Miitiro yeElectoral iri pakati pegadziriro dzesangano dzinotevera zvikurusa muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipi neipi. Inoumba kwete bedzi avo vanotonga asiwo nzira iyo vagari vemo vanorangarira nayo ukama hwavo nehurumende uye kune mumwe nomumwe. Pakati pemarudzi akasiyana - siyana, gadziriro dzevasarudzo dzinoshandisa pesvedzero huru pakukura kwezivikanwo yehurumende — pfungwa yokuva, kuvimbika, uye kuzvipira kunowirirana uko kunobatanidza vanhu kunzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzira idzo gadziriro huru dzinosimudzira kana kuti dzinodzivisa nayo kuzivikanwa navanhu, kunyora pamusoro pezvirongwa zvenhau, uye kunzvera kwenhau dzinopesana.

Kurondedzera Maitiro Ezvikepe Zvikuru

Gadziriro dzavasaruri dzakavakirwa panheyo yokuti muvhoti kana kuti mubato anowana vhoti zhinjisa. Chinjo inozivikanwa zvikurusa ndeyokutanga-kare-hedhi (FPTP), inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye India nokuda kwesarudzo dzakaderera. MuFPTP, muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anosarudza mumwe muruwa rumwe, uye mutengi ane uzhinji hwevota anoziviswa kuva mukundi. Dzimwe mhindu huru dzinobatanidza gadziriro mbiri yezve (kuvhotera kwapaburi) uye kuvhotera kwapazverwa kwapasi.

Idzi gadziriro dzinopesana nemipimo yemipimo yemipimo yepakati pepakati pe (PR), iyo inopa zvigaro kumativi zviri nyore mukuwirirana negoverano yazvo yokuvhota. Masangano makuru anowanzoparira hurumende dzine chikamu chimwe nevakuru vakuru vapaparamende vakajeka, asi kazhinji kazhinji anoita kudaro pamutengo wokumirira mapoka maduku akaderera uye mapoka enzvimbo kana kuti echiverengero chavagari vemo ayo asinganangirwi mumaruwa akati.

Nhoroondo uye Kurerwa Nevana

Kugamuchirwa kwegadziriro dzamavhota makuru kwakabatanidza munhau kukura kwetsika muzana ramakore rechi19 nerechi20. MuBritain, Chinjo Mabasa yakatambanudza zvishoma nezvishoma rondedzero, uye FPTP yakachengetwa somutoo wakapfava, wakarovedzeka. United States yakagamuchirwa FPTP nokuda kweImba yayo yavamiriri sorutivi rwekubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwemitemo mamiriro ezvinhu akadzikama nefariro dzehurumende. Dzaichimbova nyika dzeBritain dzakagara nhaka tsika pakuzvimirira. Nhasi, gadziriro huru dzinoramba dziripo dzinoshandiswa mu30 muzana yamasarusarudzo akaderera munyika yose, mukuwirirana neACE Elector Know.

Maindasitiri Ezvikamu Zvepasi: Chivic Ixvity and Electoral Institutions

Chiziviso cheCopic ipfungwa inobatanidza pfungwa dzakawanda, zvinotapura, uye mativi omufambiro. Inobatanidza zivo yamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, batano noumambo, chivimbo muhurumende, uye kudisa kutora rutivi mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Masangano ehurumende anopesvedzera kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nedzinenge nzira nhatu: kumirira, kuzvidavirira, uye kuva munzanga.

Kumirira uye Pfungwa Yokuva Munhu

Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vhoti dzavo dzinoshandura muchimiro — kuti hurumende inobatanidza vanhu vakafanana navo — sezvingabvira zvikuru vanokudziridza kuva nohuwandu hwehurumende hwakasimba. Gadziriro dzavamiriri vanogona kusimbisa ichi chisungo mumaruwa anokunda, umo mumiriri akasarudzwa anogoverana zvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, mumaruwa umo vavhoti kana kuti vavhoti vanganzwa kuti inzwi ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika rinopambadzwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, kubviswa kunodzokororwa kunogona kubvisa chivimbo ndokuderedza kuzivikanwa nenzanga huru yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuzvidavirira uye Kuzvidavirira kweHurumende

Gadziriro dzamasangano dzinoita mutsetse wakananga wokuzvidavirira pakati pavamiriri vavo neMP yavo yomunhu oga kana kuti mumiriri. Uku kujeka kunogona kukudza pfungwa yavagari vemo yokubudirira — chitendero chokuti nhau dzavo dzokuvhota uye kuti vanogona kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Hurumende dzinotsinhana dzinogoveranisa dzinopawo mutoro wakajeka nokuda kwemiuyo yemitemo, uko kungasimbisa rudado rwehurumende apo kuita kwacho kunenge kwakasimba.

