Sumo: Zvinorehwa Nezvinoitwa Nevanhu Vasinganyatsozivikanwi

Gadziriro dzapamberi pegadziriro dzakakodzera dzinomira seimwe yedzidziso dzine simba zvikuru asi dzinopikisana mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Pakati, nheyo yacho inosimbisa kuti dzimwe maruramiro makuru akadzikatidzwa zvikuru munhau yenyika namagamuchidzanwa zvokuti hurumende haigoni kudzidzora, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro yainotevera. Kusafanana nemiitiro inowirirana, inonangidzira pamitemo yehurumende inotonga zvakarurama apo inonyima munhu woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, zvinongoda kuongorora muitiro [. Inobvunza kana mutemo uchiputsa zvakarurama izvo zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinokosha zvokuti hapana chitsamato chikuru chomuitiro wawo unoruramisa.

Uyu murangariro wakaumba zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo pamusoro pezvakavanzika, roorano, mhuri, uye udzori hwomuviri, uchiuita chinhu chikuru chechisarudzo chazvino uno. Zvisinei, wakamutsawo gakava guru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira redare munzanga yedemokrase. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muitiro wakafanira unobvumira vatongi kuisa zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga, nepo vadziviriri vachiuita kuti huve chinhu chinokosha mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana nemukurumbira wakakurumbira. Kunzwisisa mhindumupindu, kushandiswa, uye gakavadzano iri kupfuurira mukuita muitiro wavose wehurumende yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anotsvaka simba remitemo yazvinotendwa nomutemo wazvino uno.

Nheyo Dzenhau: Kubva Pazvaitaurwa Kuenda Pachinhu Chisingakoshi

Hwaro hworugwaro hwegadziriro inowirirana iri muGuer Process Claus of the Findromments of the Find 5 and 14th Amendments. Gamendment yeFindth, yakagamuchirwa muna 1791, inopa kuti hapana munhu achanzi anyimwe upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Dare re1449th Amendment, rakashandiswa muna 1868, rinotambanudzira ganhuriro imwe cheteyo kuhurumende. Kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe, matare akadudzira iyi zvikamu zvikurukuru sevimbiso zvemipimo yemipimo yemitengo yechato, kunzwa, dare risina muganhu, uye zvakafanana. Kuchinja kuravirira kukura kwapa kukura kwapakuna kukuramurasarudzo kwakabuda muruwa rwapasi kwakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma uye nenzira yenhano.

[ Nhau dzeImba yokuuraya neropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Claus

Nhaka yakakurumidza kuuya ne [FLT] Cases-Imbay [1873], umo Dare Gurusa rakadudzira zvishoma maropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Clause weGrandment ye 1450, achiishandura nenzira inobudirira kuva isina maturo kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha pamabasa enyika. Iyi chisarudzo chakasiya Gwaro rinosia CHro yeCYClausse semotokari huru yokubatanidza Bill of Rightsstions (kubudirira kwaizobatana gare gare gare nomuitiro wokuzvikwaniswa. Zvisinei, kwamakumi amakore Dare rakadzivisa nomutoo unoshandiswa kuderedza zviteko zvemari.

Lochner[[FLT] Era ne Gadziriro yapamberi pemari

Ganhuriro inomutsa nharo zvikurusa munhau yegadziriro yapamberi pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri yakavamba ne [FLT]] Lochner v. New York [[FLT]] [[10]] [[10]] chisarudzo. [Mu] .[[FLT]]] Cover [[FLT]] [[55]], Dare rakarova maawa ebasa ku 10 pazuva, richitonga kuti mutemo unodzongonyedza ne "rekora resvotion" neGecedmentmentment.[F] zvino unoto hurusa .[F]

Pasinei zvapo nokuramba kwayo, nhambo inoisa mumvuri murefu. Yakadzidzisa matare anotevera kuva anongwarira pamusoro pokuziva maruramiro asina kurongwa, bva yakavambawo gadziriro yedzidziso iyo gare gare yaizomutsidzirwa nokuda kwerusununguko rusiri rwemari (pazita, pfungwa yokuti Gwendo reNdoka Claus rinodzivirira maruramiro akati "restical" kupfuura ayo akarongwa zvakananga muBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuchinja Kwazvino Uno: Kubva Pakuva Woga Kuenda Kukuzvirongedza Kwomunhu Oga

Zvisinei, nyaya itsva dzaibatanidza kuva woga uye ukama hwepedyo dzakavamba kubuda muma1960, dzichifemera upenyu hutsva mudzidziso yacho.

