Kurwisana kwenyika yose nougandanga kwakagadziridza zvikuru miitiro yepamusha, gadziriro dzapamutemo, uye masimba enzanga mumarudzi ose mumakore makumi matatu apfuura. Nepo vavariro huru yokudzivirira zviito zvougandanga ndezvokudzivirira vagari vemo pamasimba masimba, kuita kwavo kunowanzoparira migumisiro inosvika kure nokuda kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo, ukama hwenzanga, uye mutoo umene wokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nyaya inonzvera mavambo, mhindumupindu, uye pesvedzero yakasiyana - siyana yechitsotsi patsika dzemhuri nenzanga, zvichivarira pamienzaniso yenhau nenharo dzazvinovapo panguva ino.

Mavambo Nokushanduka - shanduka Kwetsika Dzokurwisana Neugandanga

Mazano okudzivisa ugandanga haana kutanga pasina chinhu. Nhamburiko dzapakuvamba dzakanangidzirwa pamhinduro dzakaitirwa vanhu kumapoka akati, akadai seBaader-Meinhof Gang muWest Germany kana kuti Red Brigades muItaly mukati mema1970 na 1980. Zvisinei, mwero nokusvika kwepasi pose kwougandanga hwazvino uno zvakachinja zvinoshamisa pashure pekudenha kwemuUnited States. Chinoitika ichocho chakaparira wedzero isingaenzaniswi mumutemo wechengeteko, batira pamwe yamarudzi ose, uye kupindira kwehondo.

United States yakakurumidza kupfuudza Chibvumikiso cheUSA PATRIOT Act yeUSA SA SA SARTIOT, zvakarerutsa ganhuriro parungwa, uye yakatanga mapoka matsva emitemo nokuda kwavasungwa. Mamwe marudzi akatevera sututi: United Kingdom yakaita chiTreatorism Act 2006, Australia yakapfuudza Anti-Terrorism Act muna 2001, mitemo yakatangwa kuti ipedze tyisidziro dzinotanga dzakadai sewewewete, uye kurwisa kwoga kwemakombiyuta, uye kurwisa kwepamusha.

Dare reSangano Rokuchengetedza reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose rakabvumawo chibvumirano 1373, nyika dziri nhengo dzichimanikidza kuti dzipedze mari yemagandanga, dzipedze dzimwewo pfungwa, uye dzisimbise kudzora miganhu.

Kuda Kuchengeteka Kunopa Muedzo

Chiratidzo chinoratidzira chisarudziro chepashure pe9/11 ugandanga hunodzivisa kuchengeteka kwomutemo. Hurumende dzakavamba kusimbisa mapurisa anodzorwa noungwaru, kuchengetwa, uye kuongororwa kwavanhu vose panzvimbo pokungofungira vanhu vamwe navamwe. Iyi nzira inowanzonzi "nheyo yemitemo" mumiitiro yechengetedzo, yakatungamirira kukukura kwamasimba emitemo nokutarisira kuduku. Somuenzaniso, nyika yeFrance yekurumidziro pashure pekudenha kwe 2015 Paris yakabvumira kusungwa kweimba pasina kupomerwa, kunzvera kusina mvumo, uye kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzavose.

Ugandanga Hwamadhiragi uye Kurwisa Madhigirii

Magandanga paakashandisa zvishandiso zvemakombiyuta kuti aedze kunyoresa, mashoko anoparadzirwa, uye kuronga kurwisa ugandanga, zvakawedzera kuva paIndaneti. Zvirongwa zvakaita seNational Security Agency uye UK Governmental Peathers (GCHQ) zvakatanga mano okuongorora mashoko epaIndaneti, kuvhiringidza zvinhu zvine chokuita nokunyanyisa, uye kugadzira nzira dzinoshandiswa pakutsigira mari.

Kutapura Muitiro Wemhuri

Ugandanga hunodzivisa ugandanga hwakachinja zvikuru muitiro wemhuri mumativi akawanda adzo nemotal, hofisi, uye mari.

Kupa Mutemo Nokukura Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

USA PARIYOTTT Act zvimwe muenzaniso unokosha zvikurusa wekupesana kwakaita mutemo wemagandanga nechiremera chavakuru. Yakabvumira masangano akangwara kupinza zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, mufambiro wemawaya ezvitima, uye kushandisa National Security Letts kuwana mashoko avaridzi pasina mvumo yedare. Mitemo yakafanana mune dzimwe nyika, yakadai seIndiya’s Universation Act (Prevention) Act yeCanada Anti-Trorismism Act, uye masimba eGermany akakudzwa BKA, akaita kuti mapurisa awandwe zvikuru uye atsvake masimba okutsvaka. Mapoka avagari vemo akashora nguva dzose mitemo iyi, achipikisa kuti ikosha mabanza okubatwa zvisina kufanira.

