Chitanga: Karara Rokutonga Kwehurumende Inotonga Nehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Pfungwa yokumiririra inoshanda sechinhu chinokosha chokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Inosanganisira nheyo yokuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vaitire vamwe vavo, vachishandura zvinodiwa, zvido, uye tsika dzevanhu kuti vaite zvavanoda. Mumasangano ehurumende anosarudzwa nevanhu, kuva pamutemo kunobva pakukwanisa kwadzo kuratidza kuda kwevanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti vatungamiriri vachashandisa sei zvinhu zvinokosha kuvadzidzi venhau, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kubatana kwehurumende. Ukama pakati pevamiririri nevanoshumira hahuna kupfachuka kana kuti kudzikamiswa; hunochinja nokuchinja kwemagariro evanhu, kufambira mberi mune zvematongerwe enyika. Nyaya iyi inoongorora zvinoreva kuti zvii, kuongorora kuumbwa kwetsika, kuoma kwahwo, kuoma kwahwo, sayenzi yemagariro, uye kubatana kwetsika.

Kumirira hakusati kuri bedzi pamusoro pokuvhota mudare. Iro ibasa guru rekurukurirano, kurongera, uye kuzvidavirira. Apo vagari vanosarudza mutungamiriri, vanoronzesa munhu iyeyo ane mutoro wokuita mufariro dzavo dzakanakisisa. Asi chii chinoita "mufariro dzavo dzakanakisisa" chaizvoizvo? Vamiririri vanofanira kutevera zvido chaizvoizvo zvavamiririri vavo, kana kuti vanofanira kushandisa rutongeso rwakasununguka here? Mibvunzo iyi yakabatisisa vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika kwamazana amakore uye inoramba iri huru kunharo pamusoro poutano hwedemocracy. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa mipimo ikoshi yokunzwisisa kuti simba rinoshanda sei muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kuti vagari vemo vangaita sei kuti vazvironde.

Kurondedzera Mufananidzo Mudzidziso Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kumirira kunorondedzerwa somubato wokuita manzwi avagari vemo, mirangariro, uye mirangariro zviripo mumuitiro wokuita zvisarudzo. Iyi rondedzero inopfuudzira kupfuura kungotaura nokuda kwavamwe; inobatanidza ukama hwakaoma umo mumiriri anoshanda somukoto wemijenya inodzorwa. Basa rehwaro reteorist Hanna Pitkin, zvikurukuru bhuku rake ra1967 [[FL:] The Contution, rinoramba riri nongedzero huru. Pitkin anoratidzira mipimo ina inokosha yomufananidzo: (kunyora nokuzvidavirira), kwokufananidzira ukama humene), kurondedzera (mavara echishatiso), uye kuratidzira (kuyera nokuda kwavamwe). rutivi rumwe norumwe runosano runogovera kupfurikidza nokuyera vanhu.

Musiyano wakakomba murondedzero ndewokuisa mashoko pakati pe "dilegate" ne"ufakazi. Mumuenzaniso wenhume, vamiririri vanokarirwa kutevera zvisanotaurwa zvezvikamu zvavo sezvinobvira. Vanoshanda savatauri vakananga nokuda kwavanhu. Mukupesana, mutezo wakavimbika anopa vamiriri rusununguko rukuru rwokushandisa rutongeso rwavo vamene, kunyange kana ikoko kuchireva kuva nomufungo wavose panhau dzakananga, vachivimba kuti unyanzvi hwavo nemurangariro wakafara zvichatungamirira kumiuyo iri nani. Kumirira kwenyika chaikoiko kunobva pakati peiyi miuyo miregereko. Gadziro dzazvino uno uno uno unokandira vamiriridzi kuti vadzikane mirangariro mikuru nezvikamu, fariro zvorudzi, uye hana.

Mienzanisiro Yokufananidzira

Kuti tiwedzere kunzwisisa kwedu, zvinobatsira kuongorora mienzaniso mikuru yengano yakaumba pfungwa dzemazuva ano dzokumiririra.

Kuzvidavirira

Mumuenzaniso wenhume, vagari vemo ndivo vakuru vanobvumira vamiririri (vamiriri) kuita chimwe chinhu nokuda kwavo. Uku ukama hwechikwata chikuru neboka ichepakati perondedzero yedemokrase. Kumirira kunoshanda kunoda nzira dzokuzvidavirira nedzinomirira (majekiseni), kuyeuka miitiro, misangano yakazaruka kuti vagari vemo vagone kutusa kana kuti kuranga vamiririri vakavakirwa pamabasa avo. Pasina kuzvidavirira, nhume dzinova nenjodzi dzokutamisirwa rimwe simba. Simba rokuzvidavirira rinotema kuti mutungamiriri aratidze sei nokutendeka kuda kwavanhu.