Griswold v.Connecticut (1965): Kodzero yokuva woga

Mu Griswold v.Connecticut[FLT]], Dare rakarangarira mutemo weConnecticut uyo wakaputsa kushandiswa kwezvisingashandisiwi, kunyange navaroorani. Manyorero nokuda kwevoruzhinji, Mutongi William O. Douglas akapikisa kuti Bhinji reKodzero reKodzero rinova "penbras" uye "emancation" zvinoumba "nzvimbo yakavanzika". Kunyange zvazvo Dare risina kusanotsamira patsika inotarwa nomutoo wakafanira wakafanira wechipfupiti. Kubva pakodzero hurusa yeChitatu, Yechitatu, Yechitatu, yeChishanu, uye Nhengerwendo] [[FLD] [5]

[[FFL:0] Roe v. Wade[[FLT] [1] (1973): Kodzero yokusarudza

. . [[FLT]] yakatambanudzira ungwaru hwe [[FLT:]]Griswold[ kubvisa pamuviri. Dare rakaramba kuti kodzero yokuva woga, yakatorwa kumuitiro wakafanira, inobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri. Mutongi Harry Blackmun akaumbawo gadziriro yakadzikanisa kusununguka kwomukadzi panzvimbo youtano hwembano napanyuko. [FLT] [FL:] [5] [5] inomutsa kupesana negakavararira kupfurikidza nomutoo wemitemo zuva rino.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003): Kuparadza ukama hwechikadzi hwakafanana

Mu [FLT][FLT]Lawrence v. Texas[FLT]], Dare raidzora chisarudzo charo chapakuvamba mu [[FLT:]] Bowers v. Harlwick[[[FLT:] [1986] [196]) ndokuparadza mutemo weTexas unoita kuti upedzedze mutemo mumwe chete. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akasimbisa kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa neChirongwa chaCrookezimei runobatanidza mufambiro wavanhu vakuru wapachivande pasina kudzorwa. [FLT]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuenzana kweroorano

Obergefell v. Hodges zvichida ibasa gurusa rezvinodikanwa muzana ramakore makumi maviri-kutanga. Dare rakatonga kuti varoorani vamwe chetevo vane kodzero huru yokuroora, yakadzivirirwa navose vari vaviri Clause neFocted Clause. Murangariro weMutongi Kennedy wakataura kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha zvikuru munhau yenyika uye magamuchidzanwa, uye kuti vakaroorana vorudzi rumwe chetevo kubva kusangano rinoderedza chiremera chavo neIS. [FLT:] [FLD]

Chikamu cheDzimba: Glucksberg v. Casey[ uye Kunetseka pamusoro penzira

Pasinei zvapo neiyi mitongo yakakomba, Dare Rapamusoro harina kushandisa mutoo mumwe unowirirana wokuziva nawo maruramiro makuru.

Muedzo Glucksberg: Nhevedzo neNhambo

Shaughngton v. Glucksberg [[FLT] [1997], Dare rakaramba muitiro waidiwa waitaurwa kuti raida kodzero yokubetsera kuzviuraya. Mutongi Mukuru William Rehnquisst' akabudisa muedzo unoganhurira: kukwaniriswa sorudyi, rusununguko runonzi runofanira kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau ino yorudzi negamuchidzanwa" uye "chinonyanyova nomufungo mutsika ino yakarairwa. [[FLT] Mutongi William Rehnquist] Apply' aiasberg [[FLT]] muedzo unoraira "rondedzero yakajeka yorudyi" yakataurwa nenhau yakananga.

Cosey uye Ramburo Apprower: Braster Liberty

Musiano, mirangariro mizhinji mu [FLT][FLT]] Parenthood v. Casey [[FLT]] (1992 na[FLT]]]]] Ramajeni rakakurumbira zvikuru kurondedzera mwoyo werusununguko so "wakarurama wokurondedzera mafungire oupenyu, erevo, ezvose, ezvoupenyu, uye echakavanzika choupenyu."

Kusawirirana kuri pakati penyaya mbiri idzi kunoramba kusingagadziriswi. Dare racho rinowanzosarudza kuti ndeipi nzira yokushandisa yakavakirwa pamashoko akapoteredza, zvichiita kuti vaongorori vemitemo varambe vachikurukura kuti ipfungwa ipi inoenderana nezvinorehwa neChendedzero yaClaus uye nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nedzemakwikwi

Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro Renguva Ino, kuchinja kwevashandi vedare, uye tsika dzenzanga zvakaisa dzidziso yacho mukuongororwa kukuru.

