Fandesheni Yebumbiro Romutemo Rokutsigira Chechi

Kodzero kukutonga kunoitwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi inosimbiswa muChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye inosimbiswazve neMitemo yeSikisi neSecond Amendments. Iyi vimbiso inokosha inoratidzira vatangi ’ chitendero chokuti vagari vemowo zvavo, kwete vakuru vakuru vehurumende vari kure, vanofanira kusarudza mhaka kana kuti kuva asina mhaka uye kupedza gakava revagari vemo. Basa reJury rinoshandura nheyo dzemitemo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dzive muitiro wehurumende. Apo vanhu vanogamuchira kuraira, vanova muenzaniso weruramisiro yenzanga — a echekero yakananga pasimba redare neresaro.

Mhindumupindu yenhau inoratidza kuti gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi yakura kubva panzvimbo yayo yakaganhurirwa kuti ibatanidze vakadzi, vanhu vane ruvara, uye vanhu vose vakakodzera. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights cha1875 chakasimbisa kuti rudzi harugoni kudzora basa redare redare redare, bva kuva nechokubatanidza kwakazara kwakatora makumi amakore. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana Batson v. Kentucky[[FLL:1] [1986] [1986]) yakarambidza pamutemo dhisikitoo retsono remhosva yemhosva. Nhasi, basa redare rinoshanda sechinhu chinokosha chokutora rutivi rwehurumende, richipa mugari ari wose basa rokupa ruramisiro apo anenge achida kuva muridzi wezvapamutemo.

Basa Roumambo Mugadziriro Yeruramisiro

Basa reJury rinopfuura zvikuru muitiro wetsika. mipiro yaro kugadziriro yeruramisiro inogona kurongwa kuva mabasa matatu makuru:

  • Kupa. Chikamu chedare rinobetsera vatongi chakabva mukunyoresa kwomuvhoti nerezenisi rokutyaira chinoratidza zvakanaka zvinyorwa zvechiverengero chavagari vemo munzanga ’ matare anoratidzira mhatsa yavagari vemo vavanoshumira, zvisarudzo zvine maruramiro makuru zvikuru anozivikanwa. Kunzvera kubva ku American Bar Association
  • Kuzvidavirira. Vatongi vanomira pakati pehurumende nemupomero. Kupfurikidza nokuda chibvumirano chavose mumhaka dzoutsotsi, gadziriro inomanikidza kukwidza mutongo wayo mukuru woufakazi kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo. Munhau dzavatongi, matare anohwirudzura ufakazi hwakaoma ndokupa zvisarudzo zvinochengeta masangano, hurumende, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe vane mutoro. Uku kuzvidavirira kwapanhambo nenhambo ichiratidzo chechekero nechiyero mujadhiary.
  • Kuzvidzora. Vaenzani vasina kurovedzwa kwapamutemo vanoyera ufakazi hwakavakirwa papfungwa yavose neruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwoupenyu, vachidzivisa vatongi kana kuti vachuchisi kuti vasadzore miuyo inodzorwa. Vatongi vanounza uchenjeri hunoshanda hunogona kubvisa mipimo yemifungo yapamutemo yemiitiro yetsika, kuvimbisa zvisarudzo kunotsamira mumipimo yenzanga yekuva nomufungo.

Kunyange kurasikirwa nevanotonga kunowanzoratidza kugutsikana zvikuru nechisarudzo chedare redare pane kutongwa nebhenji nokuti mutongo wevezera ravo vane gumi nevaviri unoita kuti vaonekwe sewakakodzera.

