Sumo: Basa Renheyo Retsika Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Mukudzora

Mavakirwo enyika yehurumende ` anogovera simba pakati pehurumende dzenharaunda kana kuti anosimbisa simba muchiremera chapakati(hakuna chibereko chebumbiro remitemo. Kubuda uye kunofanira kunzwika ne [ tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika [ dzavanhu vayo: zvimiro, zvitendero, uye mipimo pamusoro pesimba, chiremera, kutora rutivi, uye basa rehurumende munzanga. Kunzwisisa uku kuoma kwetsika kwehurumende nemhaka yokuti kurwisana netsika dzayo dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kukuva nokusadzikama, kutsakatikatamisa, uye kudzora. Njoka, apo chimiro netsika zviri mutsinhirano, mamiriro ezvinhu anobvira zvikuru kuwana rugare, kubudirira kwemari, kubudirira, uye kugutsikana. Nyaya iyi inonzvera kuti tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inopesvedzera sei kubudirira [FFFFFF:] [FFF]

Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika haichinji kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvenhau, masangano enzanga, uye miitiro yesangano. Chinoziva mativi ayo makuru nejere ravafundisi kana kuti udzori, kutora kana kuti kutora rutivi, kutora kana kuti kutora rutivi (davirira) kupfuurira. Izvi mirangariro zvinoparira "kukwirira" kana kuti "kudzorwa" nemifananidzo chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, nzanga dzine mhatsa yemiganhu, mhatsa yemitauro, kana kuti tsika yehurumende yomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatira zviri nani negadziriro dzehurumende dzomuruwa dzinobvumira. Musiano, nzanga nepfungwa yakasimba yechinzwano yorudzi, homogene, kana kuti nhau yehurumende yapamutemo yehurumende yapakati ingashanda zvakanaka pasi pegadziriro yemitemo yapamutemo inodzika mitezo yakananga yechiremera.

Ukoshi hweiyi nhevedzano hwakasimbiswa namasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika kubva [FLT: 0] Gabriel Almond naSidney Verba ku Arew Lijphart[, uyo akarangarira kuti budiriro yamasangano edemokratiki inotsamira pakuwirirana netsika yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nyika dzakawanda zvadzaedza nokupfavisa uye devondale, revo dzinoshanda dzazova dzinotova dzinotooneka zvikuru. Marudzi anoisa chimiro chenyika patsika dzinodzikamiswa nechete-te mutsika dzapakati petsika, negadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemitengo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo dzinovakwa nenzvimbo dzakasimba dzinogona kunzvera kupfurikidza nezvidzidzo zvemitemo.

Kurondedzera Magadziriro Okushanda Nemasangano

A [[NT.NT.] Mitengo yose iri miviri yehurumende ine chiremera chakananga pavagari vemo, uye haigoni kubvisa imwe. Mienzaniso inopesana nehurumende inokamuraniswa nenzira yemitemo pakati pehurumende yepakati nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika (matunhu, maruwa, Länder, cantons). Mitengo yose yehurumende ine chiremera chaicho pavagari vemo, uye haigoni kubvisa imwe. Mienzaniso yezvikamu zvisati zvaitwa inobatanidza [[FLT:] United States[FLT], [FLT], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [FLT:] [5], [[FLT:], [FLT]], [5] [5]], [[FLT]] inodzivisa mativi ose ari mazhinji, uye kutsigira mativi ose.

A Tsika inodzorwa kana kuti kuparadzwa. Zvikamu zvikuru zvinobatanidza [[FLT: 1] , zvigaro zvikuru muhurumende imwe pakati. Nhamba dzinodzorwa nenyika nepakati, madhipatimendi, madhipatimendi, madhipatimendi, majeri, majereta bedzi aya akagoverwa nechiremera chapakati uye anogona kudzorwa kana kuti kuparadzwazve nepakati. [FLT:], [FLT:] , [FLT] Kingdom [F:9] [5], [5], [FLT] ne-FFF], [FFF] , zvinopasroct , zvinopa.[5]

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti musiyano wacho hausi wechipiri. Zvikamu zvizhinji zvakagamuchira zvimiro zve transvolution kana kuti regionational communition[ inoparira mavara equasi-fera. Somuenzaniso, United Kingdom devolvedd systems kuScotland, Wales, ne Northern Ireland, nepo inoramba iri nyika inowirirana murondedzero yapamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, Spain] inowanzorondedzerwa se "chikamu chemichina chigadziko chakasimba" nehurumende dzomumaruwa, bva haisisisisi kutanga gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende. Izvi zvinoratidzira tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinodzongedzerwa kutsika kutsika kutsika kutsika.

