro nenzira inobudirira yeDare.

Iyi yakanga iri denho yakananga pakuzvimirira kwokutonga. Kunyange zvazvo Roosevelt yakakuisa senzira yokubetsera nayo mutongi anoshanda zvakanyanyisa, kwakaonekwa zvakafara sesimba rakaedzwa nomukuru mukuru mukuru pabazu redare. Gadziriro yakatarisana nechishoro chakakomba, kunyange kumitezo yeRooosevelt, uye pakupedzisira yakakundikana. Zvisinei, tyisidziro yedare rairova ingave yakapesvedzera Mutongi Wedare Webhukad Roberts akakurumbira munguva yaakaponesa vapfumbamwe," sezvo akavamba kuvhotera kutsigira mitemo mitsva yeSangano. Mhaka yacho inoenzanisira kuoma kwemhoshonga: Rooselt yakanga yapfuura, asi yakaongororwa nechengete dare rakachengetwa nechetete youzvimiriro apo Dare raizvimirira pakubudirira.

Mitoo Yokudzivisa Yamaune Neyamasanga Mukurwisana Nokunyanyowandisa

Bumbiro reBumbiro remitemo netsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yakafara zvinogovera zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvokugadzirisa kusadzikama kunoparirwa apo bazu rinodarika chiremera charo.

Michina Yakarongwa Yebumbiro remitemo

  • Judicial Review: matare ane chirevo chokupedzisira pamusoro perevo yeBumbiro remitemo. Anogona kurova mitemo nezviito zvamasangano zvinoputsa miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Iyi ndiyo nzvero huru yapamutemo pamitemo napane vakuru vakuru vakachenjera.
  • Kuronga nokubvisa: Dare rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru naMakanganiso". Kudzorwa ichenjeri yezvamatongerwe enyika, yakagadzirirwa kukurukura kushata kwakakomba kwesimba uko kungava kusati kuri utsotsi asi kushatsa ruviro rwavanhu.
  • .Inodzora bhajeti uye kudzosa: Congress inogona kupfuudza mitemo inomanikidzira chiito choukuru. Inogona kukurira purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Inodzora bhajeti uye inogona kuramba kutsigira nhano dzavakuru vakuru.
  • Tsanya neNhengedzero: Dare rinogona kunzvera mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nokuramba kusimbisa vamirine vanoonekwa sevakanyanyisa kana kuti vasingakwanirisi. Ikoku kunoshanda kuvanyori vekabhini, vakuru vakuru vemitengo, uye, zvinokosha zvikurusa, vatongi vomubatanidzwa.
  • Constitugation: Kana bazu rikanyengera nenzira iyo mamwe mapazu asingagoni kunzvera zvakakwana, mhinduro yokupedzisira ndeyokuchinja Bumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Amendment yechi 22 yaiganhurira mashoko apurezidhendi yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kunhambo yemarusando mana eFDR.

Basa Rezvinonzvera Zvomuitiro Nezviito Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika

Maitiro akarongwa anowanzova anonoka uye akaoma kushandisa. akawanda eakadzikama mugadziriro yeUnited States anotsamira patsika dzakarongwa dzomufambiro. Aya anobatanidza kuremekedza muenzaniso, kudzorwa mukushandiswa kwesimba revakuru vakuru, ruremekedzo mukuronga, uye kunonoka kunoitwa nebazu rimwe nerimwe kunzvimbo yapamutemo yamamwe.

Apo iyi tsika inoputsika, tsika inova inokombamira zvikuru kukunyengera. Kushata kwakatsiga kwemipimo pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru, muzukuru ari muDare, uye urefu hwehondo dzokusimbisa kutongesa zvakawedzera tembiricha yerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti mapazi awirirane.

Migumisiro Yokusada Kudzorwa

Kana gadziriro ikakundikana kunzvera bazu rakadarika, miuyo yakakomba uye inogarisa. Muuyo wapakarepo zvikurusa kupunzika kwomutemo. Kana bazu rimwe richigona kuita pasina chirango kunze kwemiganhu yaro yebumbiro remitemo, mutemo unova chishandiso chezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pegadziriro inosunga.

Kudzokera shure kwedemocratic kunoitika apo hurumende dzinosarudzwa pamutemo dzinoshandisa simba radzo kuzvidzosera vamene, kuderedza kunzvera simba radzo, uye kuderedza nzvimbo nokuda kwamakwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunotanga nebazu rimwe rinodarika chiremera charo uye kusatarisana nokudzivisa kunobudirira. Kuiswa kwesimba mumukuru wehurumende, kuderera kwoutarisiri hwemitemo, uye kuiswa kwevatongi navezvo vakavimbika zviratidzo zvakatanhamara zvokudzorwa.

Kuvimba kwavanhu mumasangano ehurumende kunoputsika apo vagari vemo vanoona kuti gadziriro yacho haipiwi pamutemo kana kuti bazi rimwe riri kuita somutemo pacharo. Ikoku kunotungamirira kukupesana, kuwedzerwa kworuwa, uye kudisa kugamuchira zvigadzikiso zvine chiremera. Kudzikamiswa kwegadziriro yose yezvamatongerwe enyika kunotsamira pamurangariro wokuti mitemo yacho yakarurama uye kuti munhu ari wose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vakuru vane simba zvikurusa, anodzorwa nomutemo.

Kana mukuru mukuru wacho akachinja mitemo mikuru nedare kana kuti apo matare anoonekwa sevatambi vanotsiva, ngozi dzemari dzinowedzera. Mibatanidzwa yemarudzi ose inotamburawo, sezvo mamwe marudzi asina chokwadi nokuvimbwa nehurumende inoshanda kunze kwemitemo yayo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kudzivirira Kuedza kweAmerica

Mubvunzo wezvinoitika apo rimwe bazu rinopfuura chiremera charo harina mhinduro imwe. Inotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, ukombi hwedanho, uye kudisa kwamapazu navanhu kupindura.

Madison akanyevera muFederalstst No. 51 kuti "ruvimbiko pavanhu, pasina panikiro, idzoro huru pahurumende. Nhungamiro hurusa mukurwisana navatsoropodzi inoramba iri chipikirwa neziviso yavagari vemo. Vazivi vanofanira kutusa vakuru vakuru vanoremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo ndokuranga avo vasingapiwi. Masangano enzanga anofanira kutsigira kutonga kwomutemo.

Nhau yeUnited States inharo inopfuurira pamusoro pemiganhu yakafanira yesimba rehurumende. Iyi kurukurirano, mungave mumatare, muCongress, kana kuti munzvimbo yavose, iropa renyika inotonga. Kunyanyisa nguva dzose kuchava muedzo kuvakuru vakuru vane chiremera. Basa rechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kurambira, kushandisa maturusi akagoverwa, uye kupfuudza tsika yapamutemo iyo inosimba uye yakadzikama sezvayakagarwa nhaka.