KuMadokero kweNorthwest Ordinance ya 1787: Foundal Blueprint yeAmerican Constitution Development

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. richiwanzorumbidzwa somutemo mukurusa wenyika, rimwe gwaro rechiratidzo rakapfuudzwa mavhiki mashomanene Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo risati raitwa raita basa rinokosha mukuumba gadziriro yemitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika yorudzi. Northwest Cordinance ya 1787 yakanga inopfuura zvikuru chiito chehurumende chakapfava. Yakatanga muenzaniso wekukura kwahurumende, kodzero dzinokosha, dzakatarisana nenhau youranda mundima dzacho. Nheyoyoyo yakachinja zvakananga chimiro cheBumbiro remitemo, Bill of Rights, uye kudzorwa kwakatevera kwechibvumirano cheAmerica. Kunzwisisa kuti Ordance inokosha sei kukura kwapa muganhu wenyika yapakuvamba nehurumende inodzokororwa nehurumende inotonga.

Nheyo Yenhau: Rudzi Rwunochinja

Mugumo weHondo yemhindumupindu wakasiya United States nenyika huru, dzisina kurongwa kumadokero kweApachachian Mountains. Confederation Congress, ichishanda pasi peZvikamu zvisine simba zveConfederation, yakatarisana nedenho huru: kuti ingadzora sei nyika idzodzi pakupedzisira ndokudzibatanidza. Kuedza kwapamberi, kwakadai seLand Ordance ya1785, yakanga yataura nezvokunzvera nokutengesa nyika asi haina kugovera gadziriro yesangano rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kundikano yehurumende yapakuvamba yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeRoma yakaisa kudzora kwakare kwakare kwakakura. Kufamba-soro kweAmerica kwakabuda muiyi nhengengeri, kuchida kudzivisa kushatisa kushatsa kwaikwa kwaiita kuti kushandurwe. Sezvizvo nyanzvi yenhau yapashure, Dr.

Dare raibatanidza Nathan Dane, William Nott, naRufus King pakati pedzimwe. Rakapfuura muna July 1787, mavhiki bedzi Convention yePhiladelphia isati yapedza Bumbiro reMitemo. Iyi nguva haisati iri yechinhu chakangoitika panguva imwe chete; magwaro maviri akagoverana vagadziri nemavambo epfungwa. Ordinance akagovera nzvero inoshanda mukudzora kwehurumende uko nhume dzebumbiro remitemo dzaigona kucherekedza nokudzidza kubva kwadziri.

Nheyo Huru Negadziriro Zvenzvimbo Yakadziva kuMaodinance

Chinyorwa cheNorthwest Ordinance igwaro rakapfupikiswa zvinoshamisa, asi nyaya dzacho nhanhatu dzaiva nenheyo dzaibva munheyo dzaizowirirana nemutemo weAmerica kwemazana emakore.

Kutonga Kunotyisa uye Nzira Yokuva Muhurumende

Ordinance yakatanga muitiro wetatu wenzvimbo yemhindumupindu. Pakutanga, Congress yakagadza gavhuna, munyori, uye vatongi vatatu kuti vatungamirire nharaunda. Kana chiverengero chavanhu chakasununguka chasvika 5 000, vagari vemo vaigona kusarudza gungano rinomirira. Pakupedzisira, apo vagari vemo vakasvika 60 000, ndima yacho yaigona kushanda nokuda kwehurumende ine chibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo renyika uye yaigona kupinda mubatanidzwa pamwe chete nenyika dzapakuvamba. Uyu murangariro we “ kukwirira”[[FLT: 1] waireva kuti nyika itsva yaisazova yakaenzana chose chose asi mitezo yemubatanidzwa yose yemubatanidzwa. Iyi nheyo, gare gare gare gare muMatesitaro echipo (Active IV, Chikamu 3), chakadzivisa kuumbwa noumambo hwenyika inoumbwa na [FF.2])] yakapa nyika inosarira kuzivisa (18444), (18,1844],1), inotongenyukira mu18, 118, inosainde,184848,

Kodzero Dzinokosha Nekusunungurwa

Dare reOrdinance raibatanidza gwaro rekodzero raizivisa kuti pakanga patova neChikamu II chekodzero dzevanhu nemakore mana.