Nokuda kwenhetembo huru yemiitiro yehurumende neyomubatanidzwa, ona Britannica ngeniso paunanistism uye trantry pattutions[. Zviwiso izvi zvinogovera tsananguro dzakadzama dzebumbiro remitemo namashoko akapoteredza enhau.

Murangariro Wetsika Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika: Typy uye Utsinye

Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inonongedzera kumuenzaniso wemipimo ([FLT: 1]], mufundo yavo yejira, inotapura, uye inoyera (] kuti vagari vemo vanobata kutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano ayo, uye basa ravo vamene mukati mayo. Gabriel Almond naSidney Verba[[[[FLT:]]], mufundo yavo yetsika yetsika [[FLT:]]]], mufundo yavo yemafazinesi [[FLT:]]], mufundo yavo yetsika [[FLT]]]]] [[FLT]]]] [6]] [FLT]] [5] inogamuchira zvikuru kana kuti mativi ose adzoresaidzororo.[FT]]

Kupfuura iyi typology yakakurumbira, tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inogona kunzverwa pamwero unoverengeka unokosha uyo unotapura zvakananga kukodzera kwegadziriro dzomubatanidzwa dzinorwisana negadziriro dzehurumende:

  • Vimba nehurumende uye vagari vemo biyako: Kuvimba kukuru kwenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kunorerutsira kuzvibata zvakanaka, sezvo vakakwirira vomunzvimbomo vanorangarirwa kuva vanozvidavirira. Kuvimba kwakaderera kungatungamirira kukuraira kukurusa.
  • Udyire hunopesana nokuunganidza: Tsika dzomunhu oga (umh., United States) dzingada chihurumende secherekedzo pasimba guru, nepo ichiunganidza tsika dzechimurenga (zvirevo, Japan) dzingagamuchira chiremera chapakati mukutsinhana zvinhu zvakabatana.
  • Zivo yoruwa mukupesana nezivikanwo yenyika: ruvimbiko rwakasimba rwamarudzi ose (rurimi, dzinza, rudzidziso) runoparira dzvinyiriro nokuda kwegadziriro dzehurumende kana kuti kuzvitonga. Chitsigiso chemibatanidzwa yenharaunda chisina simba.
  • Kuzviisa pasi pechiremera: Tsika dzine daro rakakwirira resimba (kugamuchirwa kwenhevedzano yemibatanidzwa) kungava kwakasununguka zvikuru negadziriro yegadziriro, nepo tsika dzavanhu vakaenzana dzingada kunzvera simba repakati kupfurikidza nehurumende.
  • Particiation nereads: tsika dzinopa mipimo mikuru ingada hurumende nemhaka yokuti inopa mativi akawanda okuwana, nepo tsika dzapamberi dzingagamuchira zvisarudzo zvinobva kuchiremera chikuru.

Uku kukura kunobatira pamwe nehurumende dzenhau (*.colonistism, kumukira, hondo) kuti dzive tsika dzakasiana dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, chinoitika choumambo hwakakwana muFrance chakaumba gamuchidzanwa rakasimba rechitima, nepo kusavimba simba kwapachigaro cheAmerica kwakasimbisa mutendi wehurumende. Nokuda kwokupinda kukuru mumiganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika, ona iyi Oxford Bibliographics patsika yezvamatongerwe enyika.]

Tsika Dzemarudzi Akasiyana - siyana

Almond naVerda’s revicipul re tsika yeBHAYINI `ivhenganiswa yakadzikama yevatori rutivi, misoro, uye mipimo yetsika yainzi parapy yaipiwa pakuvamba senheyo yetsika dzehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Mugadziriro dzehurumende, tsika dzinobetsera kudzora kusawirirana pakati pezviremera zvepakati neruwa. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuwirirana nerudzi kana kuti nyika, uye kuvimba nemipimo yose yehurumende kuti vaite mabasa avo. Mumitengo yehurumende inoumbwa, tsika yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yepakati sechikwarati yefariro yehurumende yerudzi, yabatanidzwa nokubatanidzwa mukushanda kwomunzvimbomo.