Kuchinja Kwenzanga uye Kuzivikanwa Kwerudzi

Masangano eElectoral anoumba tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakakura kupfurikidza nezviratidzo zvadzinotumira pamusoro peruramisiro, makwikwi, uye kuva pakati. Masangano aMajeritarian kazhinji kazhinji anoita simba readversari, magaba maviri anogona kusimbisa "matanho ose". Vagari vomunyika vanobatanidzwa mugadziriro dzakadaro vangasvika pakurangarira zvamatongerwe enyika somutambo wezero-sum, neshamwari dzakajeka nevavengi. Ikoku kunogona kusimbisa kuzivikanwa pakati peboka guru asi panguva imwe chete. Mukupesana, masangano ePR anokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kuvaka, achisimudzira chizivikamiriro chavanhu chakapararira.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Kuratidza Chishandiso Chacho: Michina Inokosha

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei mutemo mumwe chete uyu uchigona kubudisa migumisiro yakasiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga neezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuongorora Nzvimbo Nenzvimbo uye Kuzivikanwa Kwenharaunda

Nemhaka yokuti FPTP inotsamira pamaruwa ane mitezo imwe, inoda mapati netsigiro huru. Ikoku kunogona kukudza kuvakwa kwenharaunda, somuCanada umo Liberal Party inodzora kumabvazuva, Conservative Party kumadokero, uye Blocébécois inomirira Quebec. Chikamu chakadaro chinogona zvose zviri zviviri kusimbisa kuzivikanwa kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo nechinzwano chorudzi. MuUnited Kingdom, kumuka kweScottian National Party uye kuzvimirira kwokupedzisira kunoratidzira rutivi kuratidzira nzira iyo FTP yakabvumira nayo kufamba kwakana kukuva kune simba zvikuru muparamendi.

Kushatiswa Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinotsigirwa zvikurusa chegadziriro dzavakuru vakuru ikombamiro yavo yokubudisa miuyo yokusatora — uko chiverengero chezvigaro chinohwinwa nebato chinosiana zvikuru negoverano yazvo. Mukusarudza kwa 2015 UK, somuenzaniso, United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) yakawina 12.6 muzana yevhoti asi chigaro chimwe bedzi, nepo National Party yakawina 4.7 muzana yevhoti nezvigaro 56. Migumisiro yakadaro inogona kusimudzira pfungwa dzokusaruramisira uye kubvisa kubatana pakati pevatsigiriki vechitatu, kuderedza batano yavo. Kunzvera ne[FLT] Reformation Society [FFLD:0] yakaratidza kuti nzvimbo dzakagara zvakakotsekana apo boka rimwe rinowana. — Mapoka anowana uye anovhotera zvamatongerwe enyika.

Midzimu Miviri Yezvikamu uye Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika

Gadziriro dzamaruwa dzinokombamira kuparira makwikwi maviri ane rutivi, sezvo mativi echitatu anomanikidzirwa nokuvhota kwapamutemo. Nepo mutemo waDuverger uchideya kutaura iyi tapuro younyanzvi, miuyo yendangariro nenzanga inokosha zvakaenzana. Gadziriro yemativi maviri inogona kurodza nzvimbo nokuda kwemasumo epfungwa ndokuderedza nzvimbo nokuda kwechipururudzo kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa. MuUnited States, gadziriro yeFPTPPP yave yakabatanidzwa mukukura kwetapuko — kombamiro yavarwi yokurangarira vashori vane ruvengo. Uku kushata kushata kuzivikanwa kwamarudzi ose, sezvo vagari vemo vanogona kushata zvikuru nokuzivikanwa neboka ravo renyika panzvimbo penyika yose.