Kubvisa mimba Pashure Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi Voutano Organization[[FLT: 1]

Muna June 2022, Dare Rapamusoro rakabudisa chisarudzo chekusasimba mu [[FLT]] Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization., kunyanyofunga [[[FLT], kuisa parumano] [[[FLT]] r [[FLT]] r [[[4] r. [[FLT] r, [[FLT]] na[FLT]. Dare reSamuerierierieri rinogumisa kuti Dare reMitemo harisati richiisa kodzero yokubvisa mimba nemhaka yokuti maruramiro orudyi akanga asina kudzika miuyo yakakomba zvikuru munhau yerudzi uye gamuchidzanwa. [5] zvinokabvumikisawo kupfurikidza nokupfuvura pamutemo.]

Mutongi Clarence Thomas, mubvumirano yake mu maDobbs , akakumbirwa zvakajeka kuDare kurangarirazve [ Griswrold[, [[[FLT]], [[FLT]]] LT] LIN [[FLT]], uye OFLEF []] wafera[. Murangariro mukuru, zvisinei, anobvisa vavariro ipi neipi yokudzosa mirangariro iyoyo, anoomerera kuti kubvisa mimba idikashatikaidzika nemhaka yokuti inobatanidza unobvira upenyu. Kunyange zvakadaro, mufungo wa [FLT:] Doct.[FLT] [F]

LGBTQ+ Kodzero ne Nguva Yemberi ye [[FLT: 0]Obergefell

Muchato mumwe chetewo unoramba uri wapamutemo munyika yose, asi maDobbs akashingisa vashori kudenha mufungo mu Obergefell[[. Mapoka akawanda emitemo anowirirana akaisa matare anotsvaka kushandura uenzani hweroorano, achitaurira kuti rudyi haruna kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau. Mu 20222, [[FLT:] Nzwisiso yeR yakaitwa kuti ipedze hwaro hwetsika nokuda kweroorano imwe cheteyo, asi harusati ruchiidzo mumutemo. Kana Dare rakakwirira richishanda muchato munguva yemberi [FLT][5]

Munguva ino, Dare rakapfuurira kuziva dzimwe LGBTQ+ dziviriro kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemitemo nemitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Mu[FLT]B]Bostock v. Clayton County [2020] Dare rakaramba kuti Theotre VII yekodzero dzevoruzhinji Act inorambidza kusarura basa kwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti zita romunhukadzi. Chisarudzo ichocho chakatsamira pakududzirwa kwemitemo, kwete muitiro wechiduku wekuzvipembere, naizvozvo ingava panyika yakatsigarira. Zvisinei, hondo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzoutano dzinopfuudzwa kuchengetedzwa, zvisaririra, uye kubatanidzwa mumitambo.

Kodzero Dzepfuti Nevhudzi Rechipiri

Muitiro wakafanira unobatanidzawo neChinjo Yechipiri. [FLT]] Divolution of Columbia v. Heller[FLT]] [[2008] na[[FLT][FLT][FLT]][5] [[FLT]] [[55]] [[5]] MFLD [[[5]] City yeChicawaro cheChicago [[[[FLT]][[FLT]][0]] [[20]], Dare rakaziva munhu worudyi wokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo.[FFFFFF] Nhan: [F] [munhansion] kana kuti chitemesengwa chatomumumumumumumumuto.] [[12]]

Mazano Okudzivirira Okurapa Nedziviriro

Kukakavadzana pamusoro penzira yakafanira yokusabvumirana kunoratidza kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, simba rokutonga, uye rudzi rworusununguko.

Kure Nokutonga Zvikuru

Vatsoropodzi vemavambo vanotaura kuti muitiro wakafanira wokusatenderwa haubvumiri nemhaka yokuti unobvumira vatongi vasina kusarudzwa kuita maruramiro asingawaniki murugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo kana kuti nzwisiso yapakuvamba. Mutongi Antonin Scalia, mutsigiri mukuru wedzidziso yapakuvamba, akaomerera kuti Dare reChiitiko chaClaus ndiro rinongova pamutemo uye kuti haribvumiri matare kuputsa mitemo yokuputsa miganhu. [[FLT:] Dobss "bet rekusveaty". Mukuwirirana nouyu murangariro, mifungo ya democracy (h]haidzo inodzosa mutongo mukurusa h(h) inosarudza nhau dzakafanana nokubvisa pamuviri, uye roorano yezvokuguma kwezvoupenyu, kutonge pasina kuti gadziriro yemitemo yakananga iri padandaudzo. [FLD:]] Dobsss agamuchirwa zvikuru nouyu mutookero kumurangariro wapakuvamba. [FFFFF:]

Murangariro Webumbiro reMitemo Ripenyu

Vadziviriri vemuitiro wapamberi pechinhu chisiri chinhu vanotaura kuti mashoko akafara eBumbiro reMitemo akadai ""," "kutungamirira muitiro womutemo"" yakasiiwa yakazarurwa namaune kuti ibvumire zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi kuzvishandisa kumigariro mitsva. Mutongi William Brennan navamwe vatsigiri ve "bumbiro remitemo ripenyu" vanochengeta kuti rusununguko runoda dziviriro panzvimbo yehurumende kunyange apo maFramers aisagona kuva avhurange avhura mhaka dzakananga. Vanonongedzera kumhaka dzakafanana ne Griswold[[FL:1] uye uye [FLT:]berge yawira mutezotesito mukuru wemitemo yehurumende. Munya iyi mutengodzo wavanhu vanoramba kudzivirira.

Mhaka nokuda kwedzoro: Kudzivisa [[FLT: 0] Lochner[[FLT: 1]

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vomuitiro wakafara wetsika dzinoda kunyorwa havasi vazivi vemavambo asi vazivi vanotya kudzokorora zvikanganiso zve Lochner nhambo. Vanopikisa kuti kana matare avamba kurondedzera "kodzero dzehwaro" kupfuura rugwaro rwemitemo, vanozviisa mungozi yokuisa rutongeso rwavo vamene runokosha [$2] [[FLT] LYM[[FLT]] Dare rakaisa ra laissez-faires. Iyi itiro hanya yakaita kuti dzimwe nyanzvi dzitsigire "muitiro wetsika inotonga pamutemo", kusvika kwakakurumbira zvikuru nakachinjo yakakurumbira zvikuru naJohn Etroct:] [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT] uye Discrectal] [Flactal] ingotaura nenzira inotongedzerwa zvikuru. [F5]

Nguva Yemberi Yegadziriro Isingakarirwi

Chiratidzo chemuitiro wakafanira wechiduku hachina chokwadi. Dare razvino uno, rine ruzhinji rune 6-3 rusingachinji, rakaratidzira panikiro pamusoro pokuziva maruramiro matsva asina kutsaurwa uye rakabvunza kurangarira kuseri kweakawanda aripo. Zvisinei, Dare harisati ratonga [[[FLT:]] Griswrold, , [FLT]] LIVENCE, kana kuti [[FLT:]] OFLT]berge, uye mamwe marutongeso angazeza kushatiswa nezvinoitika zvinogamuchirwa zvakagamuchirwa.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, matare ehurumende nedzimba dzehurumende zvinoshingaira nenzira inowedzera mukudzivirira maruramiro ayo Constitution yehurumende ingasazozvivimbisazve. Dzimwe nyika dzakabatanidza maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, roorano yevatano yakafanana, uye dzimwe rusununguko mumitemo yadzo dzimene kana kuti mirau. Uyu mubato wenzvimbo yapakati unoratidzira chinjo huru: sezvo judicariary yehurumende inova inoganhurirwa zvikuru, hondo pamusoro pamaruramiro makuru angatamira kumatare ehurumende nenhano. Muuyo ungagona kuva basa rakaganhurirwa redziviriro iro rinosiana zvikuru nehurumende.

Gadziriro yakafanira yapamberi pechinhu inoramba iri nharaunda inokosha yefundo nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, varapi, uye vagari vemo. Nhau yayo inoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri chipikirwa nengozi yedziviriro yedare rekodzero dzisina kudzorwa. Sezvo mipimo yenzanga inopfuurira kuchinja, gakava pamusoro pokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira nzvimbo yakaenzana yezvigadziko zvomunhu oga here kana kuti, kuti kungarondedzerwa sei denderedzwa iroro. Kunzwisisa rekare nazvino kunokosha nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwomutemo wemitemo weAmerica.

Kuravazve, bvunza mirangariro yakazara mu [FLT] . Shaughton v. Glucksberg uye [[FLT:]][[FLT]]][[FLT]][[FLT:] Casey[[FLT]][FLT]][FLT] [[FLT]], kunoratidzira mitoo miviri inopesana. Kuwedzera, kurangarira kwakawanda kunowanikawo murwini KFONCFLT] [FFLT] [FFFK:][15]