Mavambo Enhau Nehwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi ndechimwe chezviratidzo zvenguva dzose zvechiremera chehurumende inotonga munyika yazvino uno. Vavambi veAmerica vakavakirwa mumagamuchidzanwa emitemo nerudzidziso ekare, muitiro wokupika mhiko yebasa pasati pasvika zviuru zvamakore. MuRoman Republic, madzoro akapika kuvimbika kuRepublic; muMiddle Agest yeEurope, madzimambo akagadza mhiko dzokutsigira mutemo netsika. Vanoumba nyika, vanonyora mifungo nemutemo wavose, vakaisa mhiko yapurezidhendi zvakananga muBumbiro remitemo mu [[FLT:] Article II, Chikamu 1[FLT:]. Mashoko chaiwo ndiwo: “Ndinoita mhiko zvakaisvonaka (kana kuti ndichaita) kuti ndipedze nokutendeka hofisi yaPrezidhente weUnited States, uye kuti ndichengetedze zvakanakisisa, kudzivirira Hurumende yeUnited States, uye kudzivirira Hurumende yeUnited States.

Rugwaro urwu runocherekedzwa nokuda kwokupfupikisa kwarwo nengwariro yarwo paBumbiro reMitemo panzvimbo peruvimbiko rwomunhu oga. Kusafanana nemhiko mumamwe marudzi ayo anovimbisa ruvimbiko kumutongi kana kuti mubato, mhiko yeAmerica inonangidzira pakutonga kwomutemo negadziriro yedemokrase. Kubatanidzwa kwe “kana kuti kusimbisa” kwakanga kuri kutenderwa kwamaune kuQuaker namamwe mapoka orudzidziso airamba kupika naMwari. Iko kunoratidzira kuzvipira kwomuvambi kurusununguko rworudzidziso. Chipikiso chinoitwa noMutongi Mukuru weUnited States, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo risingadi mutevedzero. Mumazana amakore, purezidhendi ari wose anobva kuna George Washington akatsinhira mashoko mamwe, achiumba kupfuurira kune simba uko kudzoresarudzo kudzo rwekare.

Mhindumupindu yenhau yomutambo wemhiko imene inorairidzawo. George Washington akawedzera mashoko okuti “Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari pashure pemhiko yacho, kunyange zvazvo isiri chinodikanwa neBumbiro reMitemo. Mapurezidhendi akawanda anotevera akatevera gamuchidzanwa iri, uye mashoko acho zvino anowanzobatanidzwa mumhemberero dzazvino uno. Zvisinei, mashoko apakuvamba haasati achinja chifo chifo chinenge chitsigiso chemitemo yeAmerica. Mhiko hachisi chiito chetsikawo hacho; chiito chinosungirirwa chapamutemo chinoisa musengwa chebumbiro remitemo. Kukundikana kutora mhiko yacho kuchava dodzo. Uku kurema kwepamutemo kunosimbisa basa renheyo mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica.

Muhara Sechinoumba Chitendero Chenyika

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kutsiviwa kune rugare kwesimba ndeimwe yemiedzo yakakomba zvikurusa yeperero yesangano. Mhiko yapurezidhendi inoratidzira nguva chaiyoiyo apo chiremera chinopfuura kubva kuudzori humwe kuenda kuhunotevera. Nokuda kwavagari veAmerica, ichi chinoitika isimbisiro ine simba kuti hakuna munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo uye kuti utungamiriri ndehwechinguvana uye hunozvidavirira. Mhiko inoshandura makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika kuva kupfuurira kwebumbiro remitemo, ichiyeuchidza mapazuro ose ehurumende nevoruzhinji kuti tsika inotsungirira.

Muitiro wemhiko yacho — unowanzoitwa pamatanho eCapitol pamberi pamazana ezviuru zvavaoni namamirioni avaoni veterevhizheni — unosimbisa pfungwa yokuti kuva purezidhendi ibasa, kwete kuva munhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokupika kuti “dzivirira, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo,” purezidhendi anouya anogamuchira pachena kuganhurirwa kwenzvimbo. Ichi chiito chokuzviisa pasi pavose kumutemo chinopesana zvikuru nehurumende umo vatungamiriri vanotora nhaka simba kana kuti chikamu chenhau. Nokudaro mhiko yacho inova chiratidzo chenyika yose chokusimba redemoricracy, zvikurukuru mukati menguva dzekupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Uyezve, zviratidzo zvemhiko kuhondo, dare redare, uye basa rehurumende kuti kuvimbika kwavo kunofanira kutendwa neBumbiro remitemo, kwete nomunhu ane basa. Uku kutendeka kwebumbiro remitemo ndiko kunogonesa kushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende yehurumende. Mhiko yacho inguvawo apo purezidhendi vanofamba vanosimbisa kukosha kwokuchinja kworugare, kuisa mashoko evatongi. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza John Adams anobva nokuzvidira muNzvimbo inoyera pashure pokurasikirwa naThomas Jefferson muna 1800, uye nguva pfupi yapfuura, George H. Bush itsamba yenyasha kuna Bill Clinton. Izvi zvinongobvira bedzi nemhaka yokuti mhiko yacho inoita mugumo weshoko rimwe chete namavambo echinzvimbo chinotevera.