Kuumba Kwakaita Kutanga Kwepamutemo

Nepo matare anobetsera kugadzikisa mhaka imwe neimwe, mitongo yawo inopesvedzerawo miitiro yakafara yapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mibairo yakakwirira yedare rinobetsera vatongi mumitongo yezviitwa inogona kusunda makambani kuvandudza mativi ekotsekano. Nenzira yakafanana, kurambwa munhau dzinomutsa kungatungamirira masangano kuvandudza mitemo youtsotsi. National Center yeState Courts inotsinhira kuti zvisarudzo zvedare redare redare rinotonga zvinogona kukurumidzisa kurukurirano yavose pamusoro penhau dzakafanana nemitemo yezvezvezvokurapa, mipimo yezvokurapanyuko yezvokurapa, mipimo yezvokurapanyu. Nokudaro, basa redare rinotonga harisi rokutonga riri roga roga roga — basa rokuchinja kushanduka kupfurikidza neruramisiro kupfuurira.

Kutapura Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga

Kushanda padare rinobetsera vatongi kunochinja nzira iyo vanhu vamwe navamwe vanorangarira nayo basa ravo munzanga.

  • Kuzivisa kwakakura. Vacherekedzi vanogamuchira dzidzo pamusoro pemiitiro yedare, mitemo inooneka, uye kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka. Iyi zivo inoderedza gadziriro yeruramisiro ndokuderedza kupanikira kwavose. Kunzvera kunoitika na [2019] National Institute of Justice [[FLT:] yakawana kuti 82% yaichimbova vatongi vakashuma nzwisiso iri nani yemashandire anoita miedzo pashure pokubatira. Uku kuziva kazhinji kazhinji kunotambanudza kupfuura dare redare: vaichimbova vatongi sezvingabvira zvikuru kuvhotera mudare redare romutemo uye kutevera dare romunzvimbomo.
  • Simba. Muitiro wokufunga unopa vagariwo zvavo chiremera chokuita zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza. Iyi chinoitika chesangano chakananga chinogona kuva chinjo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavanhu vanonzwa vakaderera mumamwe mativi oupenyu hwehurumende. Vatongi vazhinji vanorondedzera nguva yavanotaura chisarudzo serimwe ramabasa akakomba zvikurusa uye ane rerevo oupenyu hwavo hwavakuru. Simba rinoshandurawo kukuwedzera uzivi hwebasa ravo vamene mumamwe mabasa omunzanga, zvakadai sokubatira pamapapu, kubatira, kana kuti kutaura panzeve.
  • Commony Cohession. Vatongi vanounganidza vaeni vanobva munharaunda dzakasiana, mabasa, uye migariro yakare. Mumazuva akawanda kana kuti mavhiki, vanobatira pamwe, vanotaurirana, uye vanosvika pabvumirano. Iyi microscom yefungidziro yedemokrasi inovaka dzimbahwe renzanga — mibatanidzwa yenzanga dzine utano hwakanaka. Mutoro unogoverana wokusarudza mugari wemo wemo ’ jambwa rinoumba zvisungo zvinogona kugara nguva refu pashure pokutongwa.

Bva tapuro yakanaka pakuvimbisana inotsamira zvikuru pamabatire anoita matare dare dare nguva dzamatare. Apo matare anoderedza nguva dzokumirira, anogovera nzvimbo dzinofadza, uye ruremekedzo vatongi ’ nguva, gutsikano nokutora rutivi runotevera. Ukuwo, zvinoitika zvisina kunaka zvinogona kushatisa chivimbo. Matare munyika yose ari kugamuchira chinjo dzinosimbiswa nedare rejaji, kubatanidza gadziriro dzezuva rimwe redare, paIndaneti cheki, uye paposi kuonga tsamba, kusimbisa batano pakati pebasa redare redare redare nebvumirano renzanga.