Nzvero yakatevera, zvikurukuru ne Ronald Inglehart uye Christian Welzel, yakabatanidza tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika namarefu makuru enzvimbo dzinodavirwa — kubva pakurarama kusvikira kukudzvinyirirwa — izvo zvinopesvedzera zvisarudzo nokuda kwokuzvidzora nehurumende. Masangano anosimbisa kuzvidzvinyirira amene anowanzoda mipimo inova yakafanira zvikuru, yapasi, nepo zvivako zvinopukunyuka zvichigona kudzorwa nokubudirira nerongedzero dzinogoverwa nenzvimbo huru.

Kubva kunzvimbo iyi ndekwokuti tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika hadzisi dzokuzvidira mukati menyika. Zvetsika dzechikadzi(maruwa, dzinza, rudzidziso, +-nzinoges) zvinopesana zvikuru netsika yenyika. Uku kupesana kwomukati ndiko chaizvoizvo chikonzero nei ubati ushe hwakawanda huchiva gadziriro inosarudzwa: hunobvumira tsika dzakasiana---shambidzo kuchengeta miitiro yadzo dzimene yezvamatongerwe enyika nepo dzichiri rutivi rwemubatanidzwa mukuru. Nhasi, gadziriro yeboka rimwe ingarwisa kana ichiedza kuisa nzira imwe yetsika patsika pamigariro yadzo.

Kugadziridzwa Pakati Pemarongerwo Etsika: Kuchinja Kunoita Kuti Zvibudirire

Chibvumikiso chikuru chenyaya ino ndechokuti kubudirira kwenyika dzehurumende kana kuti dzechikwata chinotsamira pamwero wekutsinhirana pakati pegadziriro yehurumende netsika dzezvematongerwe enyika. Asi kubudirira" kunorevei mumashoko akapoteredza aya? Tinofanira kutanga kurondedzera mitsetse tisati taongorora nhau yacho.

Kubudirira Kwezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Kugadzikana uye Chisarudzo Chinorwisana

Gadziriro yehurumende inobudirira inoderedza rwisano yomukati ndokuchengeta dzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro dzamaFrederal kazhinji kazhinji dzinogadzirirwa kudzora mapoka makuru enzanga kupfurikidza nokupa nzvimbo udzori, nokudaro ichideredza bviro yamasimba masimba echikwata. Gadziriro dzehurumende, kupfurikidza nokutsamira pamitemo yakafanana nechiremera chikuru, dzinogona kudzivisa kukamukana kwouchangamire. Chinokosha ndechokuti tsika dzinotsigira gadziriro yakasarudzwa yerwisano. Chiteshi chapasi chomubatanidzwa wetsika chinoshanda nemhaka yokuti tsika dzacho dzetsika dzinokoshesa kudzora kwomunzvimbomo uye chine tsika refu dzesimba. Chikuru cheFrance chinoshanda nemhaka yechinzwano chetsika dzamaruwa pamusoro pemitengo yomumaruwa.

Mashandiro Ezvemari

Kuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu ezvemari kunogona kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka kwemari kupfurikidza nokubvumira mitemo kugadziridzwa kuwiriraniswa nemigariro yomunzvimbomo, asi kunogonawo kutungamirira kumarudzi kukundikano dzakadzika kana kuti dzebatira pamwe. Gadziriro dzesangano dzinogona kukwanisa kuita chinjo dzoruwa dzemari nokukurumidza, asi dzingafuratira mamiriro ezvomunharaunda. Rubudiriro runotsamira patsika dzetsika dzehurumende dzine chivimbo chakakwirira nemitemo yomutemo (g. Singapore), muitiro wemari wakafanira unoshanda zvakanaka; muhurumende dzine uori nokubata kwakakwirira (um. Nigeria), dzinogona kuratidzira kusaenzana. Masangano ezvokubatana nezvikwarashi (g., Singapore) anogona kukura zvakanaka, nedziya ingave inowanwa nenzvimbo dzose dzinotambura.

Kugutsikana Nezvatinogara Nokuva Mutevedzeri

Rubudiriro rukuru runoyerwa nechitendero chavagari vemo chokuti tsika inowirirana nekariro dzetsika. Apo gadziriro inowirirana nekariro dzetsika, vagari vemo vanorangarira hurumende seyapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, vaAmerica vanokoshesa nzvero pasimba nokudzora kwomunzvimbomo, naizvozvo unani hunotsigira kuva pamutemo. Vagari vemo veFrance vanokoshesa kuva nomwero pamberi pehurumende yakafanana, naizvozvo kuva pakati pehurumende kunotsigira kuva nomutemo wapamutemo. Kana paine kupesana kwakaenzana. Kwakadai sokuisa mutemo mukuru panharaunda yakasiana netsika.

Mitemo iyi haisati iri inokwana zvikuru asi inogovera gadziriro yokuenzanisa kuita kwenyika dzehurumende neruwa mumiganhu yakasiana- siyana yetsika. Nokuda kwemurangariro wenyanzvi pamusoro pokuyera kushanda kwehurumende, ona Provicentive Revision Digitations [ kubva ku World Bank, iyo inodzora mutemo, inoshanda kwehurumende, uye inzwi uye kuzvidavirira munyika dzose.

Fundo Dzenhau Dzemasangano Egadziriro Dzezvikepe

United States: ChiKristu chimwe nechimwe nechiFederalism

Gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica yakagadzirwa navatangi vasina kuvimba nesimba guru nerusununguko rwavanhu. Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeUnited States, nesimbiso yayo pa individicialism[, inoisa kodzero[[[FLT:], uye [[FLT]] yapanzvimbo yazvo], yakagovera hwaro hwakasimba hwehurumende. Muitiro wakabvumikisa kuva mukuru mukuru wezve wenzvimbo, nzvimbo inogadzirwa, nzvimbo inogadzirwa, nzvimbo yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye rwisano huru yenzanga, kubatanidza hondo dzavagari vemo vemo vemo. Rubudiriro rwehurumende rwapasi pevhu. Rubudiriro rwehurumende runova rwakawanda, runova neyamuro yehurumende inovakwadzoro, pasineidzoro yehurumende yehurumende inopfuvura.

India: Kutarisira Kusiyana - siyana Kwemagariro Akasiyana - siyana

Gadziriro yesangano reIndia yakagamuchirwa pashure pemitemo yakarongwa kuti itarisire mitauro, rudzidziso, uye mhatsa yedzinza. Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeIndia inoratidzirwa nemhesano yenharaunda dzakasimba, kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa pamutauro (g., Tamil, Bengal, Punjabian) uye nharaunda dzenhau. Boka rehurumende, nenzvimbo dzakarongwa pamwe chete nemirau yamashoko, yave inokosha mukuva namasimba erevoruzhinji echiNgezi. Rubudiriro rwechindiyo yeIndia runoonekwa mukutsungirira kwayo sedemo yedemocracy yenyika yose, kunyange sehurumende iri pakati peNew Delhian pane dzimwe nguva yadzora kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvemitemo yapamutemo (g., youkurusa. Chikaro chezvamatongerwe enyika chamato yeIndiya chaveri chaverwa neyamusvomhosvuko. Chika chakakurumbira zvikuru pakati penyika dzose. Chikaromendemu chikashatsarira , chikasharira .

Germany: Kushandira Pamwe uye Tsika Dzevanhu Vane Mubatanidzwa

Gadziriro yehurumende yeGermany ([FLT: 0][FUNFUN]]BESREblik. Mutemo wakatanhamara (Grundeset) wakavakirwa patsika yezvamatongerwe enyika ye unoita kuti mitemo mizhinjisa yehurumende ishande, uye Boundetrat (imba inopfuudzwa) ive inomirira hurumende yenyika. Iyi "Contive" inosanowirirana netsika dzechiGerman, uko vagari vemo vaichiichi [FUP] [FUFORGERY] [FF] inosimbisa mitemo mizhinji, uye kugadziridza pamutemo, uye kupfumisa mufambiredzo yemari inodzo yemari inodzo. Hurumende inovakwa namasimba masimba enyika yehurumende inodzose.

Kuongorora Zvinhu Zvakagadzirwa Nemasangano Emasangano

France: Central Institution neRepublican Unity

France ihurumende inodzorwa nehurumende yehurumende, ine tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo sezvo Chinjo yakasimbisa chinzwano chehurumende uye chiremera chapakati[. Hurumende yeFrance inoiswa pakati-pakati: Purezidhendi naParamendi muParis, uye zviremera zvinomirira hurumende yepakati mumugariro wose wenzvimbo dzose. Iyi dare inowirirana netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dzinowana mari inomirira mhindurongaravi yeruwa, uye mamiriro ezvinhu okusiyana kwenharaunda, uye apo vagari vemo vanotaridzika vanotarira nyika seyatenzi inova inotendwa yerudzi rwavanhu. Nhamba inotarisana neyamutengodzo yehurumende inopfuvura nyika dzose. Chipfuudzo cheFrance chinoonekwa mukukwanisa kusimbisa, uye kuchengetedza pfungwa yenyika pasineidzwa nemhina (Makurukuru, mamiriyo yehurumende) nokuti nyika inopesana neyapasi penyika inopesana neyapasi penyika, inotarisana neyati, inopesana neyamute, inopesana neyamuteveri

Japan: Kugara Munzvimbo Dzakasiyana uye Tsika Dzakakurumbira

Japan ihurumende yapakati zvikuru, inopesvedzerwa netsika yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika ye kuvimbika. Pasinei zvapo nokuva nehurumende, hurumende yepakati muTokyo inochengeta udzori hwakasimba pamusoro pemitero, kuronga mari, uye nzvimbo huru dzemitemo. Tsika yokuzviisa kuchiremera nemutoro dzinoreva kuti vatongi vehurumende vanorangarirwa zvikuru sevadzori vorudzi kupfuura vatungamiriri venyika. Iyi gadziriro inopa upfumi hwapashure muTokyo inoita kuti ive nesimba rakasimba rokudzora mitero, kudzora mutengo, uye kusimba retsika. Tsika yokudzorwa kunzvimbo dzamatongenge dzapasi nedzero. Matongerwe enyika anosarira zvikuru mamiriro enyika anoshaidzwa zvikuru seva mamiriro echipote. Chinjo inoparira mamiriro ezvinhu echienzi echienzi yehurumende chikuru chenyika yeJapan nechinjo yemari nechinodzokoro chamasimba adzoresa. Chinjo inoparira upfumi zvikuru nokuda kweidzokoro inopfuudzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo kusimba rehurumende dzinobudirira zvikuru.

United Kingdom: Chinjo muUnitary Frame

United Kingdom inyika ine gamuchidzanwa renguva refu rouchangamire hweparamende, asi tsika yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika nguva dzose yave ine chimiro chakasimba chenyika yose ((Scottid), Welsh, Northern Ireland/alongside chizivikanwo chikuru cheEngland. Iyi Hurumende yakatungamirira kugadziriro yechienzi: UK yakapiwa devolddived sigion kuScotland (1999), Wales (1999), uye Northern Ireland (1999), neEngland inoramba ichitongwa zvakananga neWestern Ireland. Nheyoro inodzoromedzo inopfurwa nomutemo unodzorwa, sokupfuudzira kubvisa kugadzirwa kwemitumbi iyi. Tsika yemitemo inodzoromedzerwa mutsika inodzorwa. Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeUK yakaziviswa nokurevesa kwechiK yakaratidzirwa nokurevesa kwechinjo yeProviti inopfuudza kudzoka, inopfuutsa kupfuutsa kupfuutsa kupfuutsa , inopfuumbidzwa nokupfuumbika kwechinjo yechinjo yechiNgeri inopfuudzo inopfuudzo.

Matanho Akavhengana Neamahwanda: Basa Retsika Dzematongerwe Enyika Muzvirongwa Zviri Kuchinja

Spain: ChiQuasi - Fadererian uye Urudzi Hworuwa

Spain ihurumende inopesana pamutemo, asi Bumbiro reMitemo rayo ra1978 rakagadzira "Chimiro cheAutonomies" icho chinopa nzanga dzinozvitonga 17 kunzanga dzinozvitonga, kubatanidza Basque Country, Catalonia, uye Galicia ine urudzi hweruwa hwakasimba. Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeSpain yakakamukana zvikuru: chiono chepakati (kazhinji chinowirirana nehurumende yeFranco) chinokwikwikwikwidzana nevenzvimbo yeruwa chinozvirangarira vamene samarudzi akasiyana. Mutezo wezvinavhene wakanga uri kubvumirana kuderedza Spain pashure porufu rwaFranisia, uye yakabvumira kuva norusununguko rune retsika nerevo. Zvisinei, kundikano yeiyi gadziriro yokugutsa nokuda kuzvitonga uye mamiriro emitemo anozotevera 2017 angaratidza miganhuro yematongerwe echidivi rezvamatongerwe enyika apo tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinodzikira kutsika. Chipani chamuchidzo chinoitwa chipfupi chipfuro chinoitwa kwenguva pfupi pasi petsika mamiriroridzo inodzo inopfumitese, inoto kubudirira zvikuru, kunyange kuto kubudirira