Kusimudzira Rudado Rwavanhu Kupfurikidza Netsika Yavose

Mutambo wemhiko yapurezidhendi unopfuura chinodikanwa chokutonga; muitiro wavose uyo unobatanidza mamirioni avagari vemo muruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakagoveranwa. Rudado runochengetwa apo vanhu vanopupurira vatungamiriri vavo vanozviisa pasi peganhuriro dzimwe chetedzo dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzinobatanidza mugari wemo ari wose. Mhiko inoita kuti munhu ave mutevedzeri wohunhu nepo ichiri kuusimudzirawo, ichiparira nhambo yokurangarira pamwe chete pamusoro pemipimo yenyika. KuvaAmerica vazhinji, vanotarira kutsauriro — kubatanidza mhiko — igamuchidzanwa inosimbisa batano yavo kumipimo yakagadzwa yorudzi.

Zvikoro, mapoka enzanga, uye mhuri zvinowanzotarira mutambo pamwe chete, zvichikurukura revo yemhiko nemabasa okuva mugari wemo. Iri basa renzanga rinotsigira pfungwa yokuva munhu uye kuzivikanwa nevamwe. Mhiko yacho inopawo chiratidzo chokuyera mufambiro wapurezidhendi: apo purezidhendi anoita nenzira dzinoratidzika kuva dzinoputsa mudzimu wemhiko, vagari vemo uye vanobudisa nhau vane mupimo wakajeka wokunongedzera kwauri. Naizvozvo mhiko yacho inobatira sechinhu chokuzvidavirira muhurumende.

Kupfuurirazve, zuva rokutsaurira rinobatanidza kuratidzira, hurukuro, uye maitiro etsika, zvose izvo zvinokudza ukoshi hwokufananidzira hwemhiko yacho. Kupika pachako kunowanzodzokororwa mumhemberero dzapachivande kana munhu wacho akawira paSvondo, asi kudzokorora pachena ndiko kunoorora fungidziro yenyika. Chiono chapurezidhendi ane ruoko paBhaibheri (kana kuti rimwe bhuku) — kunyange zvazvo chisati chichidikanwa neBumbiro reMitemo — chinowedzera ruvara rwamanyoro negamuchidzanwa izvo zvinowirirana navagari vemo vazhinji. Uku kubatanidzwa kwapamutemo, kworudzidziso, uye zvinhu zvomunharaunda zvinoita kuti mhiko ive mutyairi ane simba wechienzi worudado rwenzanga.

Oath Sechiratidzo ChechiPatrioti uye Kubatana Kwenyika

Chipo hachisi kungori kungori kutakura mureza; musengwa kugoverana nheyo. Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chinodudza zvakajeka Bumbiro remitemo sechinhu chinodzivirira, nokudaro chichirondedzera kutsigira nyika yeAmerica sokuvimbika kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu panzvimbo pedzinza, nzvimbo, kana kuti unhu. Murudzi rwakasiana - siana, mhiko yacho inopa mavambo akafanana. Apo purezidhendi anopika kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo, iye ari kusimbisa mipimo mikuru iyo inobatanidza vaAmerica: rusununguko, uenzani, ruramisiro, uye mutemo.

Nguva dzenhau dzenjodzi yorudzi dzinowanzosimbisa simba rinobatanidza remhiko. Somuenzaniso, Abraham Lincoln akaita mhiko yake yokutanga muna 1861 sezvo Union yakanga ichiparara, uye yechipiri muna 1865 sezvo Hondo yevagari vemo yakapera. Muzviitiko zvose zviri zviviri, kuomerera kwake pachena kumhiko yacho — zvikurukuru musengwa wokuchengetedza Union — tsigiro yavose uye kurondedzera chinangwa chehondo. Nenzira yakafanana, Franklin D. Rooselt yakasvika mukati moKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, uye vimbiso yake yokuti aizodzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo remitemo” akapa vagari vemone mumano ehurumende kuita chiito. Munguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, pashure pokukwikwidzana kwe 2020, kudzorongeteverwa kworugare kwechibvumirano chegadziriro yegadziriro yokuzviito zvehurumende youtongi.

Mhiko yacho inguva apo purezidhendi anowanzoda chinzwano chorudzi. Mukero dzavo dzokutanga, mapurezidhendi akawanda anokumbira zvakajeka mhiko kukurudzira vaAmerica kubvisa mapoka anopesana ndokushandira pamwe chete nokuda kwezvakanaka zvakafanana. Mhiko yacho imene haidi shanyo dzakadaro, asi mutambo wacho unogovera nzvimbo yakatanhamara yeshoko rechinzwano. Iri gamuchidzanwa rinosimbisa batano yokufananidzira pakati pemhiko nourudzi.

Mienzaniso Yemaoath Munhau yeAmerica

  • George Washington (1789): Mhiko yokutanga yakaitwa pavharanda reFederal Hall muNew York City. Washington yakawedzera kuti “Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari” ndokutsvoda Bhaibheri, achigadza muenzaniso unoramba uchipesvedzera. Nguva ino yakasimbisa mhiko sechinoitika chavose, chakakomba.
  • Abraham Lincoln (1865): Chigadziko chake chechipiri, chakapiwa sezvo Hondo yavagari vemo yakanga ichipera, ndechimwe chenguva yakakurumbira zvikurusa. Lincoln akashandisa nhambo yacho kutaura nezve “chinowirirana nechinhu chimwe” uye“ chiitiko kuna vose,” chinobatanidza zvakananga mhiko neyananiso yorudzi.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933): Pakudzika kweKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, mhiko yaRoosevelt ine chivimbo uye kutaura kwake kuti “chinhu bedzi chatinofanira kutya kutya kutya ndicho chakadzorera chivimbo chavose.
  • John F. Kennedy (1961): [[FLT: 1] Kennedy akateverwa nedanidzo yake yemifananidzo yokuti “usabvunza icho nyika yako inogona kukuitira — bvunza chaunogona kuitira nyika yako,” kuzivisa kuva mugari wemo sebasa rokushingaira.
  • RUNAld Reagan (1981): Mutambo wacho wakatamisirwa kuWest Front yeCapitol kwenguva yokutanga, kuratidzira kusununguka kutsva. Kero yaReagan yakasimbisa hurumende yakaganhurirwa norusununguko rwomunhu.
  • Barack Obama (2009): Boka guru paNational Mall rakaratidzira rudzi rwenhau rwapurezidhendi wokutanga weAfrica neAmerica aiita mhiko. Mutambo wakasimbisa fambiro mberi kumipimo yokuvamba.
  • Joseph R. Biden (2021): yakatorwa mukati medenda reCOVID-19 uye pashure pedenho yaJanuary 6 Capitol, mhiko yakanga iri kutaura kune simba kwokusimba kwekusimba kwebumbiro remitemo nokupfuurira kwedemokrase.

Mumwe nomumwe weiyi mienzaniso anoratidza kuti mhiko inobatira sei zvose zviri zviviri musengwa womunhu oga nenhambo yenyika.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Kupota Nyika

Nepo mhiko yapurezidhendi weUnited States iri imwe yemimwe yemimwe mitambo yakakurumbira zvikurusa, mamwe marudzi akawanda ane mhemberero dzakafanana dzinoratidzira mirairo yawo yechienzi yebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi weFrance anopika mhiko yokuremekedza Bumbiro remitemo neperero renyika yeRepublic. Purezidhendi weIndia anoita mhiko yakafanana kuti achengete, adzivirire, uye adzivirire Bumbiro remitemo. MuUnited Kingdom, mambo anopika mhiko yokugadzwa kuti adzore mukuwirirana nomutemo uye achengete rudzidziso rwePurotesitendi.

Mumarudzi akawanda pashure pehurumende inodzorwa navanhu itsva, mhiko yapurezidhendi inoenzanisirwa zvakajeka pashanduro yeAmerica, kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza mashoko okuti “kudzivirira, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira bumbiro remitemo.” Ikoku kunoratidzira pesvedzero yenyika yose yegamuchidzanwa reU.S. zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzinobatanidza magwaro orudzidziso kana kuti dzinoda kupika pabhuku dzvene, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira. Mashoko anowanzoratidzira tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika — somuenzaniso, mune dzimwe nyika dzeparamende, mhiko yapurezidhendi inosimbisa kuva “chiratidzo chechinzwano chorudzi.”

Chipikirwa cheU.S. chinonyanya kusimbisa gwaro rimwe chete — Bumbiro remitemo — panzvimbo pevanhu, nyika, kana kuti mwari.Ichi chinoratidza chitendero cheAmerica chokuti Bumbiro remitemo mutemo mukuru uye hwaro hwerudzi. Iro rinoratidzirawo pfungwa yeChenjero yokuti hurumende yepamutemo iri pabvumirano yenzanga. Mamwe marudzi angabatanidza kuvimbika kunyika kana kuti kuvanhu.

Musvi wemiti Kupfuura Kuberekwa: Une Revo Inopfuurira

Mhiko yapurezidhendi hachisi chinoitika chimwe chete. Chinopfuurira kuumba purezidhendi nguva refu pashure pokutsaurirwa. Chiito chimwe nechimwe chevakuru vakuru, kubva pakusaina mapepa okubudisa zvirango zvehurumende, chinosimbiswa nemurairo wemhiko yokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Mhiko yacho inowanzokumbirwa munharo pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi, zvikurukuru apo zviito zvinoratidzika kuva zvinoputsa ganhuriro dzemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokunyadzisa kweWatergate, vazhinji vakataura kuti kuputsa mhiko yake yebasa, kuchitungamirira kukusateererwa kwebasa rehondo. Njodzirowo, kurukurirano pamusoro pamasimba ehondo, kunzvera, uye ropafadzo yebasa kazhinji kazhinji dzinonongedzera kumhiko sebasa rinodzorwa.

Mhiko yacho inobatirawo senhungamiro yomufambiro wapurezidhendi amene. Mapurezidhendi akawanda akataura kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvezuva nezuva zvinopesvedzerwa neyeuko yemhiko dzavo. Vamwe vanoisa ruoko paBumbiro reMitemo mukati meChipikiso, kana kuti kuchengeta kopi muOval Office sechiyeuchidzo. Mhiko yacho inosimbiswawo murusando rwakafara rwemhiko dzapamutemo dzinoitwa navashandi vehurumende, mitezo yehondo, uye vatongi — vose vavo vanopika kutsigira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo.

Uyezve, mhiko ine tsika dzisiri dzehurumende. Inooneka mumabhaisikopo, mifananidzo inosetsa yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye hurukuro yavose sechipfupiso chomutoro wapurezidhendi. Zvikoro zvinodzidzisa mhiko sorutivi rwezvikwata zvehurumende. Mapoka anoshuva kazhinji kazhinji kukurudzira purezidhendi kurarama maererano nemhiko yavo panhau dzakati. Neiyi, mhiko yacho inova chinyorwa chipenyu, chinodudzirwa nokukumbirwa nguva dzose. Revo yayo ingava yavapo, asi basa rayo guru mutsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica rinoramba rakachengeteka.

mhedziso

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inopfuura zvikuru kudzokorora mashoko kwakapfava. Chiito chehwaro chinosimbisa kuva pamutemo kwebazu guru, chinoratidzira kutsiviwa kune rugare kwesimba, uye kubatanidza mutungamiriri kuBumbiro remitemo. Munhau yose yeAmerica, mhiko yakasimudzira rudado rwehurumende yavose kupfurikidza nokuita uchapupu hwapachena kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muzviito. Chakabatira sechiratidzo chinobatanidza chourudzi, zvikurukuru mukati menguva dzenjodzi. Kuvambira pakugadzwa kwokutanga kweWashington kusvikira kunguva pfupi yapfuura zvikurusa, mhiko yakagovera kupfuurira uye chengeteko murutsigono murudzi runochinja nguva dzose.

Sezvo vagari vemo vanotarira mutambo wacho makore mana ari ose, vanoyeuchidzwa kuti hakuna purezidhendi ari pamusoro pomutemo. mhiko yacho inobatanidza nguva yazvino nomunguva yemberi, ichivimbisa kuti mutungamiriri mumwe nomumwe anogamuchira mutoro mumwe chetewo. Munhambo yokuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mhiko yapurezidhendi inoramba iri chikomberedzo chemipimo inowirirana uye kuvimbika kwebumbiro remitemo. Itsika yakafanirwa nokuchengeta nokunzwisisa, kwete chete sebasa remitemo, asi sokurova kwehurumende yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kubva kuNational Archives, kunzverwa kwe Article II [ kubva kuNational Constitution Center, uye kufungwa kwenhau kwe mhiko dzechibvumirano kubva kuAmerican History USA. Mirangariro yetsika inogona kuwanikwa mu Critiomet Net's resocial yemirayiro yemitemo munyika yose.