Zvinomirira Kupwitika

Kunyora mashoko kunoratidza kuti mutumbi unomiririra unofanira kutevedzera uwandu hwevanhu vose. Pfungwa ndeyokuti zviitiko zvakafanana zvedzinza, chirume, dzinza, kana kuti mamiriro ezvemari zvinogonesa kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinonetsa zvinenge zvichinetsa. Somuenzaniso, kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti vanhukadzi vanogadzira mitemo vane mukana wokuronga zvinhu zvakadai sokutarisira utano uye dzidzo inokanganisa vakadzi. Nenzira yakafanana, vamiririri veAfrica vanowanzounza maonero akasiyana neavo ekodzero dzevanhu uye enzanga. Zvisinei, vatsoropote vanoona kuti kutsanangura hakuvimbisi chiito cheBlack - relist - host - ories kungasareva zviito zvevarati.

Mufananidzo wakaderera

Kumirira kwapachivande kunonangidzira ngwariro pamiuyo panzvimbo pezvisakiso. Mumiriri anorangarirwa kuva anobudirira kana vakafambisira mberi fariro dzavavamiriri vavo, pasinei zvapo nekwavakabva. Uyu muenzaniso unoisa miganhu yemiitiro mitsva uye simba remitemo. Kumirira kwapachivande kunogona kuitika kunyange apo mumiriri asingagoverani mavara neboka ravanotsigira; muiti wemitemo wechirume anogona kutsigira nenzira inobudirira LGBTQ+ kodzero, somuenzaniso. Chinetso chiripo chinotangira kurondedzera "vengi" uye kusarudza apo mumiririri anenge achishanda zvirokwazvo panzvimbo pezvido zvavanhu.

Mufananidzo

Kumirira kwokufananidzira kunonongedzera kunzira idzo vamiriri vanoumba nadzo mipimo, magariro, uye zvishuvo zvavamiriri vavo. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza kudanidzira, mireza yenyika, kana kuti kuvapo kumene kwomutungamiriri anonyandura chivimbo. Somuenzaniso, gurukota guru rinopinda mutambo wetsika ringasimbisa ratidziro dzokufananidzira pasina kugadza miitiro chaiyo. Simba romufananidzo rinowanzorerutswa; rinoumba kunzwisisa kwavanhu kuva nokutendeseka uye rinogona kubatanidza mapoka akasiyana - siyana seri kwechiono. Zvisinei, zviratidzo zvinogonawo kushandiswa kuvhara kusha kwechiito chokuratidzira.

Basa Ravakuru Vakuru Muhurumende Yazvino Uno

Vakuru vakuru vanoratidzirwa vanobatira sebatano huru pakati pehurumende nevanodzorwa. Basa ravo rinobatanidza mitoro mizhinji: kuisa basa, kutungamirira bazu ravakuru, kuisa pfuma, uye kubatira somukoto weitiro renhau dzinobatanidza mativi ose. Rurevero runoshanda runoda vakuru vakuru kudzikamisa aya mabasa nepo vachiramba vachigamuchira kuda kwavanhu. Mibato mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Kuteerera nokuGwirirana mwoto: Vamiriri vanofanira kutsvaka nokushingaira mirangariro yavawirirani muhoro dzetaundi, nzvero, misangano, uye kuvimbisana kwemichina. Iyi kurukurirano yapanhambo mbiri inokosha nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvenzwisiso zvenzanga.
  • Kupindira nokuda kwaMakurukota:[[FT:1] Ikoku kunobatanidza kumanikidza nokuda kwemiitiro inobetsera ruwa kana kuti boka ravagari vemo, kupindira namasangano ehurumende nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, uye kumutsa nhau mudzimba dzemitemo.
  • Kuumba Zvisarudzo: Vamiriri vanofanira kunzvera mutemo wakaoma, kubvunza nyanzvi, uye kuyera fariro dzenharo pamberi pokuvhota. Ikoku kunowanzoda zivo chaiyo nechisarudzo chakazvimirira.
  • Kuvaka Consenus: Munzanga ine mvuru, vatungamiriri vanofanira kuwana donzo rimwe pakati pefariro dzakasiana-- siyana kuti vape mutemo une revo. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira(a muitiro uyo mamwe masangano angaona seshambadzo asi unokosha nokuda kwokutonga.
  • Kutarisira Hurumende inozvidavirira: Kutonga kwebazu ravakuru vakuru kunovimbisa kuti mitemo inoiswa sechinorongwa uye kuti dare rinobatira fariro yavanhu. Mumiriri anokundikana kudenha basa ravakuru vakuru vanonyengera anoregeredza basa ravo.