MuUnited States, USA Freedom Act ya 2015 yakadzosa zvishoma kuunganidzwa kwemitemo yakawanda yemitauro asi yakaramba ine masimba akawanda okuongorora. Gakava racho rinoratidza kusagadzikana kunopfuurira: nepo tyisidziro dzichichinja, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakarehwa kuidzivisa kazhinji kazhinji kunonoka kudzokera shure kana kuti kunyengera.

Zvokudzidza Nezvinhu Zvokuva Woga

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzegadziriro yougandanga inorwisana negadziriro yezvougandanga. Programu dzakadai seNational Security Agency’s PRISM, UK’s Tempora, uye French "Plan Vigiparatey" dzakaunganidza mavhoriyamu makuru orunhare nemashoko eInternet. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti aya maturusi anokosha kuti azive zvirongwa zvisati zvaitika, kududza nhau dzakafanana nokuputsa kwendege dzinomhanya dzinofamba napasi pevhu. Zvisinei, vatsoropo vanoratidza kunzvera kuderera zvishoma mukudzivisa ugandangaidzodzodzo ihwo hunodenha zvikuru nzanga dzavanhu vashomanene uye kutaura kwokutonhora kwapachena.

Dare reEurope reRuramisiro rakakurira nhungamiro dzokuchengeta mashoko idzo dzakaraira kuchengetwa kwamashoko ekurukurirano, dzichiawana asingawirirani namaruramiro ezvechivande mu [[FLT: 0] yeEuropean Convention on Human Rights. MuUnited States, ACLU yakawina kukwirira kukwirira kumatare kunoverengeka kunodenha kubvumikiswa. Uku kupindira kwedare kunosimbisa kusawirirana pakati pemipimo yechengeteko nedziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo.

Kuronga Zvauchaita uye Zvaunofanira Kuita

Mitemo yezvougandanga yakachinjawo miitiro yokuchengetedzwa. Guantámo Bay, yakatangwa muna 2002, inofananidzira kusagadzikana pakati pechengeteko nokutonga kwomutemo. Detaines akaitwa kwemakore asingaedzwi, akaitwa kuti awedzere unyanzvi hwokubvunzurudza, uye airamba kubvunzurudza. Kunyange zvazvo Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakazotonga kuti vasungwa vagone kudenha kusungwa kwavo, musasa unoramba wakazaruka. Miitiro yakafanana yakatanga kune imwe nzvimbo: Kudzora kweUK uye gare gare gare kudzivirira kwougandanga uye Kuedza (TPIM) kwakarambidza kufamba nokukurukurirana kwemagandanga kwakafungidzirwa pasina mhosva.

Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose, kusanganisira Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu reUN, akatsoropodza nyika dzakawanda nokuti dzinoshandisa kuchengetwa kwehurumende uye uchapupu hwepachivande mumhosva dzougandanga.

Migumisiro Yenzanga

Kupfuura matare epamutemo nemitemo, ugandanga hunorwisa nzanga hunokanganisa mafungiro evanhu, hunochinja magariro evanhu, uye hunochinja mashandiro anoita vanhu nyika uye magariro avanoitana.

Kutsvinya uye Kutsvinya Kwedzinza

Mipimo yechengeteko inowanzotsamira pahwaro parudzidziso, dzinza, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Ndege inoongorora mapurogiramu evhiza, uye ganhuriro dzamapurisa uye kunzvera zvakarwisa nomutoo usingaenzaniswi nzanga dzechiMuslim navanhu vokwapakati peEastern kana kuti South Asia. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeUK’s Developt inoda vashandi venzvimbo dzavanhu vose kushuma vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva vanochinja zvinhu, kuchitungamirira kunyunyuto kuti vaMuslim vanopanikirirwa zvisina kufanira. MuUnited States, chirambidzo chokufamba chakatangwa pakuvamba muna 2017 chakaparira kutsutsutsumwa kwakapararira nedenho dzapamutemo.

Uku kuzvidza kunogona kusimudzira kuparadzana nokusavimba nezviremera, nenzira inopesana kuderedza kubatana kwenzanga uko kunoitirwa kudzivirira ugandanga. Nzvero dzakawana kuti kurangarirwa kuva kworusaruro kunowedzera ngozi yokuwedzera, kuchiparira kudavira uko miitiro yechengeteko ine simba guru ingawedzera zvomenemene tyisidziro yadzinotsvaka kurwisa.

