Table of Contents

Rusununguko rwokutaura runomira seimwe yamaruramiro makurusa munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose. Iyi nheyo inotsigira rusununguko rwomunhu kana kuti nzanga kubudisa mifungo yavo nepfungwa pasina kutya kutsiva, kunzvera, kana kuti chirango chapamutemo. Kukwanisa kuzviratidzira umene kunoumba norusununguko nzanga dzakazaruka, kuchigonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose, kudenha chiremera, uye kugovera kumisika yepfungwa dzinosunda fambiro mberi yenzanga nehurumende yedemocracy.

Kodzero kurusununguko rwokutaura yakarangarirwa sekodzero yomunhu muMutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose (UNICEF of Human Rights) nomutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wamarudzi ose. Uku kuzivikanwa kunoratidzira bvumirano yenyika yose yokuti kutaura kwapachena kunokosha kukubatanidzwa kwechiremera chomunhu nokutora rutivi nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Zvisinei, kushandiswa nokudzivirirwa kwekodzero iyi kunosiyana zvikuru mutsika dzakasiana, tsika, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika.

Nheyo Dzebumbiro Remitemo Dzokudzivirira Kutaura

Nyika dzakawanda dzine mitemo inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura. iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inobatira segadziriro huru yapamutemo yokudzivirira maruramiro akananga padzongonyedzo yehurumende. Mutauro chaiwo nenzvimbo zveidzi dziviriro zvinosiana munyika norudzi, zvichiratidzira magamuchidzanwa apamutemo akasiyana - siyana nemipimo yetsika.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga muUnited States

MuUnited States, rusununguko rwokutaura runodzivirirwa zvakasimba muFirst Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo.First Amendment inoti: “Kutonga hakuzoiti mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kwechitendero, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuderedza rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yevanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende kuti igadzirise zvigumbu zvayo.

First Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura nokurambidza Congress kuganhurira vanobudisa nhau kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu kuti vataure vakasununguka.

Kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment, kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yeFirst Amendment yerusununguko rwokutaura norusununguko rwokufunga inoshandawo kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi dzidziso yokubatanidza inovimbisa kuti dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura dzinoshanda pamwero mumwe chete mumwero yose yehurumende muUnited States, ichidzivisa vose vari vaviri zviremera zvehurumende nehurumende kuputsa maruramiro anotaurwa.

Dziviriro Dzokutaura Dzamarudzi Ose

Kupfuura United States, nyika dzakawanda dzakadzivirirwa kusununguka kutaura mugadziriro dzadzo dzebumbiro remitemo. Rusununguko rwokutaura runopiwa dziviriro yakajeka mumutemo wamarudzi ose neSangano reInternational Convention on Civil and Political Rights iro rinosungirwa pamarudzi anenge 150. Ichi chibvumirano chamarudzi ose chinogadza mipimo yakavakirwa pakutaura kwakasununguka uko marudzi anosungirira kutsigira.

Chikamu 19 cheInternational Svention of Civil and Political Rights chinozivisa kuti "[e] weve woga achava nekodzero yorusununguko rwokutaura; kodzero iyi ichabatanidza rusununguko rwokutsvaka, kugamuchira nokupa mashoko nepfungwa dzemarudzi ose") asi ipapo anotsinhira kuti kodzero iyi "mabasa chaiwo nayo uye mitoro". Mutauro uyu unobvuma zvose zvinokosha zvokutaura norusununguko uye kudiwa kwemitemo kuti udzivirire dzimwe zvinangwa zvinokosha.

Masangano akasiyana - siyana anodzivirira uye anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana.

Ukuru Hwokutaura Kunodzivirira

Kunzwisisa zvinoumba kutaura kwakadzivirirwa kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti mitemo yorusununguko rwokutaura inoshanda sei mukushandiswa. Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States kazhinji kazhinji rakaparapatika kuti rione chaizvoizvo chinoumba kutaura kwakadzivirirwa.uku kutsanangurwa kunopfuurira kwedare kwakaparira boka rakaoma romutemo iro rinorondedzera miganhu yorusununguko rwokutaura.

Kutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nedziviriro

Kudzivirirwa kwemashoko ezvematongerwo enyika kunonyanya kudzivirirwa nemitemo yemitemo nokuti kunokosha kuti hurumende izvidzore.

Kudzivirira uku kwakasimba kunoenderana nenyaya dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinomutsa nharo.

Zvimiro Zvakasiana - siana Zvokutaura

First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura, kutaura kwakanyorwa nokwokufananidzira, pamwe chete nebasa rokutaura, pasinei zvapo nezviri mukati. Iyi dziviriro yakafara inobatanidza zvimiro zvakawanda zvekurukurirano nokutaura zvingasarangarirwa sezvisingawanzoitwi sezvisina kutsarukana.