Kumirira Kuduku Nokutsigira

Mitemo yavanamabhinya ine mhesano pakumirira dzinza, dzinza, uye rudzidziso rushoma. Pane rumwe rutivi, mapoka mashoma akatanhamara anogona kuwana mufananidzo kupfurikidza namaruwa mazhinji ezvikamu zviduku (mutoo, maruwa eAfrica-American muU South). Kune rumwe rutivi, mapoka mashoma akapararira — akadai semibatanidzwa mitsvene muWestern Europe — kazhinji kazhinji anokuwana kwakaoma kusarudza vamiririri. Kunyange apo vashomanene vanomirirwa, vangawirwa muhurumende huru. International Institute yeDemocracyism neEctoral Resolution (IDA)[FLT1] yakatsindigira nyika dzinoshandisa PR kuva nemitengo yakakwirira yokurondedzera nokuda kwavakadzi nemitemo mikuru.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Zvakadzama

Kuti tinzwisise kuti masangano makuru anoita kuti vanhu vazivikanwe sei, zvinobatsira kuongorora zvakaitika kunyika dzakawanda.

United Kingdom: Tsika, Kugadzikana, uye Kusagutsikana Kunowedzera

UK idikanwo guru regadziriro yavanhu, yashandisa FPTP kwamazana amakore. Munhau, gadziriro yacho yakaparira makwikwi akasimba pakati peConservative neLabour, uye kupfungwa yakasimba yerudzi rwakasimbiswa muuchangamire hweparamende uye mamiriro eWestminster. Zvisinei, mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, tsika yamuka. Sarudzo yakakomba yapamutande ya 2015 yakaparira gakava pamusoro pokuva nokuvimbika, uye 2016 Bretheater enheveru — imene nguva huru inoratidzirwa — kukura kwapasi pevhuro netsika. Kukwira kwapa muganhu woruvimbiko kungava kunoderedza kuzivikanwa kwapanyika imwe chete.

Chinhu chinokosha chenhau yeUK ibasa rezvigaro zvakakotsekana. Muna 2019, inenge hafu yedzose dzinodzorwa yakarangarirwa kuva yakakotsekana, kureva kuti muuyo wakanga uri mhedziso yetepi yenhau. Vagari vari muzvigaro izvozvi vanowanzoshuma chivimbo chakaderera muhurumende nepfungwa isina kusimba yepesvedzero yevhotera, sezvinonyorwa ne Nhlangano weHanstard yePUTSCENTY[.

United States: Kuchinja - chinja Kwenzvimbo Yepasi Nokuwedzera Kwekuzivikanwa Kwavose

US FPTP system, yakabatanidzwa nemuwindi anowana sarudzo yapurezidhendi naElectoral College, yakabudisa mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakasiana zvikuru. Chizivikanwo cheCOVICO muUS chakavakwa namagamuchidzanwa pamipimo yebumbiro remitemo yakabatanidzwa ne "hari inonyunguruswa" zvakanaka. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuwedzera kwokusarudzwa kwenzvimbo kwavavhoti — Democrates mumaguta, Republics munharaunda dzomumaruwa — yave yakawedzerwa namaruwa ane mitezo mimwe. Iyi inoumba chiratidzo chakavakwa pandyiko yechiratidzo chorudzi rukurusa. Muuyo ndewokuti vaAmerica vazhinji zvino vanorangarira mitezo yebato inoshora setyisidziro kurudzi, chinoitika chakafundwa zvikuru namasayendisiti vezvamatongerwe enyika saCulliana Mason.

Gerrymandering — kudhirowa kwemiganhu yoruwa kuti idivi rimwe — kumwezve kunoparira iyi miuyo. Munharaunda dzakafanana neNorth Carolina neOhio, mepu dzakanangidzirwa zvikuru dzakaita mepu dzinoita kuti pave nemitemo inoratidzira vhoti yakakurumbira, kugovera nzwisiso dzekusatendeseka uye kurashwa kwemifungo. Brennan Center for Justice[ yakapikisa kuti gerrymandering inosekesa kutenda mudemocracy uye inonetesa batano yehurumende pakati pavhotera mu "pack" maruwa ayo mavhotera akarongwa.

Canada: Ruwa Nedenho Yokubatana Kwenyika

Gadziriro yeFPTP yeCanada yakasimbiswa kwenguva refu. Iyi nharaunda inokurudzira masangano eruwa anonangidzira panjodzi dzenhambo nenhambo dzechinzwano chorudzi. Sarudzo yehurumende ya2019 ne 2021, somuenzaniso, yakabudisa paramende umo Liberal Party yakakurira Quebec uye Greater Toronto Nzvimbo asi akapfigwa muPrairess. Uku kuisa ngwariro panhau dzeruwa dzinonangidzirwa panhau dzomunzvimbomo panzvimbo imwe chete panzvimbo penhau dzorudzi. Bloc Québécoscois, mubato woutongi, waveripo muNzvizvarwa zvemo zvaMarudzi, uchitsigira chiziviso cheQuebec. Panguva ino, kukwira kwenhare dzeConservativer Party muAlbertator neSaskan yakasimudzira sei pfungwa yokumadokero kumadokero kwemadokero. Idzidziya iri itsika zvikuru, itsika yadzose nyika yose yomunzvimbomo.