China: Hurumende yeUnitary yeCentral ine nharaunda yeAutonomy

China ihurumende yapakati yehurumende inodzorwa nenzvimbo imwe yeChikamu cheKomonisiti, asi yakaderedza masimba anokosha okudzora nezvemari kumaruwa, zvikurukuru chifo cha 1980sinjo. Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeChina inosimbisa [ chiremera chepakati papakati pe , , [[FLT]] , uye [FLT] chinzwano chamarudzi ose [[FLT:], nemhesano yeruwa inodzorwa naHanchisvuriri naManda. Bva nharaunda dzedzinza dzakadai seTitbe, Xincang, uye muMongolia dzine tsika dzinoparadzaniswa nemukurumbira wemutezotezo wechipakati. Chikwirirano chenyika yematongerwe nero yezvero yepfuma inopfumisa upfumi, asi inopfuutsa kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa kwechipfuutsa kupfumisa kwechipfumika chapasi pevhuru. Chipfuudzo inopfumika chapasi. Chipfuudzodzo inopfumika chadzo inopfumisa kupfumisa ku

Matambudziko uye Kusawirirana Pazvinokonzerwa Netsika uye Kuparadzana Kwetsika

Belgium: Kubva Mubatanidzwa Kuenda Kunzvimbo Yokugara

Kushandurwa kweBelgium kubva kuruwa rwenyika yeIslative (1830-1970) kuenda kuhurumende yehurumende yose (1993) kunoratidzira chinoitika apo tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro zvinova zvisina kururama zvikuru. Nzanga dzeBelgium dzeFlemish nevokutaura veFrance dzakatanga tsika dzakasiana----chinja dzezvamatongerwe enyika (yamari, yezvemari, uye yenzanga) idzo dzisati dzichigona kuiswamo mugadziriro yezvikamu. Muuyo wacho wakanga uri mamiriro enyika akakura apasi, masangano akaumbwa nehurumende zvenzanga. Nepo chigadziro chehurumende chakadzivisa kuputsika chose chose chose chose, chakabudisawo mabhuro apasi nehurumende yapakati penyika inoshaiwa simba. Rubudiriro rwacho runogara rusina kutsanana, asi rune nhevedzano zvikuru. Rubudiriro rune zvarwa rune zvarwa ruchinongogara harupo, asi ruchinoruchinorukudzorwa nemapoka etsika. Chidzidzo chinenge chiripo kana chikamuraniso chikarirwa nenzanga chakaitwa mutsika chadzose.

Nigeria yakagamuchira utongi hwehurumende pakuzvimirira muna 1960 kuti itarisire mhatsa yayo huru yedzinza nerudzidziso (mapoka anopfuura 250 edzinza). Zvisinei, tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeNigeria inoratidzirwa namasangano echiPurimonial, makwikwi edzinza nokuda kwepfuma, uye kuvimba kwakaderera mumasangano. Gadziriro yehurumende, pakutanga ine nharaunda nhatu, yakakamurwa kuva nyika 36 kuti ipedze simba remapoka makuru. Kunyange zvakadaro uori, mari yesero pakati, uye kubatira mari yeparera (Biafrastra mu 1960, Bhokam) nhasi inoratidzira kuti kuva mubatanidzwa wenyika woga woga haugoni kubudirira pasina tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inotsigira. Chirwerevi chenyika chinogona kukundikana kana tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika isingatsigiri mutemo, boka rinowana ruvimbiko, uye kubvumira kubudirira kudzo inodzorwa mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa wehurumende.