Nzira dzakadzivirirwa dzokutaura dzinosanganisira:

  • Kurukurirano munzanga uye muri moga
  • Mabhuku akanyorwa, kusanganisira mabhuku, mapepanhau, uye mashoko ari paIndaneti
  • Mufambiro wokufananidzira unoreva shoko
  • Kuratidzwa kwounyanzvi, kubatanidza unyanzvi hwokuona, nziyo, uye kuridza
  • Kuungana norugare nokunyunyuta
  • Kukumbira hurumende kupedza zvichemo

First Amendment inobvumira vanhu kutaura, kubudisa, kurava nokurangarira zvavanoda, kunamata (kana kuti kusanamata) sezvavanoda, kusonganirana naani naani wavanosarudza, uye kuungana pamwe chete kukumbira hurumende kuita chinjo mumutemo kana kuti kururamisa zvakaipa munzanga. Iyi dziviriro yakakwana inoratidzira basa razvo mukuchengeta udzori hwomunhu oga nokutora rutivi kwoubati ushe hwehurumende.

Kutaura Kwezvekutengeserana

Kunyange zvazvo kutaura kwezvokutengeserana kuchidzivirirwa paFirst Amendment, kutaura kwezvokutengeserana, asi kwakachengeteka, kunowanzoongororwa zvishoma kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzokutaura kwakadzivirirwa.

Hurumende yeFirst Amendment haidzivisi kushambadzira kunotsausa, kunyange zvazvo hurumende ingasakwanisa kuvhiringidza kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika kungava kuchitsausa.Musiyano uyu unoratidza kudiwa kudzivirira vatengi pamiitiro yezvokutengeserana yokunyepedzera asi vachichengetedza kudzivirirwa kwakasimba nokuda kwehurukuro yezvematongerwe enyika.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Maruramiro Okutaura

Kusarudza kuti chii chiri uye kuti hachidzivirirwi kunochengetwa nematare edzimhosva chete.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kuongorora Bumbiro Romutemo

Kunyange kana mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chikawana kutaura kwakadzivirirwa, hakuna muedzo mumwe wakaenzana wakaenzana uyo matare anoshandisa mumashoko ose kunzvera kana mutemo kana kuti chiito chiri pamutemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakagamuchira kuedza kunoverengeka (kunonzi mwero yenzvero), pamwe chete nemimwe mipimo yapamutemo yokudzora kutaura kwakati nezvinoitika.

Matare anoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana pakuongorora kutaura kwokusununguka:

  • Strict incherekedzo: Yakashandiswa kuganhuriro dzakavakirwa pakutaura, kuchida hurumende kuratidza fariro inogombedzera uye mitoo yakasanogadzirirwa
  • Nzvero yeIntermeterte:[[FL:1] inoshandiswa nokuda kwemirau yezviri mukati-pasi pevhu, ichida fariro inokosha yehurumende uye inoreva zvikuru nefariro iyoyo
  • Tsvakaro: Mupimo unoisvokosha zvikurusa, unoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa umo kutaura kunowana dziviriro shoma

Mhinduro yomubvunzo iwoyo inogona kutsamira pakuti kutaura kwakadzivirirwa kworudzii nezvimwewo, zvakadai sepanoitika kutaura kwacho uye mashandisiro anoita mutemo wacho.

Chiratidzo Chezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kodzero dzokutaura dzakawedzerwa zvikuru munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvedare zvechi20 ne21 zvepamusoro zvaidzivirira zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvekutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika, kutaura kusingazivikanwi, mari yenhimbe, zvinonyadzisira, uye kutaura kwechikoro; izvi zvakarondedzerawo nhevedzano yezvisingawanzoitiki pakudzivirira Kutanga Kudzikamisa Mitemo.

Zviitiko zvinokosha zvinoverengeka zvakavamba nheyo dzinokosha:

MuWhitney v. California (1927), Mutongi Louis Brandeis akanyora kusabvumirana umo iye akatsigira dziviriro huru nokuda kwehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika: "Avo vakawana kuzvimirira kwedu... vakadavira kuti rusununguko rwokufunga sezvaunoda nokutaura sezvaunofunga runoreva chinhu chinokosha kukuwana nokuparadzira zvokwadi yezvamatongerwe enyika; ... kuti kurukurirano yavose ibasa rezvamatongerwe enyika; uye kuti ikoku kunofanira kuva nheyo huru yehurumende yeAmerica. Uku kudzivirira kworusununguko kwakapesvedzera kufunga kwapashure kwomutemo pamusoro poukoshi hwerusununguko rune chokuita nechakavanzika.

Mune Near Minnesota (1931) uye New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), Dare Rapamusoro Rakatonga kuti First Amendment yakadzivirira kudziviswa kwezvinenge zviitiko zvose zvokuongorora pasati paitwa. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakazivisa kuti hurumende haigoni kudzivisa kubudiswa kwamashoko kusati kwaitika, kunyange apo mashoko iwayo angava anonyadzisa kana kuti anomutsa nharo.