Kubatanidzwa Munzanga Nepurogiramu Dzokugadzirira

Mukupindura mamwe aaya mabasa makuru, hurumende dzakawanda dzakashandisa zvirongwa zvokurwisa zvougandanga zvakashandiswa munzanga. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neU.S. "Kuvaka Resilience Against Golder Extremism" (BRAVE), UK’s Channel program, uye muenzaniso weAarhus weDenmark unonangidzira ngwariro pakupindira kwapakuvamba, kutungamirira, uye tsigiro yenzanga yavanhu vari mungozi yokuwedzera.

Nzvero dzakaratidza miuyo yakavhengana. Nepo muenzaniso weAarhus wakarumbidzwa nokuderedza nokubatanidza vaichimbova vanonyanyisa, funganyo pamusoro pe "kuronga mugwagwa unodzongonyedzwa" uye kuvhengana kwebasa renzanga nokuungana kwouchenjeri kunopfuurira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mapurogiramu aya anogona kushatisa nzanga dzose nedzvinyiriro yavanhu kuti azivise mumwe nomumwe.

Kushambadza Kwezvinobudisa Nhau uye Kuoneka Kwavose

Kunyorwa kwenhau kunoitwa basa rinokosha mukuumba kunzwisisa kwavose kwougandanga uye ugandanga. Mizwa inoshuma, zvikurukuru pashure pedenho huru, inogona kukudza rutyo netsigiro nokuda kwezviito zvedrakonian. Nenzira yakapesana, zvinyorwa zvenzvero zvakafumura kubatwa zvisina kufanira, zvakadai sokushandiswa kwokutambudza munzvimbo dzechitema dzeCIA kana kuti kuongororwa kwavanyori venhau navashingairi.

Murangariro wavose unosiyana munyika dzose. MuUnited States, nzvero dzinoratidza tsigiro inopfuurira nokuda kwokunzverwa asiwo itiro hanya inokura pamusoro perusununguko rwevagari vemo. MuEurope, zvimiro zvendangariro zvinopanikira zvikuru, zvikurukuru pashure pokunge zvaburitsa pamusoro pokugoverana kwouchenjeri neteramedzo. iyi misiyano inozivisa zvisarudzo zvemiitiro uye inosimbisa ukoshi hwekurukurirano yakajeka.

Basa Roungwaru Muugandanga Hwokurwisa Mudzimba

Masangano oungwaru azova akanyura zvikuru muzvinhu zvomumba nemhaka yokudzivisa ugandanga. Pamberi pe9/11, masangano akafanana neFBI naMI5 akanangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pauchenjeri hwokumwe kana kuti tyisidziro chaidzo. Nhasi, anounganidza nguva dzose mashoko pavagari vemo, anobatira pamwe namapurisa omunzvimbomo, uye anogoverana mashoko namakambani avanhu akadai sefemu dzesayenzi namasangano ezvemari.

Urongwa uhwu hwakadzikatidza musiyano pakati pevane simba vokune imwe nyika nevomumba. Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvakafanana neU.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) zvakagadziridzwa zvagadziridzwazve kubvumira kuongororwa kwemhuri pasina pamutemo kana chipfuro chacho chikanzi "chirongwa chesimba rokumwe." Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti rondedzero yacho yazova yakafara zvikuru, yakava nevanyori venhau, yakaitawo kuti vanhu vanotsinhirana maruramiro ekodzero dzevanhu, uye vatsigiriki vatsigirine. Komiti yehurumende yakabudisa kunzvera kukuru pamusoro pokushanda kwouchenjeri, kwete kuti apo inogona kuderedza utsotsi, inosimudzirawo kutarisirwa.

Kutarisira uye Kuzvidavirira

Utarisiri hweRobust hunokosha kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Mitumbi yezvitendero, yakadai seU.S. Isiridziro yapachivande neLunguro reChiviko kana kuti UK’s Investigation Powers Commissioner yakasikwa kuti igovere kunzvera. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwayo yakabvunzwa: kazhinji kazhinji haikosha kuwana mashoko, kunoshanda nevashandi vakaganhurirwa, uye kutarisana nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusimbisa aya masangano kubvumirano kunzvera, kushuma kudzimba, uye kudzivirira kweripiro kunoitwazve namasangano ekodzero dzavanhu se ACU] uye Amnesty International.