Mabasa aya anopesana. Mumiririri anokwanisa paanenge achiteerera asi anotadza kuita zvaanotaura angaonekwa seasingabatsiri.

Zvinetso Zvokuti Unyatsomiririra

Pasinei nokuti hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu inoshanda sei, kumirira munhu kunogona kuramba kuchikanganisa ukama hwevatungamiriri nevanhu, kazhinji zvichibatsira vanhu vashomanana vane simba kana vakawanda vachirasikirwa.

Kusakendenga Kwezvitima uye Kuderera

Apo zvikamu zvikuru zvevavhoti zvisingavhoti, vamiririri vanganzwa vachizvidavirira zvishoma kuruzhinji. Mumasangano akawanda akasarudzwa navanhu, muvhoti uri pasi pe 60%, uye kuva nechiverengero chavavhoti venguva dzose kunoratidzika kuva vakura, vakapfuma, uye vakadzidza zvikuru. Ikoku kunoparira fungidziro mumimiririri: vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogutsa zvisarudzo zvavavhoti vanoshingaira vachiregeredza fariro dzavanogara. Kuderera kunoderedzawo sundo yavatungamiriri yokubatanidzwa nenzanga dzakaganhurirwa, vachipfuuridzira nhevedzano yokuparadza nokutsigira.

Pesvedzero Yemari Nefariro Chaidzo

Mari yenhimbe nokupa tsigiro ine pesvedzero huru pamipimo. Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano esarudzo anodhura, achimanikidzira vadaviri kutsamira pamipiro inobva kuvanhu vakapfuma, masangano, uye mapoka ezviwanwa. Ava vapi vanowanzokarira mvumo yemiitiro mukudzoka. Nepo kukumbira kuri chimiro chakadzivirirwa pamutemo chetsika, kunogona kushayisa ratidziro yefariro yakaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, maindasitiri emishonga kana kuti esimba angachengeta mitemo yakanaka inokuvadza utano hwevoruzhinji kana kuti mhoteredzo. Kurangarira kuti vamiririri "vanotengwa" kunoshayisa chivimbo chavose uye kunosekesa nheyo yenzwi rakaenzana.

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzapakati pezvamatongerwe enyika (8) zvikurukuru munyika dzine gadziriro mbiri dzine magaba maviri seUnited States) kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti vamiriri varatidzire kuda kwakasiana-chinja kwevavhoti vakasarudzwa vakasiyana- siyana. Chirango cheboka kazhinji kazhinji chinomanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kuvhota mumitsetse yebato inotsiga, kunyange apo vamiririri vanobatira mirangariro inopesana. Kunyanyisa kunotungamirirawo kutsika dzinotungamirira kumiitiro yemitemo, uko muitiro une revo unodokuva usingabviri kupfuura. Mumhoteredzo yakadaro, mufananidzo unova jambwa yetsika dzakarurama panzvimbo pomuitiro wokubvumirana pane kudzorwa kwechinetso.

Gerrymandering

Muitiro wokuita miganhu yeruwa yevhota kuti vade mubato mumwe kana kuti boka imhinganidzo huru kumireza inoruramisira. MuUnited States, mirairo yakashandiswa namativi ose ari maviri kugadzira "kuchengeteka" zvigaro umo vamiririri vanotarisana namakwikwi matsva mashoma avose. Ikoku kunoderedza sundo nokuda kwevamiririri kuti vapindure kana kuti vavhoti, sezvo denho yavo huru iri kubva kunzvimbo yebato. Kunyanyisa kuvhotera kunogonawo kuderedza simba rokuvhotera renzanga duku, kuchiputsa nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, chivhoti." Dare uye vamiriri vakaedza kudzora ikoku, asi kunoramba iri nhau inokakavadza.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Nhamba yemakombiyuta yakaunza denho itsva. Kupararira kwokukurumidza kwemashoko enhema kana kuti anotsausa kunogona kukanganisa zvinodavirwa nevagari vemo, zvichiita kuti zviomere vamiririri kuti vaone maonero evoruzhinji echokwadi. Masangano ezvokushandira mapepanhau anowanzoita kuti pave nenzvimbo dzokudzokorora dzinoita kuti vanhu vaone zvinhu zvakanyanyisa. Vamiririri vangadavidza manzwi makuru asi asingamiriri, kana kuti vangatsauswa nenhau dzenhema dzinofungidzirwa uye nhau dzenhema. Kurwisana pasina kudzongonyedza kutaura kwakasununguka chiito chinova chokungwarira pahurumende.