Kudzivirirwa Pakuda Kutongwa Nehurumende

Masangano ehurumende navakuru vakuru vehurumende vanorambidzwa kudzora kana kuti kuganhurira kutaura kana kuti kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti murangariro. Iyi nheyo yokusatora rutivi iri mukati inokosha kudziviriro yokutaura, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende haigoni kudzivisa pfungwa dzakati kana kuti mirangariro nemhaka bedzi yokuti haibvumirani nazvo.

MuAshcroft neFree Speech Coalition (2002), Dare rakati: Rusununguko rwokutanga rweFirst Amendment rwuri mungozi hurusa apo hurumende inotsvaka kudzora mufungo kana kuti kururamisa mitemo yayo nokuda kwedonzo iroro risingabvumiki. Kodzero yokufunga mavambo orusununguko, uye kutaura kunofanira kudzivirirwa kuhurumende nemhaka yokuti kutaura ndiko mavambo omurangariro. Uku kune simba kusimbisa batano pakati pekutaura kwakasununguka norusununguko rwendangariro.

Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita uye Zvatisingagoni Kuita Kuti Titaure Tikasununguka

Mitemo yakawanda inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura inobvuma kuti kodzero yacho ine painogumira.

Kunyandurira Chiito Chisina Kutsaurwa Chomutemo

First Amendment haidziviriri kutaura kunonyandura vanhu kuputsa mutemo, kubatanidza kuita zviito zvamasimba masimba.

Kutaura kunonyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chaswedera pedyo hakuna kudzivirirwa. MuBrandenburg v. (1969), Dare rakatonga kuti kutaura kunogona kuganhurirwa kana kuri kuitirwa kunyandura mubato usiri wapamutemo uye sezvingabvira kuita saizvozvo.

Tyisidziro Dzechokwadi

Muchinoitika chayo chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa kunzvera "tyisidziro dzechokwadi", Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarondedzera tyisidziro dzechokwadi dzisingadzivisiki kubatanidza kutaura ikoko uko mukurukuri anoreva kutaura kwakakomba kwedonzo rokuita masimba masimba asingateereri mutemo pamunhu mumwe kana kuti boka ravanhu. Iri boka rokutaura risina kudzivirirwa rinoziva kuti tyisidziro dzechokwadi dzechisimba dzinogona kuparira kuvadziko yakakomba uye kusaparira kuhurukuro yavose.

Zvinhu zvinotyisidzira zvechokwadi zvinosanganisira mashoko aya anoreva kuti mukurukuri anenge achitaura achiratidza chinangwa chakasimba chokuitira munhu kana kuti boka revanhu zvisiri pamutemo... mukurukuri haafaniri chaizvoizvo kuronga kutyisidzira.

Kupandukira

First Amendment ingasadzivirira mukurukuri padare nokuda kwokuzvidza, uko kunobatanidza kutaura kwenhema kunoparira kuvadziko kunhau yacho.

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanounza nhau dzinozvidza vanotarisana nedanda rakakwirira kupfuura vagari vemo voga mukukurira mhinganidzo dzeFirst Amendment. Ivo vanofanira kazhinji kazhinji kubvumikisa kuti kutaura kwacho kwakaitwa neutsinye chaihwoihwo, uko kunoreva kuti mukurukuri aiziva kuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuita nokusakendenga kwokusangwarira. uyu mupimo wakasimba, wakatangwa muNew York Times v. Sullivan, unoratidzira ukoshi hwekurukurirano yakasimba pamusoro pevamiriri vehurumende navakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Uori

Zvisinei, tsananguro yezvinonyadzisa haidzivirirwi uye yakananga, inoda kuti zvinhu zviitwe mumiedzo yepamutemo yakasiyana - siyana. Hazvisi zvose zvinobatanidzwa zvinojekesa vatano zvinokodzera sezvinonyadzisa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo, uye mutsetse uri pakati pokutaura kwakadzivirirwa uye kusina kudzivirirwa kwevatano wave uri musoro mukuru.

Mashoko Anorwisa

Dare Gurusa rakatanga kuziva kurwisana kunonzi "mashoko okurwa" kunze kweFirst Amendment muna 1942. Mumakumi amakore akatevera Dare rakaganhurira dzidziso yemashoko okurwa. Uku kupesana kuduku kunoshanda pakutarisana nokutuka kwomunhu oga kunganyandura mhinduro yamasimba masimba yapakarepo.

Kazhinji kazhinji, mashoko asina kudzivirirwa mashoko ayo kupfurikidza nokutaura kwawo kumene anoparira kuvadziko uye anokombamira kunyandura kuputsika nokukurumidza kworugare.

Nhau Inomutsa Kakavadzano Yokutaura Kworuvengo

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoita zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana panyaya iyi, zvichiratidza tsika dzakasiyana - siyana nemagamuchidzanwa emitemo.

Venga Kutaura muUnited States

MuUnited States, kutaura kworuvengo kunowana dziviriro huru muFirst Amendment, yakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti harisi basa rakafanira rehurumende kuedza kudzivirira vanhu papfungwa nemirangariro yavanowana isingadikanwi, isingafarirwi, kana kuti kunyange kushatiswa zvikuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, basa rehurumende nderokudzivirira rusununguko rwakafara rwomunhu rwokutaura mukuedza kubvumira kutaura kwepfungwa dzisingadikanwi nedzinopesana uye kukurudzira kukurukurirana zvakasimba munhau dzeitiro hanya kunyange apo gakava rakadaro rinenge richiparira vamwe kurwadziwa, kutsamwa, kana kuti kutya.

Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakataura kuti kutaura kworuvengo kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment uye hakugoni kuongororwa, kurangwa kana kuti kuremedzwa zvisina kufanira neyunivhesiti kutoti kwapinda muboka rimwe kana kuti akawanda asingakudzwi neFirst Amendment, zvakadai setyisidziro yechokwadi kana kuti kunetsa.

Hurumende haigoni kuranga mumwe munhu nokuda kwokungotaura mirangariro inovenga.Kubvumira hurumende kurondedzera chinokosha se "kuvenga" kunotizarurira kuhurumende kukamuranisa chinhu chipi nechipi chaisingadi seruvengo. Iyi itiro hanya pamusoro pesimba rehurumende rokudzvinyirira mirangariro isina kutenderwa inoparira vaAmerica kusvika kukuvenga kutaura.

Nzira Dzamarudzi Ose Dzokuvenga Kutaura

Nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzinorambidza kutaura kunonzi kuparadza kukuru, kusanganisira Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Lincouster, Lithuania, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Switzerland neRomania.

Nyika dzakaona kuparadza vanhu vakawanda kana kuti dzimwewo hondo dzinoona kurambidzwa kwokuvengana sokuri madikanwa kuti kurege kuitwazve kwoutsinye hwakadaro, nepo United States ichisimbisa ngozi dzokuongorora kwehurumende uye kukosha kwokudzivisa kutaura kwakashata nokutaura kwakawanda.

Kurapa Kukuru

Seizvo Justice Louis Brandeis akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira, "[i]f pane nguva yokufumura kupfurikidza nekurukurirano nhema nenhema, kudzivisa chakaipa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yedzidzo, mushonga unofanira kushandiswa kutaura kwakawanda, kwete kugombedzera kunyarara. Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 377 (197). Iyi nheyo yazova fandesheni yezvizivi zvorusununguko zveAmerica, ichikarakadza kuti kuita kwakanakisisa kukutaura kunokuvadza hakusi kutsoropodza asi kushora nedzidzo.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Kunyange apo kutaura kunenge kwakadzivirirwa zvizere, hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo pari, kupi, uye seinoitika. Hurumende inogona kuisa ganhuriro pakutaura kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti hakudzongonyedzi nhevedzano yavose. Idzodzi ganhuriro dzinofanira kuva dzisingagutsikani uye dzakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro dzehurumende dzapamutemo.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva

Somuenzaniso, kunyunyuta kungabvumirwa masikati asi kuganhurirwa usiku. ganhuriro dzakadaro dzinofanira kururamiswa neitiro hanya dzapamutemo dzakadai sokudzora ruzha kana kuti chengeteko yavose, uye hadzigoni kushandiswa sepembedzo yokudzvinyirira mirangariro yakati.

Isa Ganhuriro

Kutaura kungaganhurirwa munzvimbo dzakati. Nepo nzvimbo dzavose dzakadai semapaki nemigwagwa yakazaruka nokuda kwokuramba, haugoni kuvhara migwagwa mikuru kana kuungana munzvimbo dzakavanzika pasina mvumo. Mahoro avose akadai semapaki nemigwagwa anogamuchira mwero wakakwirira wedziviriro nokuda kwebasa rokutaura, nepo hurumende ine chiremera chikuru chokuganhurira kutaura mudzimba dzisiri dzavose.

Ganhuriro Dzomunhu

Hurumende inogona kudzora kuwanda kwokuramba kana kuti kana mamegaphone achigona kushandiswa, asi bedzi kana ganhuriro dzacho dziri dzemugumo nedzisiri dzoutsi (dzinoshanda kumunhu ari wose, kwete mashoko akati chete). iyi mirau inofanira kubatira fariro dzehurumende dzinokosha ndokusiya nzira dzakazaruka dzinotsiva nokuda kwekurukurirano.

yunivhesiti ingagamuchira ndokushandisa nguva, nzvimbo neganhuriro nomutoo nokuda kwokutaura nemibato inoratidzirwa, kufanana nemipimo yenzvimbo yeyunivhesiti nemirairo yesaini yeyunivhesiti. Iyi mitemo yenguva yezvisipo, nzvimbo nemuitiro ganhuriro zvinoiswa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kudzidzisa kweyunivhesiti, kudzidza, kunzvera, basa uye tarisiro dzokushivirira zvinogona kuitika pasina kudzongonyedzwa. Iyi nheyo inoshanda kwete bedzi kumayunivhesiti avose asi kumasangano ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji.

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Mune Mamwe Mashoko

Kushandiswa kwenheyo dzokutaura dzakasununguka kunosiyana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza umo kutaura kunoitika. Gadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana dzinopa fungidziro dzakasiana - siana dzinotapura kuti kodzero dzokutaura dzinodzikamiswa sei mukurwisana nedzimwe fariro.

Zvikoro Zvavose Nezvisingabvumirwi

Nzvimbo chaiyo iripo "pakati" muzvikoro zvavose. Vadzidzi vane maruramiro eFirst Amendment, asi aya maruramiro anogona kuva akaganhurirwa mumigariro yakati. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kuti zvikoro zvine fariro dzapamutemo mukuchengeta nhevedzano uye kusimudzira zvinangwa zvedzidzo izvo zvingaruramisa ganhuriro dzakati pakutaura kwavadzidzi.

Vadzidzi vane maruramiro okupfeka zvibayiso zvitema zvemaoko kuchikoro kuti vatsunge hondo ("Vadzidzi havaregi maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo pagedhi rechikoro."). Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969). Iyi nhau yechiratidzo yakaratidza kuti vadzidzi vanochengeta maruramiro emitemo muchikoro, kunyange zvazvo kodzero idzodzo dzingadzikamiswa mukurwisana nebasa redzidzo rechikoro.

Zvikoro zvinogona kumisa kutaura kunovhiringidza dzidzo kana kuti kunokanganisa kodzero dzevamwe.

Vashandi Vehurumende

Vashandi vehurumende vane kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko, asi kodzero idzodzo dzingava shoma pavanotaura mumabasa avo ehurumende kana kuti panhau dzine chokuita nebasa ravo. Mitemo inotsamira pazviri ingava yakakodzera muidzi gadziriro kuranga vakurukuri vanokundikana kuwirirana nemitemo inoiswa nenzvimbo yavo. First Amendment haidzivisi sangano rehurumende kuti risada mushandi kuchengeta zvakavanzika zvakavanzika zvamashoko anorongwa, somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuri chaizvoizvo ganhuriro inotsamira pakutaura.

Matare anodzikamisa fariro yomushandi mukutsinhira pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose nefariro yehurumende mukusimudzira kubudirira kwebasa uye kuchengeta chivimbo chavanhu mumabasa ehurumende. Kutaura pamusoro penhau dzefariro yomunhu oga kunowana dziviriro shoma pane kutaura kukurukura nhau dzoukoshi hwavanhu.

Nzvimbo Dzavoga Nevashandirwi Vavanhu

Musiyano wakakomba mumutemo werusununguko rwokutaura ndowokuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshanda bedzi kuchiito chehurumende, kwete mufambiro womunhu oga.First Amendment inodzivisa bedzi ganhuriro dzehurumende pakutaura.

Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo dzavose dzichidzivirirwa nokuda kwokutaura norusununguko, nzvimbo dzapachivande, kufanana nenzvimbo dzebasa, makoreji akavanzika, kana kuti musha wako, zvakasiana.

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Nezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Kukura kwemapurogiramu anobudisa nhau kwakakonzera matambudziko matsva uye mibvunzo yemitemo yerusununguko rwokutaura.

Nzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga dzazova nzvimbo huru dzekurukurirano yavose nehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, bva dzinoramba dziri makambani akavanzika ane chiremera chapamutemo chokuva nemwero wezviridzi sezvaanoona kuva zvakakodzera.Izvozvi zvinoparira kusawirirana pakati pekodzero dzezvinhu dzechikuva uye kungwarira kunyorwa kwenhau kune rumwe rutivi, uye kuitira hanya pamusoro pokunzverwa kwenhau uye kuiswa simba pahurukuro yavose pane rumwe rutivi.

Vamwe vanoti simba guru remakambani makuru anobudisa nhau kuti agadzirise kukurukurirana kwevanhu rinoda kuti pave nemitemo mitsva.

Mitoo Yokutaura Nayo Kupesana Kwokutaura

Kunzwisisa mishonga iyi kunokosha kuti vanhu vade kutsigira kodzero dzavo dzokutaura.

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo

Zvinetso zveFirst Amendment zvinogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda. Mubatanidzwa unogona kudenha kushanda kwomutemo pachiso chawo (denho yapamutemo) kana kuti sezvinoshandisirwa kumubato wavo wokutaura (sedenho inopfuudzwa). Sezvo mhaka dzinopfuudzwa dzinowanzova dzinozivikanwa zvikuru nemhaka yokuti "matare anowanzobata nhau dzebumbiro remitemo nenhau, kwete nechakawanda."