Chinoitika cheCanada chinoratidzawo kuti gadziriro huru hadzina kubatana mumiuyo yadzo.

India: Kutarisira Kusiyana - siyana Kwemarudzi Kuchibatsirwa Nemajeri

India ndiyo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika uye inoshandisa FPP nokuda kweLok Sabha (imba iri pasi). Gadziriro yacho yave iri pakati penyika nenzanga, mitauro, uye mhatsa yorudzidziso. Mumakumi amakore apakuvamba pashure pokuzvitonga, FPPP yakabetsera kusangano reHurumende rakafara raimirira mubatanidzwa wefariro, kusimudzira zita renyika rinonangidzirwa parudzi rinosiana norudzi uye nzvimbo dzapasi penyika dzinogara nhaka. Zvisinei, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kumuka kweBhariya Janata Party (BP) pasi peNarendradi Mo yakaratidzira kuti miitiro mikuru yezvisaririra inogona sei kushandiswa kusimbisa chiziviso chenyika yeHindu. Kuwana zvizhinji nezvigaro zvine 40 muzana zvevoti, BP yaveikwanisa kutevera mapurisa kuti ipfuure dzimwe nzanga duku uye dzimwe nzanga dzechiMusimo wechisi.

Nyaya yacho yechiIndia inoratidza kuti marongerwo ezvigaro zvehurumende haangoerekani angova ega — anotsamira zvikuru pavatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vari mavari. Mugadziriro yehurumende, boka rinowana ruzhinji rwevamiririri" (zvigaro zvizhinji pasina voruzhinji vavhota) rinogona kutaura murayiro ungasaratidza kuda kwerudzi rwose, richimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro porumano rwebasa iroro.

Betsero Dzinoshatisa Nedziri Kubetsera

Simba Rokuzivikanwa

  • [ Kujeka nokupfava[: Vanonzwisisa mitemo. Uku kujeka kunogona kusimbisa pfungwa yokuti sarudzo dzakarurama uye kuti miuyo inoratidzira chisarudzo chomunzvimbomo, chero bedzi ruwa rwamakwikwi.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kuzvidavirira[: ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mumiriri mumwe. Vagari vanoziva wokurumbidza kana kuti kupomera, uko kunogona kusimbisa chisungo pakati pomusananguri navakasanangurwa.
  • Kudzikama kweHurumende[[FLT: 1]: Mativi makuru ari oga anopfavisa kuita muitiro unogarisa. Munyika dzine tsika dzenzanga dzakasimba, idzi dzikamo dzinogona kusimudzira chivimbo mumasangano uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika.
  • Chiratidzo chenhau[[FLT: 1]: Nzanga dzinogamuchira mumiriri anogona kutsigira fariro dzadzo chaidzo, achisimbisa rudado rwenzvimbo yakavakirwa parudzi.

Utera Nokuda Kwokuzivikanwa Kwomurume

  • Kutsigirwa kwamapoka maduku [[FLT: 1]: Vatsigiri vezvikamu zvechitatu namapoka maduku akapararira kazhinji kazhinji vanoona vhoti dzavo dzichipambadzwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, ikoku kunokurudzira kusada uye kubviswa munzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Geographical polaxity[[FLT: 1]: Muitiro unokurudzira maruwa kuisa ngwariro pamaruwa, kufuratira zvigaro zvakakotsekana. Ikoku kunogona kuparira pfungwa yokuti nzanga yomunhu haishandi, inonetesa kubatanidzwa kwomunzvimbomo mune zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuchinja kwekubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika[[FLT: 1]: Makwikwi maviri anowanzosimbisa rwisano panzvimbo pokubvumirana, kuchideredza kuzivikanwa kwenzanga kwavose kunobva mukubatira pamwe mumisiyano.
  • Kusaenzana kwepesvedzero: Majeri mumaruwa anokwikwidza zvikuru ane simba gurusa, nepo avo vari pazvigaro zvakakotsekana vane zvishoma. Uku kusaenzana kunogona kubvisa nheyo yokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika inoparira kuzivikanwa kwenzanga.