  • Rusununguko Rworudzidziso
  • Habeas corpus
  • Kutongwa Nedare Rinobetsera Vatongi
  • Kumiririra kwaanoita
  • Kuva Nemwero Pafaindi
  • Hapana chirango choutsinye kana kuti chechienzi
  • Muitiro unodiwa usati wanyima munhu zvinhu
  • Rusununguko rwokutonga (matare epanze)

Iyi dziviriro yaisangovawo zvayo mirangariro isingazivikanwi. Yakanga iri mutemo unomanikidzirwa mundima, uye yakaenzanisira zvakananga mutauro uyo James Madison aizokarakadza gare gare muGungano rokutanga. Iyoyi yakanga isiri tsaona. vatangi vakanzwisisa kuti riphabliki yaida dziviriro dzakanaka pavezvematongerwe enyika.

Kukurirwa Kwouranda Munharaunda YeNorthwest

Zvichida urongwa hwenhau zvikurusa hweOrdinance yakanga iri Chikamu VI: “Hakusati kuchizova nouranda kana kuti uranda husingazvimiriri munyika yakataurwa, kunze kwechirango chemhosva.” Uyu wakanga uri mutemo wokutanga wehurumende kuganhurira uranda mundima. Wakamirira kubvumirana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika pakati penyika dzokuchamhembe nedzokumaodzanyemba muConfederation Congress. Nhume dzeMajeri dzakabvumirana kurambidza kutsinhanhanhano nokuda kwetsigiro yokuchamhembe padzimwe nhau, kubatanidza chitsama chomuranda mubatiziro chaida kudzoka kwavaranda vanopukunyuka. Chirambidzo chenyika: uranda wakanga uchibvumirwa pamutemo kumaodzanyemba kwoRwizi rweOhio asi wakarambidzwa nenzira inobudirira kuchamhembe kwarwo. Iyi gare gare gare gare gare yaizodzokororwa muKudzokera kweMissouri-Nbra ya 1820 neNbra yakasvika kuMaka chikwaratiro chapakati pehondo inopfuurira.

Chitsama chokupedzisira cheOrdinance chakanga chisina kujeka: chakanga chisina kusunungura vanhu vakatoiswa muuranda munharaunda yacho asi chakarambidza kukura kwayo. Chakanga chinewo chitsama chavaranda vaitiza chakasara. Kunyange zvakadaro, chakaparira muenzaniso wetsika nemitemo. Apo Congress gare gare yakakurukura kukura kwouranda kupinda muLouisiana Purchase naCestian, vose vari vaviri vadzivisi navatsigiri vemiteve vaidzo vakadudza Northwest Ordinance senheyo. Abraham Lincoln, munharo dzake 1858 naStephen Douglas, akataura kuti vatangi vai vaida kuisa uranda panzira yokutsakatika, vachinongedzera kuOrdinase souchapupu.

Tapuro Pakukura Kwebumbiro reMitemo reAmerica

Northwest Ordinance yakanga isiriwo zvayo mutemo wenyika; yakanga iri chinyorwa chebumbiro remitemo chakaumba chimiro chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nekodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kushanda Kwehurumende Nesimba reHurumende yeNyika

Ordinance yakatanga kuti hurumende yenyika yakanga ine chiremera chokudzora ndima nokubvuma nyika itsva. Uku kwakanga kuri kuratidzirwa kwakananga kwesimba rehurumende kwakanga kusipo kubva muNhevedzo dzeConfederation, iyo yakachengeta masimba mazhinjisa kuhurumende. Constitution’s Property Claus [ (FLT]]]] (Indaneti, Chikamu 3) chinopa zvakajeka Simba reChikamu cheChikamu cheYakaro ku “kubvisa ndokuita Mitemo yose inodikanwa pamusoro peTiromendi kana kuti zvimwe Zvinhu zveUnited States. Iyi , kazhinji yaironda zvakananga kumuenzaniso weNorthwestern Ordance, yakava hwaro hwetsika yetsika nyika, kukura kwakadziva madokero, uye kunyange chisiko chenyika. [FUrlectal:][2][Foctalgation:[3]

Uyezve, Ordinance yakatanga nheyo yokuti hurumende yehurumende yaizotarisira kudzora nyika kupfurikidza navakuru vakuru vakagadzwa, gadziriro iyo Bumbiro reMitemo rakabvumira Congress kushandisa.Iyi yakaparira chiremera chikuru zvikuru mundima dzacho, icho gare gare chakava muenzaniso wokutarisirwa kwehurumende kwedzimwe nyika, kubatanidza District of Columbia uye gare gare ndima dzokumhiri kwamakungwa dzakadai sePuerto Rico neGuam.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Mashoko Ane Chokuita Nevane Chido

Apo Congress yeFirst yakasangana muna 1789 kugadziridza kuBumbiro reMitemo, James Madison akakweva zvikuru zvikwereti zvehurumende zvekodzero neNorthwest Ordinance. Chipikirwa cha chakapesvedzera zvakananga dare redare [, [[FLT:] muitiro [[FLT]] watava zvikuru, uye [[FLT:] rusununguko rworudzidziso rwakapesvedzera zvakananga mutauro weFith, wechitanhatu, uye wePutuz]. Hurumende yeOrdance yaidzo ye [[FLT] nechirango] yaidzivirira [FLT] nazvirango zvizhinjisa zvemitemo.[FLT]

  • [[[FOL:0] Rusununguko rwokutaura nokutsikirira: Rugwaro rwakadzivirira zvose zviri zviviri, uye First Amendment yakavabatanidza.
  • Kunanga kuungana nokukumbira: Ordinance yakavimbisa maruramiro oku “pa kudare nokuda kwokugadziridza zvigumbu,” maruramiro gare gare akabatanidzwa muFirst Amendment.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwezvinhu: Chitsama chakafanira chegadziriro yakarongwa yechinhu chakazivisa kutora kweGavhura kweFinthi.

Vatungamiriri Vechiremera Chenyika ne “Claus Mukuru Mukuru”

Dare Rapamusoro rakadudza rataurazve Northwest Ordinance apo aidudzira chiremera chenyika pamusoro pendima. Mu Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Mutongi mukuru Roger Taney akavimba naOrdance kupikisa kuti Congress yakanga ine simba rokudzora ndima, kunyange zvazvo iye akarangarira nenzira yenharo kuti kurambidzwa kwemitemo pauranda hakuna kushanda kumaodzanyemba kwomutsetse weOrdance. Gare gare gare, mu [[FLT:] Hades v. Biforew[FLD:] (1901) uye Insational Cases, Dare rakashandisa gadziriro yeOrdance kusia pakati (mazita adzorome) kuruwa rwenzira.[5]

Mu Pollard v. Hagan (1845), Dare rakaramba kuti nyika itsva dzakabvumwa pasi peOrdinance dzakanga dzine kodzero kuzita rimwe chetero kunyika dzakanyudzwa sedzimwe nyika dzapakuvamba. Uye mu United States v. Curtiss-Waright Export Corp. [193], Mutongi George Sutherland akadudza Ordinance kuti masimba ehurumende muzvinhu zvokunze nehurumende yeruwa aidzorwa, kwete kungopiwawo zvawo. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidza kuti Ordinasi inoramba rutivi rupenyu rwekududzira mutemo.

Nhaka uye Zvainoreva Nguva Refu

Muenzaniso Wokuwedzera uye Kutonga kweRepublic Republic

Northwest Ordinance yakaratidzira kuti chimiro chehurumende yeRepublic chingagona kutambanudzwa munyika yose pasina simba rinoisa muumambo hunodzvinyirira. Yakaita muitiro wokuti ndima dzive nyika dzinozvitonga dzakaenzana, muenzaniso uyo gare gare wakashandiswa kuLouisiana Purchase (1883), Oregon Territory (1848), uye transmissippi West. Ordance yakabatanidza simbiso yedzidzo yavose [[FLT: 0]] kukura kwomutemo [[[FLT: 1]] kwakadzivisa rudzi rwekufamba rworuwa rwenyika yairatidzira nyika yeEurope uye panzvimbo pezvo yakaita gadziriro yakakurudzira kugarisana, misha, misha, uye dzidzo. Ordance yakabatanidzawo gadziriro dzedzidzo: “Chikamu chedzidzo chavose chakazivisa kuti chitsaumbidziri chenyika chire chirevo chenyika nyika inopfuupfuupfuure nokusingaperi. Chiteshi chaMagence 1 Greall.G.G.G.

Nharo Youranda Nerwisano Yamagariro

Kurambidza kwaOrdinance uranda kuchamhembe kwoRwizi rwaOhio kwakagadzira muganhu unokamuranisa wakaumba zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica kwamakore anoda kusvika 70. Sezvo nyika itsva dzakawedzerwa kumubatanidzwa, dzikamo youranda nehurumende dzakasununguka yakava nhau huru. Ordinance yakatanga nheyo yokuti Dare ringadzora uranda mundima, simba iro Constitution isingabvumiri zvakananga asi rakashandiswazve. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa gare gare gare muMissouri Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, yakadenhwa mukupesana kwa 1850, yakapunzirwa muKansas-Nebraska Act (1854), uye pakupedzisira rakagadzikiswa neHondo yeChivi muHondo yeNyika yeNyika nechi13. Ordinance inomira pakuedza kwokutanga kuva nouranda, vavariro iyo isati yaizotendwa zvizere kusvikira muna 18655.

Pesvedzero Pamutemo Unotyisa Wapashure

Congress yakapfuudza mirau yakafanana nokuda kwedzimwe nzvimbo: Southwest Ordinance (1790) nokuda kwenharaunda yemaodzanyemba kwoRwizi rwaOhio (Kencondy neTennessee) yakabvumira uranda asi neimwe nzira yakafanana neNorthwest Ordinance. Mufananidzo weJefferson wehurumende yakagadzwa , nzira yapashoma napashoma kuhurumende, gwende rekodzero() rakavakwa pamuganhu. Homestellate Act ye 162[FL:1] uye [[FLT:] Piclatius Raigry Mabasa ]

Kunyange muzana ramakore rechi 20, nheyo dzeNorthwest Ordinance dzakaumba Alaska utongi (1959) uye nyika yeHawaii (1959).

Mifungo yeBumbiro reMitemo Nedonzo Ravatangi

Nyanzvi dzinowanzokurukura kana Vavambi vakada kuva nehurumende yenyika yakasimba kana kuti muunganidzwa wehurumende dzinotonga. Northwest Ordinance inopa ufakazi hwakajeka hwokuti vakuru vakuru venhambo yeConfederation vakatsigira rudzi rwakabatana noudzori hwapakati pakukura. Ordinance yakapfuudzwa pasi peMitemo yeConfederation, asi yakabatanidza masimba ehurumende ayo Hurumende yacho isina kupa zvakajeka. Uku kudisa kushandisa masimba anorehwa kwakafanofananidzira [[[FLT: 0]] kunokosha uye chirevo chakafanira cheBumbiro remitemo. James Magentivery, Alexander Hamilson, uye mamwe mapepa akadudza Ordinatives sechibvumikiso chokuti Dare idzva harina kuita hurumende itsva yokuchinja asi yakatoshandiswa.

Ordinance yakasimbisawo republican inovimbisa chitsama chamashoko [ cheBumbiro reMitemo (Article IV, Chikamu 4: “United States ichavimbisa kuHurumende iri yose muUnion A Republican Formage of "). Kupfurikidza nokuraira hurumende dzenharaunda kuva republican, Ordinance yakagadza mupimo uyo nyika itsva dzose dzaifanira kuita.

mhedziso

Northwest Ordinance ya1787 yakanga isiri bedzi mutangiri weBumbiro reMitemo; yakanga iri rutivi runokosha rwekusimudzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo reAmerica. Yakarondedzera ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nenharaunda, maruramiro anokosha, akadzivirirwa, akaisa muganhu pauranda, ndokutanga muenzaniso wehurumende inopfuurira kuumba mubatanidzwa. Pesvedzero yayo inooneka muBill of Rights, mumashoko eConstitution, uye muchisarudzo cheDare Gurusa renyika chichiri kudzora mutemo wenyika nhasi. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa mavambo eAmerica yehurumende yeUnited States, wewedzero, uye rusununguko, Ordinance is is anorava zvisingashatiriki.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza rugwaro rwakazara rweNorthwest Ordinance[[FLT :1] panzvimbo yeNational Archives. Nokuda kwebasa rarwo munhau yebumbiro remitemo, ona Article IV yeU.S. Constitution. Nyanzvi yemitemo [[FLT:] Brudards Schz[FFLT] inotsanangura Ordinance muudzame. Nokuda kwetako pamusoro pouranda, inonongedzera ku [[FLT:]] Missouri inoregiro [[FL:]] na [FLT] [FL:] .D [FT] .SD [FT]