Zvinetso zvapamberi pedare zvinotaura kuti mutemo hauwirirani muzvose kana kuti zvakawanda zvezvishandiso zvawo, nepo sezvo zvinetso zvinopfuudzwa zvichipikisana kuti mutemo hauwirirani nemitemo sezvinoshandiswa kumufambiro weimwe dare. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva rudzi rwedenho yokutaura kwakasununguka kwechiso yakavakirwa patsika dzinopfuura, dzinonzi, mutemo unonangidzirwa kumufambiro usingadzvinyiriri kana kuti kutaura kusina kudzivirirwa unosvika kunyanyotaura kwakadzivirirwa kana uchienzaniswa nenzvimbo yawo inobvumirwa.

Kusunungurwa Kunosuruvarisa

Mirayiro iyi inogona kudzivirira nokukurumidza kodzero dzekodzero dzokutaura apo kuisa mashoko mudare kungapfuurira. Mirayiro yepakutanga ingapiwa apo vanopa mirayiridzo vanoratidza kuti vanobudirira pazvakanakira uye kukuvadza kusingagadzirisiki mumutemo wacho.

Kukuvadza Nokurapa

Vanhu vane kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko dzingada kukuvadzwa nemari mumitemo yekodzero dzevanhu.

Zvinetso Zvinouya Panguva Ino

Mazuva ano, vanhu vanosangana nematambudziko akawanda, anenge achida kuramba akangwarira uye achitevedzera mitemo yepamutemo kuti iwirirane nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Zvisinei, kupa hurumende simba rokusarudza chokwadi uye nhema kunomutsa zvinetso zvikuru zvokutaura.

Masangano eDhimocratic anotsamira pakukwanisa kwevagari vomunyika kuongorora zvinoda kukwikwidzana uye kukwanisa kuzviwana, kunyange kana zvimwe mhedziso dzacho dzisiri dzechokwadi, asi achichengetedza kudzivirira kwakasimba nokuda kwokutaura kungava kusingafarirwi, kusiri kwevamwe vanhu, kana kuti kukanganisa.

Kunetswa Pakombiyuta Netyisidziro

Kunetsa vanhu uye kutyisidzira kwave kuchiitwa paInternet, asi kunetsa kungaita kuti vanhu vasatombokwanisa kukurukura, kunetsana, kutyisidzira kwechokwadi, kana kuti kurwisa kusingadzivirirwi.

Kusaziva kuti vanhu vakambotaura sei paIndaneti kunogona kuwedzera kubatsira kwokutaura pasina kutaurirana uye kugona kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kuwedzera Kwehurumende Nemigumisiro Inotambudza

Kunzverwa kwehurumende kwekurukurirano kunogona kutonhora kutaura kwakasununguka kunyange pasina kunzvera kwakananga. Apo vanhu vanotya kuti kurukurirano dzavo dziri kuongororwa, vangazvinetsa ndokurega kutaura mirangariro inomutsa nharo. Uku kunotyisa kunosekesa zvinangwa zvokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka kunyange apo pasina ganhuriro dzakajeka dzinoiswa.

Kuona zvinhu sezvazviri uye kuongorora zvinhu uye kutarisira matare kwakasimba kunogona kubatsira kuti kuchengetedza kusakanganisa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Gakava Rokutaura RapaCampes

Zvikoro zvekoreji zvazova nzvimbo dzinooneka nokuda kwenharo dzakasununguka, negakava rinoparirwa pamusoro pekokero dzokutaura, manomano okunyunyuta, uye miganhu yehurukuro inogamuchirika. The ACLU inoti: “Kurangarira kutaura kunoitwa namakoreji avose namayunivhesiti kunowirirana nokunzvera kwehurumende, mukuputswa kweBumbiro remitemo.

Mayunivhesiti avose anofanira kushandisa misengwa inokwikwidzana kudzivirira ratidziro yakasununguka nepo achichengeta mhoteredzo inobetsera kukudzidza nokuvimbisa vadzidzi vose vanogona kutora rutivi zvizere muupenyu hwepakoreji.

Nyika Yose Izere Nokutaura

Kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka uye ganhuriro zvinosiana zvikuru munyika dzakasiyana - siyana nemiitiro yemitemo.

Ganhuriro Dzavanyori

Mumarudzi akawanda, zvikurukuru avo vane zvimiro zvehurumende zvinodzvinyirira, kuongororwa kwehurumende kwakanyanyisa kunomanikidzirwa. izvi ganhuriro dzingadenha kusabvumirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kutaura kworudzidziso, kana kuti kutsoropodzwa kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Kunyange zvazvo bumbiro remitemo reChina rinobata norusununguko rwavagari vemo rwokutaura, mutauro wacho wave usina kujeka, nokudaro uchipa nzvimbo huru nokuda kwechisarudzo chehurumende chekuzvidira uye chisina kusarudzwa. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzoga hadzivimbisi sei dziviriro yakasununguka yokutaura pasina matare anozvimirira namasangano ehurumende dzinotonga nehurumende dzinotonga vanhu kuti avamanikidze.

Kumhura Neganhuriro Dzorudzidziso

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoita nzira dzakasiyana - siyana zvikuru dzokutaura nezvechitendero. Somuenzaniso, muAustria, kuzvidza Muhammad, muporofita wechiIslam, hakuna kudzivirirwa sorusununguko rwokutaura.

Mune dzimwe nyika, kutaura kwakarangarirwa kuva kunozvidza kuna mambo anotonga kana kuti hurumende, kubatanidza lèse-majesé, kunoparwa. Kutaura kwakadaro kungaumba tsotsi routsotsi. iyi mitemo inoisa pakutanga ruremekedzo nokuda kwechiremera parusununguko rusingatauriki, chisarudzo icho nzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinowanzoramba.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa

Kunzvera kuti kudzikamisa kwakasiana sei kutaura kwakasununguka nemimwe mipimo kunopa murangariro unokosha pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinobatanidzwa mukugadzira dziviriro dzekutaura.

Mavambo Akasiyana - siyana Okutaura

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei kutaura kwakasununguka kwakafanirwa nedziviriro kunobetsera kujekesa kuti dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinofanira kurongwa sei ndokushandiswa sei.

Musika Wepfungwa

Imwe rondedzero inopesvedzera inoti kutaura kwakasununguka kunogonesa musika wepfungwa umo zvokwadi inobuda mumakwikwi pakati pemirangariro yakasiana - siana. iyi rondedzero inofungidzira kuti pfungwa dzakanaka pakupedzisira dzichakurira dzakashata kana dzose dzikabvumirwa kukwikwidzana nokuda kwokugamuchirwa.

Dhemocratic Governance

Vavambi vaida hurumende yaizvidavirira kuvanhu. Ndosaka vakapa vagari vemo maruramiro okuramba miitiro, tsigiro kana kuti vashori, uye vanoratidzira mirangariro yavo norusununguko, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Kutaura kwakasununguka kunokosha kukuita kuti uzivi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hushande nemhaka yokuti hunogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi mukuita zvisarudzo kwakabatana uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire.

Kana pasina mano okutsoropodza miitiro yehurumende ndokukarakadza kutsiva, udzori hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunova husingabviri.

Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe uye Kukudzwa Kwake

Kutaura kwakasununguka kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwebetsero dzakwo dzenzanga asiwo sorutivi rwezvigaro zvomunhu nechiremera. Kukwanisa kuumba ndokutaura mirangariro yako umene kunokosha kuva munhu akasununguka uye anozvimirira. Mitemo yokutaura inogona kuonekwa sedenho pazivikanwo imene yomunhu nohunhu.

Uku kururamisa kunobva pakuzvimirira kwokutaura kunosimbisa kuti vanhu vane ukoshi nechiremera zvokuberekwa nazvo izvo zvinobatanidza maruramiro okufunga nokuzvitaurira vamene. Hurumende inoganhurira kutaura kwokuti "nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavanhu vamene" inokundikana kuremekedza urwu rutivi runokosha rwechiremera chavanhu.

Kutsvaka Simba reHurumende

Kutaura norusununguko kunoshanda senzvero pasimba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokugonesa vagari vemo kufumura uori, kudenha, uye kuronga chishoro kumiitiro isina kururama.First Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yedu yokuramba, kupokana nesimba, uye kutaura norusununguko pasina rutyo rwekutsiva kwehurumende. Iri basa rinokosha zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti avo vane simba vane kurudziro dzakasimba dzokudzivisa kutsoropodza ndokuchengeta zvigaro zvavo.

Nhau inoratidza kuti hurumende dzinowanzoshandisa simba radzo zvisina kuongororwa nevanhu uye kutsoropodzwa.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Yokushandisa Kodzero Dzokutaura

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako dzokutaura zvine musoro kunogona kukubatsira kuti ushandise rusununguko rwacho zvakanaka uku uchiremekedza kodzero dzevamwe.

Ziva Kodzero Dzako

Kunzwisisa zvinodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment zvinokosha kupfuura kare kwose.

Kuputswa kwezvinyorwa

Kana uchidavira kuti kodzero dzako dzokutaura dzaputswa, kutaura mamiriro ezvinhu kunogona kuva kunokosha nokuda kwedenho ipi neipi yapamutemo.Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kuchengeta ufakazi hwezvakataurwa, akaganhurira kutaura kwako, uye ruramiso yakapiwa.

Tsvaka Rubatsiro Rwepamutemo

Masangano akadai seAmerican Civil Libersions Union nemamwe mapoka erusununguko rwevagari vemo anopa zvinhu uye dzimwe nguva kumiririrwa nemutemo panyaya dzokutaura pachena.Kubvunza gweta rine ruzivo mumutemo weFirst Amendment kunogona kukubatsira kunzwisisa zvaungaita uye simba rokutaura zvingangoitika.

Ita Chibvumirano Chokudzivisa

Paunoudzwa mashoko anogumbura kana kuti anokuvadza, funga kupindura nemashoko ako pachako pane kumisa kutaura kusina kunaka.

Nguva Yemberi Yokudzivirirwa Pakutaura

Miitiro nenhau dzakasiyana - siyana zvingangoumba nguva yemberi yorusununguko rwokutaura.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa Nezvatinenge Tichitaura Nezvatinowana

Sezvo zvikuva zvinovimba zvikuru noungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu nezvinhu zvine mwero, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti gadziriro idzi dzinotapura sei kutaura kwakasununguka. Gadziriro dzokugadzira zvinhu dzingaita zvikanganiso, kusava nemufungo, kana kuti kuratidzira mirangariro mumashoko azvo okurovedza.

Zvinhu Zvinobudisa Mashoko Zvakadzama

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunogonesa kugadzirwa kwemavhidhiyo enhema echokwadi uye marekodhi ezvirekodhi. Uku "ndeefakes" kunomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro penzira yokutaura nayo zvinhu zvenhema uye zvinotsausa pasina kuganhurira kutaura kwepamutemo. Kudzikamisa kuvadziko dzinoparirwa nezvinobudisa nhau zvinonyengera zvinorwisana nezvinonetsa zvokutaura zvorusununguko kuchada kugadziridzwa kwomutemo nomutemo.

Kudzora Indaneti Munyika Yose

Indaneti inoparira kusawirirana pakati pemiitiro yenyika dzakasiyana- siyana yokutaura. Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo mune imwe nyika kungarambidzwa mune imwe, uye zvikuva zvinofanira kushandisa zvinodiwa izvi zvinopesana. Mibvunzo pamusoro pemitemo yenyika inofanira kudzora kutaura kwepaIndaneti uye nzira yokudzivirira nayo kutaura kuchava kunokosha zvikuru.

Kuchinja Magariro Evanhu

Kusarudza matauriro anofadza kunoramba kuchichinja, dzimwe nguva kuchiita kuti pave nemitemo inodzivirira kuti itaure.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokutaura Usingatyi

Rusununguko rwokutaura runoramba rwuri rumwe rwamaruramiro makurusa munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, anokosha kurusununguko rwomunhu, kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, uye fambiro mberi yenzanga.First Amendment inheyo yehurumende yeAmerica. Runotibvumira kutaura mirangariro yedu, kudenha chiremera, uye kupinda mukurukurirano yavose. Nepo dziviriro chaidzo dzepamutemo dzichisiyana mumiganhu, nheyo iri pasi penheyo yokuti vanhu vanofanira kusununguka vamene pasina kutya kutsiva kwehurumende inogamuchirwa zvikuru.

Dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura hadzisati dziri dziviriro dzokuzviparadza; dzinoda kungwarira nokuzvidzivirira nguva dzose. Nhasi, vaAmerica vanotarisana nedenho itsva dzokutaura vakasununguka: ganhuriro dzinowedzera pamaruramiro okuramba kuongororwa kwehurumende, uye ganhuriro pakutaura kwakasununguka muzvikoro napachikoro. VaImmigrant, vadzidzi, uye vashandi vehurumende vose vakatarisana netyisidziro kumaruramiro avo, vachisimbisa kudikanwa kwokugara vachiziva pamusoro pezvipikirwa zveBumbiro remitemo.

Mutemo unogovera dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwezvimiro zvizhinjisa zvokutaura apo uchiziva kusiyana kuduku nokuda kwokutaura kunoparira kuvadziko yakakomba. Dare rinoita rutivi runokosha mukududzira nokusimbisa idzi dziviriro, richidzikamisa fariro dzakasununguka dzokutaura nemimwe mipimo inokosha.

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchichinja uye zvinetso zvitsva zvichimuka, mutemo wokutaura wakasununguka ucharamba uchikura. Nheyo dzinokosha dzinoratidza rusununguko rwemunhu nemunhu nemunhu, kuzvitonga kwehurumende, uye kutsvaka chokwadi (chaungada kunzi ichokwadi) zvave zvinoshanda mazuva ano sepaya pachatanga kutsanangurwa. Nokunzwisisa nokudzivirira nheyo idzi, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti rusununguko rwokutaura runoramba ruchidzivirira manzwi akasiyana - siyana uye runoita kuti zvizvarwa zvichauya zvikwanise kukurukura zvakanaka.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzokutaura nedziviriro, shanyira American Libersion Union, nzvera zviwanikwa pa [FLT :]U.S.Courts Educational Revolutions[, kana kuti bvunza Curetationtion [[[FLT]] Conventions" Confect [ nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana pejinga yePrejimendi. Mirangariro yamarudzi akawanda inogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza ne Officet Offices for Human Rights [FLD]]. Understatetion inhando dzako dzokutanga kudzivirira nokusimbisa rusununguko rwadzo.