Kurwisa Ugandanga uye Kubvisa Vanhu Munzvimbo Dzacho

Imwe nzvimbo inokosha inotapurwa nougandanga kutama. Nyika dzakawanda dzine zvinodikanwa zvakatsiga zvevhiza, kuendeswa kwakawedzerwa panzvimbo dzechengeteko yorudzi, uye kutanga kubviswa kwougaringo nokuda kwemarudzi maviri anobatanidzwa muugandanga. Kurambidzwa kwokufamba kweU.S. Kurambidzwa kweUK kwe "hostrialism" mutemo, uye kubviswa kweAustralia kweavo vanorangarirwa kuva ngozi inotyisa kunoratidzira kuti mwero wemuganhu zvino wakabatanidzwa zvakajeka sei nougandanga.

Mitemo iyi inogona kuita kuti pave noutongi, mhuri dzinoparadzana, uye inoodza mwoyo vanotsvaka utiziro kutiza nzvimbo dzinorwisana. UNHCR yakanyevera kuti kudana vatsvaki vose voutiziro munzvimbo dzine njodzi sedzingakuvadza vapoteri. Uyezve, kuongorora kunoratidza kuti mitemo inorambidza kutama hakudzivisi ugandanga asi kungawedzera zvigumbu pakati penzanga dzemadiaspora.

Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Nokusununguka Kwevanhu Vose

Chinetso chikuru chekudzivisa ugandanga ndechekuti urongwa hupi hungabatsira vanhu kuti vasatyande pasina kurasikirwa norusununguko runorondedzera nzanga dzehurumende yeruzhinji. Hapana nzira yenyika yose; nyika imwe neimwe inofanira kushandisa magamuchidzanwa ayo epamutemo, tsika dzayo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mhoteredzo inotyisidzira. Zvisinei, nheyo dzinoverengeka dzinogona kutungamirira muitiro wokushandisa zvakanaka uye kuremekedza kodzero:

  • Chiratidzo: Mitanho inofanira kuitirwa, kudikanwa, uye kuganhurirwa muukuru. Kunzvera kana kuti kupfigirwa pasina kunyumwira kungabvira kukunda bvunzo yepakati.
  • Traxation: Hurumende dzinofanira kuzivisa mashoko akawanda sezvinobvira pamusoro pegadziriro dzadzo dzinorwisa ugandanga, dzinodzorwa bedzi neganhuriro dzapamutemo dzechengeteko. Chisimiro chinoparira kusavimba.
  • [ Kutonga kwedare reIndependero: matare eendipendero anofanira kuva nesimba rokubvumira kana kuti kuramba zvisarudzo zvokunzvera nokupfigira, nemiitiro yakasimba yokukwirira.
  • [ Tsvakanwa: Tsitsi dzinofanira kutangwa mukubvunza nzanga dzakatapurwa, kwete kuiswa kunobva pamusoro apa. Kubatana kunovaka chivimbo uye kunovandudza uchenjeri.
  • Sarudza Claus:[ masimba ekurumidziro anofanira kupera kutoti atenderwazve namatare okugadza pamutemo pashure pekurukurirano yavose.

Nyika dzakafanana neCanada neNew Zealand dzakachinja misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mitemo yadzo inorwisana nougandanga kuti dzibatanidze dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzamaruramiro avanhu, dzichiratidzira kuti chinjo inobvira. Kutapura kwomusha kwougandanga hunorwisa hausi mugwagwa mumwe chete unofambira mberi, (inogona kuumbwa nokusadzora, uye kurangarira kwoutongi hwoutongi.)

mhedziso

Pesvedzero yezvokudzivisa ugandanga pamiitiro yemhuri uye chaunga zvose zviri zviviri ihuru uye inogarisa. Yakanyorwazve mabumbiro emitemo, yakarongwazve masangano ehurumende, uye yakachinja upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwamamiriyoni. Painoramba iripo, chinetso chacho chinoramba chiri chimwe chetecho: nzira yokudzivirira nayo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pasina kuiparadza. Gadziriro dzinoshanda dzinotsigira ruvimbiko rwavose ndeidziya dzinochengeta chivimbo chavose, dzinoremekedza kodzero dzinokosha, uye dzinochinja kuchinja kuchinja kutyisidzira pasina kunyengera. Sezvo njodzi dzomuviri dzinopfuurira kupfuurira kuoneka paIndaneti kukuva dzinochinja zvinhu uye tyisidzirwa nemhesano dzakadzikamiswa nechinhu chakaenzana nako hadzina kumbova dzinova dzetsoropopo. Pakurukurirano dzinovapo pakati pehurumende, nzanga dzevagari vehurumende, uye vagari vemo vagari vemo vanokosha kuvimbisa kuti kuchengetedzwa maruramiro okudzivirira.