Masangano Ezvekuongorora Ane Mazano Akaenzana Nawo: Marojarian v.

Nzvero yamarudzi ose inowana nenzira inowirirana kuti gadziriro dzokumirira dzinobatanidzwa nemuvhoti wakakwirira, gutsikano huru zvikuru nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye mwero yakaderera yokusada kuwirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero inobudiswa mu British Journal of Political Science[ na André Blais uye vashandi biyake vakawana kuti vanhu munyika dzePR vanoshuma mwero yakakwirira yesimba rokunze — chitendero chokuti gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inogamuchira kuvagari vemo. Iyi pfungwa yokudavirira chinhu chikuru chokuzivisa chisaririra. Nenzira yakafanana, - DEM Institute [[FFLT:3]] yakanyora nyika kuti vachishandisa miitiro mikuru yezvirongwa zvokushandisa purofitiromatemiteshi inoresa.

Zvisinei, gadziriro dzePR dzinogona kuita maparamende akakamukana uye hurumende dzakabatana dzisingazvipi mhosva, zvichigona kuderedza kubatana pakati pekuvhota nemugumisiro. Nemhaka yemapoka akadzika emadzinza, PR ingaisa panzvimbo pokuvakira zita renyika imwe chete. Somuenzaniso, muLebanon kana kuti yaichimbova Yugoslavia, kureurura kunoratidza zvitendero zvakatsiga. Nokudaro, ukama pakati pegadziriro yevhoti nezivikanwo yenzanga yenzanga nenzanga hunotsamira patsika dzakakura.

Kunetsa Kwemitemo Nokurangarira

Kuziva pesvedzero yegadziriro dzehurumende pamusoro pezivikanwo yevagari vemo kune revo dzinoshanda kuvagadziri vemitemo, vadzidzisi, uye vatsigiri. Avo vanogadzira chinjo dzemichina vanofanira kurangarira kwete bedzi tapuro dzemibato pakugoverwa kwezvigaro asiwo tapuro dzenguva refu papfungwa yavagari vemo yokuva voga uye kushanda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuchinja kwakadai sokugamuchira miitiro yakavhengana (seGermany neNew Zealand) kana kuti kuvhota kwakatanhamara (sokuAustralia namaguta akati eUS) kunogona kuderedza miuyo yakaipisisa yemiuyo inodzorwa yakashata apo inochengeta kuzvidavirira nehurumende yakatsigarira.

Vadzidzisi vanonzwisisa kuti izvi zvinokosha pakudzidzisa vanhu kuti vazive kuti mitemo inosarudzwa inogona sei kuumba uye kuzivikanwa kwevana vanogona sei kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu okutungamirira kana kuti anoderedza kuva mugari wemo wehurumende yeruzhinji.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvokusarudza dzine simba dzinoumba mativi ezivikanwo evagari vemo. Kupfurikidza nokufarira vakundi vakajeka, hurumende dzakatsiga, uye kuzvidavirira kwakananga, zvinogona kusimbisa pfungwa yokuva pakati pamapoka mazhinji uye mumaruwa. Asi zvine ngozi dzokuparadzana, kubatana kwenzvimbo, uye kupesana kwenzanga kunganetesa, kukanganisa kusingawirirani, kunofanira kupiwa zita rinodiwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Ukama hwacho hahusi hwokuzvinyimira zvikuru: kutsamira patsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mwero wetsika dzenzanga, uye kuvapo kwemamwe masangano akadai sechisaririra chehurumende, magariro ehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhamburiko ipi neipi yokunzwisisa kana kuti kuvandudza hurumende yehurumende inofanira kuita basa guru rehurumende inosarudzwa munyika yose — kuumba kubatana nokubatana.

Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika yose dzinorwisana nokuderera kwechivimbo, kuwanda kwerusando, uye kuwedzera kwegadziriro dzezvisarudzo zvinoda ngwariro yakavandudzwa. Muenzaniso mukuru, wakamboonekwa semupimo wendarama wehurumende yakatsiga, zvino unotarisana nokusanonzvera basa rawo mukuparadzanisa chizivikanwo chehurumende. Chingava kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwehurumende kunovambirana kana kuti kutsiva kwakapararira, nharidzano yacho inofanira kuva gadziriro yechisarudzo iyo inotsigira zvose zviri zviviri ubati ushe hunobudirira nesimba, kubatanidza pfungwa yenzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika.