Hwaro Hwezvinhu Zvisina Kuzivikanwa Nezvematangiro: Kuumba Kwazvinoita Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Muzvinhu zvipenyu zvemitengo yazvino uno, mashoko azova chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikurusa, mabhizimisi anokosha, mabasa ebhizimisi, mabasa ehurumende, uye tsinhirano dzenzanga. Kukura kwemitemo yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenhau yakavanzika nemitemo yeIndaneti kunopesvedzerwa zvikuru nesimba remitemo munyika yose. Hurumende dzinoita basa rinokosha mukuumba miganhu inodzivirira mashoko omunhu oga avagari vemo uye mibato yemichina yetsika. Pasina mitemo inodzo inodzorwa. Urongwa hwemitemo, ngozi dzokushandisa, kuongorora, uye kufambisa kombiyuta inoita kuti ishande, ishandise, uye kudzika mitemo inotema miganhuro yetsika, kodzero dzevanhu, uye mabasa emasangano.

Simba remitemo harina kufanana; rinosiyana kupfurikidza noudzori, gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvimiro zvetsika kuchivande.Mune dzimwe nharaunda, vaiti vemitemo vanoisa utongi hwomunhu oga nebvumirano, nepo mune dzimwe, kuchengeteka kwenyika nokudzora kwemari kunokosha zvikuru. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inokosha nokuda kwamabhizimisi, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanofambisa nzvimbo yetsika yenyika yose.

Basa Rokupa Mitemo Pakuva Wega

Mitezo inoita mitemo inorondedzera kuti mashoko omunhu oga anogona kuunganidzwa sei, kuchengetwa, uye kushandiswa. Iyi mitemo inovavarira kudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga ndokusimudzira kutarisirwa kwemitemo yemitoro nemasangano. Inogadza miganhu yezvinogona kuunganidzwa, kuti inogona kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba sei, uye kuti inogona kupiwa sei. Muitiro wemitemo unobatanidza kudzikamisa zvinangwa zvemari zvinopesana: betsero dzemari dzemupiyuta inowirirana nemupimo wokudzivirira vanhu panjodzi. Vagadziri vemitemo vanotsamira pamitengo inobva kunyanzvi dzemaindasitiri, nzanga, uye vatsvakurudzi vedzidzo kuti vawane mitemo yezvokutengeserana inobatsira zvose zviripo zvinobudirira uye zvinetso zvomunguva yemberi.

Mitemo yakavanzika inobatanidza nheyo huru dzakadai sokuona zvakanaka, ganhuriro yedonzo, kuderedza mashoko, uye kuzvidavirira. Masangano anofanira kuzivisa vashandisi pamusoro pemiitiro yokuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenhau, kuwana mvumo yakajeka apo inodikanwa, uye kushandisa dziviriro dzounyanzvi pakuputswa. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvinoisa mitoro yezvokutungamirira nedzemari, asi zvinovakawo chivimbo / chinhu chinokosha mumari yemari. Pasina mirairo yemitemo, masangano akawanda angashaiwa sundo yokuisa mudziviriro dzakavanzika.

Mitemo Inokosha Yezvemazivikanwo Anokosha Munyika Yose

Mitemo yakasiyana - siyana yechiratidzo chakagadza mipimo yenyika yose nokuda kwedziviriro yemadata. Chinopesvedzera zvikurusa iEuropean Union’s General Data Protection Regial (GDPR), yakaitwa muna 2018. GDPR inoshanda kusangano ripi neripi kugadziridza mapepa ezvenyika yeEU, pasinei zvapo nokuti sangano rakavakirwa papi. Rinosuma zvinodikanwa zvekubvuma zvakasimba, kodzero yokuita kuti zvinhu zviitwe ("chakarurama kukanganwika"), kufambiswa kwemashoko, uye kuputsa zviratidzo mukati memaawa 72. Mutemo wacho unoisawo fashoni huru yezvikamu 4% zvegore negore zvekuchinja nyika yose kana kuti svomhiri , uko kuri pamusoro pezvikamu zvakakwirira.

MuUnited States, hakuna mutemo wehurumende wakakwana wemitengo yezvisaririra. Panzvimbo pezvo, basa rakaganhurirwa remitemo yenzvimbo nemirau yehurumende riripo. California Consumer Answery Act (CPA), iyo yakatanga kushanda muna 2020, ndiwo mutemo wehurumende unokosha zvikurusa. Inopa vagari veCalifornia kodzero kuziva kuti imashoko api anounganidzwa, kukumbira kubviswa, uye kusarudza pakutengeswa kwamashoko avo. CCPA yakapesvedzera dzimwe nyika kurangarira mutemo wakafanana, uye kune gakava nenhau inopfuurira pamusoro pegweta renyika yakavanzika yehurumende. Mukupesana, dziviriro yeDidziyo yomunhu oga yeDCP yakapindwa, yakapindwa muna 2019 uye yakagadziridzwa, kuronga kutanga gadziriro huru yakaenzana neGDR.

  • [[[NUM]] General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) – European Union: Inogadza mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa wenyika yose nokusvika kwakafara uye kudzikamisa kwakasimba.
  • California Consumer Infish Act (CPA) – United States: Kupayona maruramiro akasimba omutengi pamwero wehurumende, kuchisunda kurukurirano yorudzi.
  • MHINDURO yeIndaneti yoMutengi – India: inomirira chinjo huru muAsia, ichidzikamisa kuva woga nokukura kwemitengo.
  • LAL de Proteção de Fathoos [[FLPD] ] – Brazil: Urairo unobatanidza mabhizimisi muSouth America.
  • Pek on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) – Japan: Mumwe wemitemo yapakuvamba zvikurusa yakakwana, nguva pfupi yapfuura yakagadziridzwa kuwiriranisa nemipimo yenyika yose.

Mitemo iyi inogadza mipimo nokuda kwokuona zvakanaka, kubvumirana kwoushandisi, uye kuchengeteka kwemashoko. Inopawo vanhu kodzero dzokupinda, kururama, kana kuti kudzima mashoko avo pachavo. Mhatsa dzenzira dzinoratidza magamuchidzanwa emitemo, mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinhu zvemari zvinotanga. Masangano anobva munyika dzakawanda, kuzviisa pasi kunoda kuti pave nehurumende dzakawanda, kazhinji kazhinji zvichitungamirira kukugamuchirwa kwemipimo inodzorwa zvikuru pasi pose(a chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "Brusselstations tapuro" muchinoitika cheGDPR.

Kuenzanisa Magirazi

Simba romutemo rinoshanda bedzi sokushanda kwaro. GDPR inotsamira pazviremera zvakazvimirira zvehurumende iri mutezo mumwe nomumwe, zvine simba rokunzvera, kunyevera, kuisa zvirambidzo, uye faindi yepevy. Zvibayiro zvapamusoro zvemitengi zvinorwisana namakambani akadai seMeta naAmazon zvinoratidzira kuda kwomukuru mukuru kubatira. Mukupesana, CCPA inomanikidzirwa zvikurukuru neCalifornia Attorney General, nekodzero yakaganhurirwa yechiito chapachivande bedzi nokuda kwokuputsa mifungo bedzi. Kushaikwa kwenja yakavanzika yakazvitsaurira muU. S. ipfundo guru regariro pakati pavatsigiriri. Panguva inotevedzero, mutemo weIndia unobatanidza chiremera chokudzosera namasimba akafara eAccercev neaccudition, kunyange zvazvo kusara itiro yadzoro.

Kubatsira Kunoita Mitemo Yemabhengi Pakuvimbana Nemadhigirii uye Kuzvidavirira

Mitemo inobatsira kuti vanhu vasaparadzwe, pasina mitemo inonyatsoratidza kuti vari kupara mhosva, uye vanopara mhosva paIndaneti vanosangana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakura. Mitemo yemakombiyuta inobatsirawo kugadzirisa nyaya dzakadai sokuwana mashoko asina kukodzera, kubiridzira, uye kuparadzira mapurogiramu akaipa.

Mitemo yeIndaneti inoshanda inokosha kuti vanhu vachengete chivimbo muzvirongwa zvemichina uye kuti zvinhu zvitsva zvinokurudzira pavanenge vachivimbisa kuchengeteka nokuva voga.] Apo vagari vemo namabhizimisi vanodavira kuti mabasa avo epaIndaneti anodzivirirwa nomutemo, vane bviro huru yokupinda mumibato yekombiyuta, kugoverana mashoko, uye kutora ruzivo rutsva. Nenzira inopesana, mitemo yeIndaneti isina simba kana kuti ichiripo inokurudzira mhoteredzo yengozi, kudhura mari nokutora rutivi.

Mitemo Youtsotsi Hukuru Pasi Rose

United States yakanga iri imwe yenyika yokutanga kuita mutemo webutiro rekombiyuta wakakwana neComphyuter Frigment and Abuse Act (CFAA) muna 1986. CFAA inopa mhaka kuwanika kwemakombiyuta namasangano, kubatanidza kuwana mashoko, kuparira kuvadziko, uye kutengesa mashoko okuregeredza. Zvisinei, mutemo wakashorwa nokuda kwouwandu hwawo hwakafara nezvirango zvine utsinye, kazhinji kazhinji zvichitungamirira kukupfuudzira kupfuudzira kuduku. Chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakarangarira kuganhurira kushandiswa kwawo, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvokunzvera kuchengeteka kwakanaka kwokutenda.

MuChina, Cybersecurity Law (2017) noMutemo wayo waDheset Security Law (2021) uye Personal Information Protection Law (2021) zvinoumba gadziriro yokurongazve kukuru. Iyi mitemo inoisa zvinodikanwa zvakasimba pavashandisi vemibatanidzwa, kubatanidza kuiswa kwemipimo, kunzvera kwechengeteko nokuda kwokuchinjirwa kwamashoko, uye kubatira pamwe nokunzverwa kwehurumende. Nepo yakaitirwa kudzivirira chengeteko yorudzi nenhevedzano yavose, vatsoropo vatsoropodzi vanogonesa kunzvera nokunzvera zvikuru.

Philippines yakamisa Chiratidzo chokudzivirira unzenza muna 2012, chinopa mhosva dzakadai sekupara mhosva dzekombiyuta, kubiridzirana kwekombiyuta, uye kuba mashoko. Inosanganisirawo urongwa hwekuunganidzwa kwenguva chaiyo kwemashoko emotokari nemitemo. Mutemo wacho wakamutsa gakava pamusoro perondedzero yawo yewebsite yemakombiyuta uye migumisiro inotyisa pakutaura kwakasununguka, zvinotungamirira kuzvinetso pamberi peDare Repamusorosoro. Mimwe mitemo inokosha inosanganisira UK’s Computermist Esc Act 1990, Networkent Entment Act (NettzG), uye Dare reEurope reConvention of Budapest paCyberrime, iyo inogovera kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzose.

  • Kubiridzira nokushandisa zvisina kufanira (CFAA) – United States: Facture asi inomutsa nharo; kugadziridzwa kujekesa ukuru.
  • [ Mutemo weCyberhestical Law[[[FT:1] – China: Rutivi rwemitemo mitatu inosimbisa udzori hwehurumende nouchangamire hwemashoko.
  • [[NHAU] [Nyama] Chiratidzo chePrevention Act – Philippines: Kudzikamisa kuchengetwa neitiro hanya dzamaruramiro avanhu.
  • Act yeSanosando ra 1990 – United Kingdom: Mutemo wapakuvamba wakanangidzirwa pakuputsa nokuwana kusina mvumo.
  • Kokorodzano yeBhudapest paCybercrime – International: Chibvumirano chokutanga chezvikamu zvakawanda chinobata nemhosva dzepaIndaneti; chakatenderwa nenyika dzinopfuura 60.

Mitemo iyi inoratidza maitiro akasiyana - siyana emitemo panjodzi dzepakombiyuta, mimwe inosimbisa kudziviswa nechirango, nepo mimwe ichiita kuti pave nedziviriro yemasangano kana kuti ishandira pamwe yenyika dzakawanda.

Basa Rokuyananisa Nyika Dzose

Chitendero cheBudapest ndicho chinoshandiswa zvikuru, asi chinotarisana nezvinetso zvinobva kudzimwe nyika, zvakadai sechibvumirano cheSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMarudzi panhau dzinoda kuchengeteka. Kushaikwa kwemipimo yepasi pose kunofanira kuparira misiyano inoshandiswa nemhesano. Matsotsi anogona kukurukura izvi nokugamuchira rondedzero dzakafanana dzemiitiro yeIndaneti, asi anotarisana nezvibvumirano zvinotsiva, zvakadai sechibvumirano cheSangano reSangano reSanita pachengeteko renyika yose. Kushayikwa kwetsika yesesesese kunofanira kuparira miganhuro iyo matsoro anoshatisanisa. Matsororogirasa anogona kutaura izvi nokugamuchira rondedzero dzakafanana, kupfuudzana, uye kubatanidzwa muzvibvumirano zvemashoko akawanda zvinodzorwa. The European Union’s Directive on Action Inst Informations Informations (2011) muenzaniso wenyika yose).

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nenhamburiko Dzomutemo Mukuita Zvinhu Zvisiri Zvemunhu Nomutemo Wetsika

Nhamburiko dzomutemo dzinotarisana nedenho dzakadai sechinjo inodzokororwa nokukurumidza yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kufambiswa kwemashoko kwapakarepo, uye kudzikamisa kuva kwako woga nechengeteko. Vagadziri vemitemo vanowanzoparapatika kuti vavambirane nezvitsva zvakadai souchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, Indaneti yezvinhu, uye michina inodzorwa panguva inova mutemo, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwaivavarira kudzora rungave rwakatovapo. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yedziviriro yemitemo yapakuvamba haina kukarira kudzidza michina inogona kuisa mashoko anotaputira kubva mumashoko anoratidzika kuva asingakuvadzi. Vadzori zvino vanorwisana nemibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwemitemo, kugadzira zvinhu, uye kuva nedzidzo yemirayiridzo.

Kufamba kwemitsetse yemitsetse yemichero kunowedzera imwe shoo dzinonetsa. Kambani ingaunganidza mashoko munyika imwe, iaite mune imwe, yoachengeta murwendo rwechitatu. Kupesana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo. Zvakadai sezvibvumirano zvemajeri eChina zvokuisa miganhu yomunzvimbomo zvichipesana neEU kuomerera padziviriro dzakakwana. Nhengo dzemitemo dzinofanira kukurukura zvibvumirano zvokuendesa mashoko, zvakadai seEU-US Shoomal Syncwoocreen, izvo zvinotsiva kuva neSrence. Zvikamu izvi zvinopesana nemitemo zvinokanganisa mune zvematongerwe enyika uye zvinoda kudzosaririra, sezvinoonekwa muSchrems II kutongwa neDare reChirevo cheEuropean Union.

Kudzikamisa kuva woga nechengeteko zvichida idenho inokakavadzana zvikurusa. Hurumende dzinowanzotaura kuti masimba akakomba okunzvera ari madikanwa kurwisa ugandanga noutsotsi hwakakomba. Mitemo yakafanana neUK’Spinicatigation Powers Act inobvumira kuunganidzwa kwemitengo mizhinji, kuchera zvishandiso, uye kuzvidza kunyorwa kwemashoko echibharo. Dziviriro dzakavanzika dzinoramba kuti matanho akadaro anobvisa kodzero dzinokosha uye anoita kuti matsotsi ashandise zvisakafanira. Mitengo inofanira kuyera mipimo iyi inokwikwikwidza, kazhinji kazhinji mudzvinyiriro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Muuyo unosiyana: dzimwe nyika dzinogamuchira dziviriro dzakavanzika dzakasimba nokungwarira kwakaganhurirwa, nepo dzimwe dzinoparira chengeteko pamusoro porusununguko rwavanhu.

Zvigadzirwa Zvinobatanidza Misiyano Yemitemo

Gadziriro dzouchenjeri hunogadzirwa dzinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro porusaruro, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira. Act yeEU yakakarakadzwa kuronga kushandira pamwero wengozi, ine zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvegadziriro dzemitemo yakakwirira yeirisk (imo., idzo dzinoshandiswa mukuroja, kuisa chikwereti, kana kuti kudzikamisa mutemo). Zvisinei, kuwirirana kwayo nemitemo yemadata yoga yoga kunoramba kwakaoma. Nenzira yakafanana, brickchaimtabmutabger inorwisana nekodzero yetsika pasi peGDPR. Legislators anoedza zvigadzikiso zvemichina zvezivo yemarifiti kana kuti kuisa mitengo yomutemo, asi hakuna nzira yapamutemo yakabuda.

Mitemo yemasangano avose neevanhu ndeimwe muganhu. Mitemo yakadai seBiometric Information Act yeIllinois inoisa migariro inodzorwa pakuunganidza maminwe, zvipikiri zvechiso, kana kuti manzwi. Mamwe masimba anononoka kutevera, anobvumira kushandiswa kusina kudzongonyedzwa uko kunotyisidzira kuva woga uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Kupindura kwomutemo kunowanzouya pashure pokuzhamba kwavose, sezvinoonekwa nokupesana nokunangana kwerevererwa kwemifananidzo yenzanga yeIIIVH kuti izivikanwe.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kushanduka Kwesimba Romutemo Muzvinhu Zvisiri Zvomunhu Nemitemo Yemanyoro

Mitemo yenguva yemberi inofanira kuchinjira kuruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakafanana nouchenjeri hwokugadzirwa nokugadzirwa kwemichina. Magiraslature ari kutanga kufamba kubva kunzira dzinoshanda kuenda kumitoo inoita zvinhu. Dzimwe dziri kuedza ne "basindbox" mhoteredzo, uko vatungamiriri vanobvumira kuedza kudzorwa nesayenzi itsva pasi pemiraudzo yakapfaviswa, kuunganidza ufakazi hwemitemo yomunguva yemberi. Uku kusvika, kunoshandiswa neUK’Information Commissioner, kunobetsera vagadziri vemitemo kunzwisisa redition rediation restative restation restativessss.

Kubatira pamwe kwemarudzi ose nokutsinhiraniswa kwemitemo zvinokosha nokuda kwemirau inobudirira munyika yemitemo yakabatana. Hurumende dzinofanira kushanda pamwe chete kugadzira gadziriro dzakafara dzinodzivirira vagari vemo munyika yose. Denho yacho irwisano huru dzinopiwa dzemagariro enhau netsika dzakasiana. Zvisinei, budiriro yeGDPR mukukurudzira nyika dzinopfuura 100 kuti dziise mitemo yakafanana inoratidza kuti simba remitemo rakasimba rinogona kupararira munyika yose. Muganhu unotevera sezvingabvira ibvumirano yemashoko yenyika yose inoyananisa kuva voga, kufambiswa kwapachena kwemashoko, uye kuchengeteka kwenyika.

Mitemo iri kuongororawo kutemwa kwesimba rechiteshi. Kupfuura kuvandika kwemashoko, mitemo yakadai seEU’s Digical Markets Act ne Digital Services Act inoda kudzorwa nokugutswa kwemiitiro yemisika yemisika yemakambani makuru ezvoruzivo. Iyi mitemo inomanikidza zvikuva zvokupa mashoko kune vanokwikwikwidzana, inobvumira vanoshandisa kuisa mashoko avo, uye kuwedzera kujeka pamusoro pemitengo. Mutemo wakadaro unoreva kuwedzera kwesimba remitemo kubva pachivande chemitemo kuenda kumichina yakawanda, kubatanidza makwikwikwi, kudzivirira vatengi, uye hurukuro yedemocracy.

Pakupedzisira, basa rokutarisira mitemo harigoni kunyorwa.Vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano anochengetedza ane zvinhu zvakakwana uye kuzvimirira.Anofanirawo kuongorora nguva dzose kuti aone kana mitemo iri kuita zvinangwa zvayo kana kuti iri kukuvadza zvisingakarirwa.

Nokuda kwamasangano navanhu vamwe navamwe, kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pefambiro mberi dzemitemo kunokosha. Hurumende haisati iri yakare; inochinja nomutemo mutsva mumwe nomumwe, kutonga kwedare, uye nhungamiro inodzorwa. Mabhizimisi anofanira kuisa mumipimo yakavanzika kupfurikidza nemirau, kutungamirira dziviriro yemipimo yenhau, uye kutanga zvirongwa zvedavidzo. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kushandisa maruramiro avo pasi pemitemo iripo uye vatsigiri nokuda kwedziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru kupfurikidza nemiitiro yedemocracy.

Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa neparamende nemasangano nhasi zvichaumba kodzero dzezvizvarwa zvichauya. Nokunzwisisa zvakapfuura uye zviripo zvinoumba simba iri remitemo, vabhengi vanogona kukwanisa kuongorora zviri nani nguva yemberi (pane imwe chete pauchakavanzika, kuchengeteka, uye kutanga kufambirana nemitemo.)