Fundo Yenhau: Kumutsidzirwa Kwebasa raJury muArizona

Muitiro wedare weArizona ’ madare akaita gadziriro yechinjo dzamajuri nepakati muma 2000: kubvisa nzvimbo yapamutemo inomanikidzirwa namazuva, kugovera kusundwa kusingachinjiki, uye kugovera mavhidhiyo edzidzo. Nzvero dzedzidzo dzakaratidza kuti gutsikano yakawedzera ne 30%, uye vaichimbova vatongi vakashuma mwero yakakwirira yokuvhota nokuzvipira kuenzaniswa navasiri vatongi. Izvi zviwanwa zvinoratidzira kuti chinoitika chebasa redare rinobetsera padare rimene chinogona kugadziridzwa kuwedzera betsero dzaro dzenzanga.

Matambudziko Akasangana Navarwi

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwaro, basa redare rinobetsera vatongi rinoisa mitoro chaiyoiyo.

  • Kuzvipira panguva. Miedzo mizhinjisa inogara mazuva maviri kusvikira kumashanu, asi mhaka dzakakwirira dzinogona kutambanukira kwevhiki kana mwedzi. Nokuda kwavashandi vane mibairo yeawa kana kuti marusaitirwo asingachinjiki, nguva ino kubva kubasa inoparira vhiringidzo huru. Vanhu vanoshanda vamene vangarasikirwa nezvibvumirano zvose. Matare akagamuchira neketa pfupi dzokuedza, asi kusashurikidzwa kwechisarudzo chedare nechisarudzo chinoramba chiri manyuko makuru efunganyo.
  • Mari inodzorwa nematare eMitemo. Madare anobhadhara mari yedare $50 pazuva, uye mari yehurumende inosiyana kubva pa $540 kusvika ku $40 pazuva, isingawanzofukidza mibhadharo yakarasika kana kuti mutengo wavana. Vagari vazhinji vanowana mari shoma vanotarisana nechisarudzo chinorwadza: vanobatira padare rinobetsera uye vanotera, kana kuti vanotsvaka kuregererwa kunoderedza mhatsa yematare anobetsera vatongi. PBS News Hour [[ yakashuma kuti mune mamwe mativi, vashandi vasina kupiwa mari vanodirwa kubatira pasina muripo, vachibhadhara varombo nokuda kwokutora rutivi rwavo. Mapokapo akapfumba amapoka anodzorwa nokuda kwokurarama.
  • Kufunganya kwepfungwa. Vamiriri mumhaka dzoutsotsi vangaona ufakazi hwakajeka, kunzwa chipupuriro chinotyisa, uye Kurwisana nezvisarudzo zvoupenyu norufu. Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvine uremu hwendangariro hunopfuura hwezvokurapa kana kuti chengeteko yavana inogona kunyandura mirangariro yakadzama. Nepo mamwe matare anopa mabasa okupa zano rakavanzika, mativi mazhinji anoshaiwa tsigiro yetsika dzendangariro nokuda kwegarikano yendangariro mukati memiedzo kana kuti pashure. Nhamo yePurement-traumatection pakati pevazhedzi dzinonyorwa asi pasi pekudzo.

Kukwana Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu Mukusarudza Jury

Kupfuura nhamo imwe neimwe, mhinganidzo dzokuvaka mumuitiro wokuisa nokusarudza dzinotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanhu vane ruvara navanowana vakaderera. “ No-show ” zvirango, kushaikwa kwezororo, uye miitiro yeEngland bedzi zvinogona kubvisa vagari vemo vakakodzera. Kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvokutyaira namavhoti kunokundikana kusvika avo vasina motokari kana kuti vasina kunyoreswa. Zvikarakadzo zveReformation zvinobatanidza muvhoti dzinovhotanwa namanyuko edare, pokugara kwaparuwara kwapamhidza, uye kusasarura mirangariro yekusasarura panzvimbo pokuvimba nemibvunzo inodhura.

Kukosha Kwokusiyana - siyana Kwemajuri

Kusiyana - siyana hakusi chinangwa chokufananidzira chete; kunochinja zvakananga kururama uye kururama kwemitongo.