Mirangariro Yenhau: Chiono Chokumirira

Kubvira pamagungano ekare kusvika kumasangano eparemende emazuva ano, kurwira kuti ndiani anomiririrwa uye kuti masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ari munyika yose akaumba sei zvinhu.

Mavambo Ekare Nezvinoitika ZveMiddle Ages

Apo Athens yekare yaishandisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga mumusangano wayo wavagari vemo, pfungwa yokumirira yakabuda muEurope yeMiddle Ages. Paramende yeEngland, somuenzaniso, yakashanduka kubva kudare ramambo kuti ibatanidze varwi navaBhugesses. Magna Carta (1215) yakatanga nheyo yokuti mambo aisagona kubhadhara mitero pasina kubvumira, yakavanzarika hwaro hwehurumende inomirira. Mumazana amakore, mufananidzo wakakudzwa kubva kuvapfupi navapfumi, asi wakaramba wakaganhurirwa kuvarume vaiumba zvinhu nokuda kwenhau zhinji.

Chinjo yeAmerica ne "Hapana Mutero Pasina Kumirira"

Chinjo yeAmerica yakanga iri nguva yakanyura nokuda kwokumirira. VaColonist vakaramba kubhadharwa mutero neParamende yeBritain umo vakanga vasina vamiririri vakasarudzwa. Kudanidzira kwedare "hakuna mutero pasina kumirira" kwakawana pfungwa huru yenyunyuto: Hurumende yapamutemo inoda kubvumira kudzorwa nevamiririri vayo vakasarudzwa. Mutemo weU.U.S., wakatenderwa muna 1788, wakatanga chibvumirano chamabhigamende umo Imba yaVamiririri yakasarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, nepo Dare rakasarudzwa pakuvamba nemitemo yehurumende.

Kufamba Kwoutsi Nakwo Nokurwira Kuparadzana Kwenguva Refu

Republic yapakuvamba yeAmerica yakabvisa vakadzi, vaAmerica veAfrica, MaIndia okuAmerica, uye varume vazhinji vechichena varombo pakuvhota. Masangano echi 19 echiRungu chamazana aidzorwa nechepakati pechiRungu. Zvikurukuru revakadzi vakabvisa idzi nzvimbo. Seneca Falls Convention (1848) yakabudisa Declaration of Sentiment digiments dicted of Recostance, rairaira kodzero dzavakadzi dzokuvhota, dzakaratidzirwa paChibvumirano cheInition. Pashure pamakumi amakore echiito, Chibvumirano che1920 chakavimbisa kuti vakadzi vasarumbidze muUnited States. Nenzira yakafanana, Vogand Rights Act ya1948 yakatsvaka kubvisa rusaruro mukuvhota, kutevera maruramiro echivoruzhinji. Izvi zvinoratidzira kuti kuratidzirwa kuti kuratidzirwa hakusiitwikiswe budiriro asi kupfuurira kuenzana.

Kubudirira Kwenyika Yose: Miitiro yeParamende nePurezidhendi

Nyika dzakasiana - siana dzakagamuchira mienzaniso yakasiana----pharamende. Mumiitiro yeparamende (mujere, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia), vamiriri ndevedare rinosarudza mukuru mukuru pamitezo yaro. Iyi gadziriro inowanzoparira chirango chakasimba nebatano pakati pemapazu ewirirano nevakuru vakuru. Mumitezo yapurezidhendi (muchib. United States, Brazil), mukuru mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa nokunzvera chigaro. Mitemo yemitemo, inoshandiswa mumitemo yemitemo yeEurope, inoisa zvigaro zvemitemo zvakavakirwa pamwero yemavhoti anogamuchira, achivimbisa rondedzero dzakarurama zvikuru dzemirangariro mishomanene. Mutevero mumwe nomumwe une simba noutera mukuratidzira kuda kwavanhu.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda, uye Kuchinja Kwezviri Kutarisirwa

Kuchinja kwemakombiyuta kuri kuita kuti pave nezvirongwa zvitsva zvokushandisa zvinhu zvitsva, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, uye kugadziridza zvinhu kuri kuita kuti pave nezvirongwa zvitsva zvokushandisa zvinhu asi kunewo njodzi itsva dzokuratidza kuti zvinhu ndezvechokwadi.