Kunetsa Vagadziri Vemitemo Negadziriro Yebumbiro Remitemo

Ufakazi hunobva muiyi nzvero hunosimbisa nzwisiso yakakomba nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukugadzira kana kuti kuvandudza zvivako zvehurumende: kuvakwa kwenzvimbo kunofanira kuva kunotapukira mutsika. Kusvika kwakachena kwounyanzvi kunokwereta mienzaniso yehurumende kana kuti yemibatanidzwa inobva kune dzimwe nyika pasina kurangarira tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yomunzvimbomo kungakundikana. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kunzvera zvinhu zvetsika zvinotevera vasati vasarudza pamwero wepakati kana kuti kupfachuka:

  • Simba nenhamba zvezvinzvimbo zvenharaunda: mapoka amarudzi ose anodisa kudzorwa nenzvimbo imwe chete here?
  • Chivimbo chenzanga uye kuvimba nehurumende: Hurumende dzemo dzinogona kuvimbwa kuti dzizvitonge pasina uori kana rusaruro here?
  • Chinoitika chenhau nechiremera chikuru: Ko vagari vanorangarira nzvimbo yacho somudziviriri kana kuti somudzvinyiriri here?
  • Doro roukoshi: Ko nzvimbo dzakasiana - siana dzinogoverana mipimo yavose yezvamatongerwe enyika zvakakwana kutsigira gadziriro yorudzi here?

Mubasa, nyika zhinji dzinogamuchira symetricism yehurumende[[FTL:1] kana kuti [[FTL:2]] asmetric devolution kuti dzigarire nzvimbo dzetsika dzakasiana - siana mukati memugariro mumwe. Somuenzaniso, Canada inobvumirwa mugariro wakasiana kuQuebec; India ine gadziriro chaidzo nokuda kwaJamu naKashmir (zvino yakadzikiswa) uye dzimwe nyika dzokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva; UK inopa masimba akasiana kuScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland. Kudavirira kwakadaro kunochinjika kunogona kuwirirana mamiriro ezvinhu akasiana- siyana enyika munyika.

Kupfuurirazve, budiriro yegadziriro ipi neipi inotsamira pakuchinja kunopfuurira. Tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo zvinofanira kukwanisa kugadziridza. Gadziriro dzamaFrederal kazhinji kazhinji dzakavaka kuchinjika kupfurikidza nemiitiro yokugadziridza nedudziro yedare. Mitemo yeUnitary inogona kuvamba kuchinjwa kana kuti kuchinjwa kwenharaunda pasina kuchinja mamiriro emitemo epamutemo. Chinokosha kuchengeta chinjo yebumbiro remitemo retsika nechinjo dzesangano.

mhedziso

Pesvedzero yetsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika pabudiriro yenyika dzehurumende nedzenyika dzinobatana ihuru asi inowanzorerutswa mukurukurirano dzebumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro yehurumende ine bviro huru yokubudirira munzanga umo kuva nomugariro wenharaunda kwakasimba, chivimbo muubati ushe hwomunzvimbomo ihuru, uye mipimo yetsika yezvizhinji necherekedzo pasimba guru. Sangano renyika inova inobudirira kubudirira munzanga dzine zita rorudzi rakasimba, tsika yakadzikamiswa netsika inoisa kuenzana nokubatana pamisiyano yomunzvimbomo. Apo chimiro netsika zvinova nedzikamo zvinova nokutsiga, kusimba kukuru, uye kuva nohutsvene. Apo dzinosvetuka, rwisano dzinobuda kunyange mutsika dzakagadzirwa nokungwarira zvikurusa.

Nzvero dzakanzverwa(-United States, India, France, Japan, United Kingdom, China, Belgium, uye Nigeria) dzinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri budiriro nokundikano dzeiyi nhevedzano. Zvinoratidzira kuti hakuna mufanikiso mumwe mukurusa pasi pose; gadziriro yakanakisisa ndiyo inowirirana nemamiriro ayo ayo akapoteredza. Kurerekera kunyika dzinotarisana nemhatsa yetsika dzomukati, nzira iri mberi kazhinji kazhinji iri mumavara akachinjika ajeka ajeka neasymmenucism, devolution, kana kuti quasi-federalist.* inobvumira nzanga dzakasiana-tsikishaniswa kuva pasi peamburera rorudzi. Pakupedzisira, fundo yetsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inotiyeuchidza kuti kudzora haisi muitiro wetsika asi kudzo, yakavakirwa mumipimo yavanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona basa re [[FLT: 0] neArend Lijphart pamusoro poukama pakati petsika yezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano edemokrase, uye bhurocha reInternational IDEA resangano renyika netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.