  • Mirangariro yakavhengana. Boka ramatare anobva mumigariro yakasiana - siana angagoverana nzvimbo dzisingaoneki. Vatongi vakasiana - siana vanounza mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana enzanga, etsika, uye zvinoitika zvoupenyu izvo zvinotungamirira kukurangarirwa kwakazara kwoufakazi. Somuenzaniso, muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza mufambiro wamapurisa kana kuti rusaruro rwedzimba, mutongi ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwamararamire anogona kubetsera vamwe kunzwisisa mashoko akapoteredza ayo angadzima.
  • Kudzikisa matare edzimhosva. Majekiseni anotapurwa zvikuru nemirangariro yemapoka. Nzvero yakaitwa namasayendisiti enzanga Sommers naEllsworth yakawana kuti vachena vari mumapoka akavhengana akabatanidza dzinza vairatidzira shatiso dzamaune zvikuru kupfuura pakubatira mumajeri ose machena. Kuvapo kwamasimba amanzwi akasiyana - siyana kururamisa nzvimbo dzavo noufakazi panzvimbo pokuvimba noufakazi.
  • Kuvaka Chivimbo. Masangano anozviona amene achiratidzirwa mumabhokisi edare rinobetsera dare anowanzova zvikuru anobatira pamwe negadziriro yeruramisiro. Kuvimba kunokurudzira kushuma mhaka, kubatira pamwe nenzvero, uye kugamuchira rutongeso sedzapamutemo. Nhau, nhau yedare rose ravachena munzanga dzakasiana- siyana inoshatisa chivimbo uye inoparira nyumwiro yourudzi hwetsika.

Matare ari kugamuchira nhano dzokubvuma kuvandudza mhatsa: ndaza dzakawedzera manyuko, kuderedza kuhesvurwa kwamabasa enyanzvi, kurovedza rusaruro rwakakwana nokuda kwavatongi namagweta, uye kubvumira — kunyange kukurudzira — denho dzinotsiva idzo dzisiri dzorusarura. Zvisinei, Supreme Court ’ chisarudzo mu Flowers v. Mississippi[[[FL:1]] (20) yakasimbisa kuti kubvisa rusaruro kunoda kungwarira kunopfuurira, kwete mitemowo zvayo.

Zvinetso Zvinoparirwa Nekuchinja Kwavo

Kurovanya — uko magweta anodzinga vatongi pasina kupa chikonzero — nenzira yenhau yakashandiswa kubvisa vashoma. Mitemo yakadai seCalifornia, Washington, uye Oregon yakatamira kuganhurira kana kuti kubvisa zvinetso zvokudzivisira, ichida kuti kurova kwose kuve nokuda kwechisakiso kana kuti kuti denho ipi neipi yakavakirwa pamavara eboka anozivikanwa isati yadzorwa. Iyi chinjo inovavarira kuita kuti kusarudza dare redare kuve kunojeka zvikuru uye kunobatanidza.

Kutanga Kwedzidzo Kusimudzira Basa Roujaya

Kutanga kuita zvidzidzo pamitauro inoverengeka kunobatsira kubvisa basa redare rinobetsera vatongi uye kukurudzira kutora rutivi rwakafara.

  • Marobhuroko ebasa akasiiwa. Matare akawanda omunzvimbomo ane zvisakiso zvechisarudzo zvinotsanangura jambwa, mutoro wezvibvumikiso, miitiro yerangariro, uye maruramiro edare. Mamwe matare anopa miedzo yokunyepedzera apo vatongi vanogona kuva nenhau yakareruka. Aya makambani anowedzera chivimbo uye anoderedza funganyo, zvikurukuru pakati pevatongi venguva yokutanga. U.S. Dare rinopa paIndaneti mitoro inofukidza zvinhu zvakafanana, anosvika avo vasingagoni kupinda mumunhu.
  • Programu dzeMitemo yeMitemo. Zvirongwa zvepashure zvinobatanidza nenzira inowedzera mativi ebasa redare rinotonga nepakati pedzidzo. Programu dzakadai se “ Iwe People ” uye &lquo; Justice Teaching ” uidze vatongi namagweta mumakirasi kuti vaedzedze miedzo. Vadzidzi vanodzidza pamusoro pamaruramiro emitemo, uye ukoshi hwokuita chisarudzo chisina nkunzi. Kuiswa pachena kwokukurumidza kunoita basa redare redare redare reSangano uye kunoderedza funganyo gare gare gare. Kutaura kunoverengeka kuraira kuti vakapedza kudzidza pachikoro vapindwa basa rejuuni vasati vagamuchira madhiro.
  • Masangano emitemo akananga kumiuyo. Anoda kupiwa mumapoka emitemo kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzenzanga, masangano okutenda, uye zvikuva zvepaIndaneti. Zvirongwa zvakadai se “ Jur 12 ” uye “ MyJuryDutyy ” anogoverana uchapupu hwomunhu oga hunobva muvatongi vakasiyana - siyana nengano dzinozivikanwa navose. Kuedza kubatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kacho mabasa okushandura uye masangano etsika kuti aputse zvisaririra zvemutauro nokuvimba.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemashandiro Acho Emazuva Ano

Ruzivo rwedzidzo rwuri kuchinja nzira iyo matare anokurukurirana nayo nedare rinogara padare. PaUniversitys inobvumira kuti vatongi vangangova vatongi vaongorore zvinenge zvichinzi, vapindure mibvunzo, uye vaoni mavhidhiyo anonyatsotsanangura. Mamwe matare anoshandisa zviyeuchidzo zvemashoko nebheji remichina kuti azive basa. Dambudziko reCOVID riri kure rakawedzera kushandiswa kwemitongo inopisa uye kunyange kutoda kutoita kuti basa redare rive rinenge riripo, riite kuti riwane vaya vane zvinetso zvokufambisa kana zvokufambisa. Kunyange zvazvo muserosipidhisikirini ichiripo, zvishandiso zvedzidzo yemabhii zvinovimbisa kuti vanhu vose vagone kudzidza nezvebasa redare pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo.

mhedziso

Basa reJury harisi musengwawo zvawo wokutsungirira — ibasa ripenyu muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nomufananidzo, kuzvidavirira, uye matare anovimbisa kuti mipimo yenzanga inoisa mupimo wetsika dzeruramisiro. Simba rebasa redare redare pakuvimbisana kwenzanga rakakura: rinodzidzisa vagari vemo, rinopa simba vanhu, uye rinovaka batira pamwe yenzanga. Bva kuti iyi bviro igoitwa, tinofanira kutarisana nedenho chaidzo dzenguva, dzvinyiriro yemari, uye dzvinyiriro yemirangariro izvo vatongi vanotarisana nayo. Tinofanirawo kuronda nenzira yokudzivisa mhatsano yetsika nokudzorera chivimbo. Nhano dzedzidzo, kubva kumarobhurogiramu dzedare kuenda kumapurogiramu ezvikoro zvenzanga, dzinoisa gadziriro yokutora rutivi ruzivo.

Nguva yemberi yeruramisiro yenzanga inotsamira pakudisa kwevagari vemo kubatira uye kuda kwegadziriro kubvisa mhinganidzo kubasa. Mitengo inoisa mari mubhadharo wemari, yakaderedza nguva dzokumirira, uye miitiro yokusarudza inobatanidza ichaona kwete bedzi zvisarudzo zviri nani asiwo nzanga dzinosimba zvikuru. Mugari mumwe nomumwe anodanwa uyo anoshuma, anozviita namaune, uye anopa chisarudzo chinosimbisa kuti ruramisiro haisati iri chinhu chinogoverwa nanyanzvi asi mutoro weboka unogoverwa navose. jur mudzidzisi, muchengeti, uye mubiyamu mubasa rinopfuurira rehurumende yedemocracy yeAmerica.