Kubatanidzwa Kwakananga Kwezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Platforms dzakadai se Twitter, Facebook, uye Instagram inobvumira vamiririri kuti vakurukure zvakananga navamiririri vavo vemapepanhau. Vateveri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakawanda zvino vanoshandisa masangano ezviteshi zvenzanga kuzivisa nzvimbo, kuunganidza tsigiro, uye kuvaka. Ikoku kunogona kuwedzera kupindura nokujeka. Zvisinei, mafashamo emashoko enguva dzose anogonawo kukurira vamiririri, kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kusiyanisa itiro hanya dzechokwadi nenhimbe dzakarongwa. Kupfuurirazve, kuvimbisa paIndaneti kunowanzova netuso younyanzvi hwokufunga. Vamiririri vanganzwa dzvinyiriro yokupindura kumanzwi makuru pane fariro dzakafara.

Basa Rezvinoshatisa uye Kunyora Mashoko

Vanzveri vanonzvera nokunzvera mashoko vanoita kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vanzwisise murangariro wavanhu noururami hukuru zvikuru. Vanotya kubuda munhano navamiririri, vamiririri vazhinji vanovimba nenzvero dzenguva dzose kuti vatungamirire zvisarudzo zvavo. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kuita kuti mabhii aratidzirwe akawanda, kungakuvadzawo kuderedza basa routungamiriri nechisarudzo. Kana vamiririri vakangotevera zvavo bedzi kunzvera, vangakundikana kutora zviito zviri madikanwa asi zvisingafarirwi, zvakadai sokutsigira mitero nokuda kwokushandisa mari kwenguva refu kana kuti kudzivirira maruramiro mashoma zvikuru mumurangariro.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Nemifananidzo Yakawanda

Vagari munyika dzakawanda vanomirirwa pamwero yakasiana- siyana: nzvimbo, nharaunda, nyika, uye nyika dzose (zvikurukuru, Paramende yeEurope). Kudyidzana kwenyika yepasi pose kwakaparira nhau dzinokurira miganhu, zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutengeserana, uye kutama. Vamiriri vorudzi voga havagoni kupedza zvinetso izvi zvakakwana. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukukura kwemibatanidzwa yenyika dzose nesangano rehurumende dzavanhu, asi aya masangano kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haasati ane mutoro wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kuoma kwendangariro pakati pouchangamire hwerudzi nehurumende yenyika yose kunoparira mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuti kuda kwaani kuri kumirirwa uye sei.

Kudiwa Kunowedzera Kwokukurukurirana Kwechokwadi

Kuvimba kwavanhu namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kwaderera zvikuru mumasangano ehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu akawanda. Vamiririri vanowedzera kukarira vamiririri kuva vanosvikika, vakatendeseka, uye vanogamuchira. Kumuka kwamasangano epupulist kazhinji kazhinji kunoratidzira kukangaidzika nenyanzvi dzinoratidzika kuva dzakabviswa navanhuwo zvavo. Vatungamiriri vePopulist vanotaura kuti vanomirira "chido chechokwadi chavanhu" mukurwisana nesangano rakashata. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kuparira kuvimbisa nzanga, kunoparirawo kuvadziko dzinoderedza masangano nemitemo inodzivirira kodzero dzechipo nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Mugumisiro: Denho Inopfuurira Yokuratidzira Kuda Kwavanhu

Mufananidzo hausi muitirowo zvawo wetsika dzinotevedzana kana kuti chinhu chinodzorwa zvizere; muitiro unopfuurira weshanduro pakati pamanzwi akasiyana - siyana enzanga nezviito zvehurumende. Vatungamiriri vanoratidzira kuda kwavanhu vanofanira kushandisa rondedzero dzinokwikwidzana, mhinganidzo dzouvako, uye mhoteredzo dzinochinja nokukurumidza. Vanofanira kuva vanogamuchira pasina kuva vanotsiva, vasingabayi, uye vanoona asingakanganwiri. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi, fundo yemifananidzo inopa nzwisiso dzinotambudza muutano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Sezvinonzwisisa ava vagari vemo vanotipa simba rokuraira kuratidzirwa kuri nani uye kuti vagove vane mutoro kumanyuko okupedzisira echiremera chavo: vanhu vanoshumira.

Zvatinomiririra zvicharamba zvichichinja zvichienderana nezviri kuitika kuchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe.