Kutanga: Kuumba Kunoita Mitemo Yemitambo Yacho Matongerwe Enyika

Mitemo inodzora kuti vhoti dzinoshandura sei kuva zvigaro iri pakati pezvisarudzo zvesangano zvinovapo zvinoteverwa zvikurusa izvo demokrase inogona kuita. Pakati peiyi mitemo, gadziriro dzamasanhengi makuru dzehurumende dzinoitwa nemuvhoti (apo muvhoti kana kuti mubato une vvuti huzhinjisa anowana chigaro kana kuti hurumende yose) inomira nokuda kwetapuro yazvo yakananga pamakwikwikwi ebato, mufambiro wevhoti, uye pakupedzisira mwero wemwero mukuru wetsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti wezvinetsingaramisiro wenzanga inorumbidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwokubudisa hurumende dzakasimba nekurudziro yezvibvumirano zvinoparira kukwirira nokuderedza mativi makuru echino. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoitira hanya noutano nokubudirira.

Iyi nzvero inonzvera nzira idzo gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru dzinopesvedzera nadzo ufakazi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, dzichinyora paufakazi hwakafanana nehwamavambo. Iro rinonzvera nzira iyo aya masangano anotusa nayo ganhuriro, migariro umo panzvimbo pezvo anokurudzira kuva nomwero, uye kushambadza kunoberekwa muchisarudzo chakadaro. Vavariro ndeyokugovera murangariro wakajeka, wakavakirwa paufakazi woukama pakati pemitemo yakasarudzwa nemiuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika, pasina kunyanyojekesera nhevedzano yetsika dzenzanga, dzemari, uye zvinhu zvesangano.

Kurondedzera Maitiro Ezvikepe Zvikuru

Miitiro yavavhoti inoshandiswa zvikuru imo muvhoti yeUnited Kingdom, Canada, India, uye United States (muzvigaro zvinohwina). MuFPTP, muvhoti imwe neimwe inosarudzwa nemhiko imwe, uye muvhoti inovhota imwe chete iFirst Post (FPTPP), uye muvhoti mukurusaidzo iyoyo inoshandiswa muSarudzo yeUnited Kingdom, Canada. Mitezo mikuru inobatanidza gadziriro mbiri (sokuvhotera) uye mavhotera echiFrench (kana kuti nzvimbo inovhotera) inoshandiswa nokuda kwemitengi imwe neimwe yehurumende yeAustralia.

Masangano aya akagadzirirwa zvikurukuru kubudisa vakundi vakajeka nehurumende dzakatsiga, kazhinji kazhinji pandyiko yokumirira kwakaenzana. MuFPTP, boka rinogona kuwina zvigaro zvizhinji nezvisingasviki ruzhinji rwevhoti yakakurumbira (apo zvakaitika muUK muna 2019, apo Conservative Party yakawana 56% yezvigaro pa 436% yevhoti. Uku kusarura hakusi kukanganisa asi rutivi: kunobvisa mapoka maduku uye kunokurudzira kuumbwa kwemibatanidzwa yakafara pakati pemaruwa enyika.

Zvikaoma, gadziriro dzinotungamirira dzinoita simba rokuita zvinhu: dzinoshandura vhoti kuva zvigaro nenzira yakarongwa inosvika kumativi makuru zvikuru uye pasi pemaduku. Uku kushanda kwounyanzvi, kunoparira tapuro yendangariro pavavhoti napapati, kuchipesvedzera marongedzere avanoita nokuzvibata. Masimba anovapo anokosha zvikuru kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri miuyo yokugadzira nokuwedzera kwemiitiro yakadaro.

Musimboti Wokuva Nemwero: Mutemo Wavarwi uye Makwikwi Echibage

Rondedzero inorumbidzwa zvikurusa inobatanidza gadziriro dzevhiyi yetsika dzebato iDuverger’s, iyo inoisa pachena kuti sarudzo dzakapfava dzedanho rimwe (se FPTP) dzinokombamira kuparira gadziriro yezvikamu zviviri. Ungwaru hwakananga: vhota muruwa ichakurumidza kuziva kuti vhoti yebato rechitatu “yakadanwa” kutoti kana kuti dai boka iroro riri mutsinhani wakakomba, naizvozvo vanosundira kuvakidzani vaviri vanopfuura vose. Nenzira yakafanana, mapoka navezvamatongerwe enyika vanonzwisisa kuti kuhwina muiyi mitemo, vanofanira kukwirira kudiviro hurusa, kwete bedzi mutevedzero muduku. Uku kunyandura kudiro kudiro hurusa panzvimbo yamashoko, apo nhamba hurusarira mavhoti inogara.

MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeFPTP yakakurudzira munhau masangano ose ari maviri eDhemocratic and Republican kukwikwidza nokuda kwomuvhoti mukati mesarudzo dzezviteshi zvehurumende (8) achiisa mumifungo iyo, murondedzero, yakanyanyisa. Iyi pesvedzero yePPripetal inooneka munyika dzakadai seCanada neUnited Kingdom, umo mapoka makuru anosiya nzvimbo dzapamhene pashure pokurasikirwa nesarudzo ndokugamuchira miitiro ine mwero zvikuru. Academic inoratidzira kuti mugadziriro dzeFPTPP, dzinodzora mapoka anowanzova pedyo zvikuru nepakati pemasvosvorcer kupfuura zvavanoita mumagatendi echiaumbi, achirangarira mavhotaro amene haapo.

Mufungo unotambanukira kukusarudza kwokukwikwidza: mumirau mikuru, vakwidzi vapapatika vanogona kuwina maruwa, uko kazhinji kazhinji kunoreva kusarudza zviverengero nemirangariro yomunzvimbomo neisina kudzorwa. Vapindi vanoisa mberi pamutemo kana kuti kumusoro kwakakwirira muchigaro chamakwikwi vangabvisa vavhoti vorumwe rudzi vanodikanwa nemwero. Somuuyo, kusarudzwa kweboka racho kumene kunova muitiro unosunungura mukurwisana neFractives.

Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvakagadzirwa Neunyanzvi Sesimba Rine Mwero

Vatsigiri mugadziriro dzamasangano makuru vanopindawo mukuvhota kwapamutemo (kana kuti magorokotera) − kuisa mubhengi kwete nokuda kwomudaviri wavo anodiwa zvikurusa, asi nokuda kwechinotsiva chinoshanda kuvhara chisarudzo chasingadiwi. Uyu muitiro unozivikanwa muUK, umo Labour naLiberal Democrat vatsigiri vakuru vemiitiro yokutsiva panguva dzakavhotera kuti apo vapi kana ipi vane mukana wakanakisisa wokukunda Conservative. Kuvhotera kunotongedzerwazve kupfurikidza nokukwidza mapoka makuru kuti akwikwidzanidze nokuda kwepakati pepakati pepakati pakaenzana. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kuderedza mhando dzemitemo, zvinodzosera tsigirowo nokuda kwemapoka anonyanyisa ayo anoshaiwa simba rokupinda musangano kuti aputse muganhune muganhu mumitengo.

Betsero Dzomwero: Kugadzikana, Kuwirirana, uye Kudzora Kunobudirira

Miuyo inodzorwa nemiitiro mikuru inoparira betsero dzakati kuti dzedemocracy nokuda kwokudzora kwehurumende. Chokutanga, zvinokurudzira kuvaka kubvumirana mukati memapati makuru, ayo anofanira kuunganidza mapoka makuru akafara avatsigiri kuti vakunde. Kusafanana nedzimba dzomutemo dzakakamukana mugadziriro dzinowirirana, umo mapoka maduku anogona kudzora mibatanidzwa inodzora, hurumende huru kazhinji kazhinji dzinoraira mativi makuru anoshanda anogona kupfuura mitemo zvakanaka. Ikoku kunoderedza muraudzo ndokubvumira chiito chakasimba, zvikurukuru chinokosha mukati menjodzi.

Chechipiri, kuisa pfungwa mbiri panzvimbo imwe chete paFPP kunowanzoderedza kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika munguva refu. Kana mapoka maviri bedzi achidzora nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika, mubato mumwe nomumwe unofanira kukumbira kunzvimbo yepakati kuti uwine(nkokuti igoverane chitsama chikuru chenheyo. Iyi nzvimbo inogoverwa inogona kubatira somurivi unodzivisa kukura kwemagariro enzvimbo dzakati kuti, apo mapoka maduku anogona kuratidzira dzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti mitsetse yenharaunda pasina kumboda kubvumirana pane chimwe chinhu. Chibvumirano cheUnited Kingdom yapashure, chakavakwa nehurumende dzinochinjana kumigariro yakafanana nehurumende dzehurumende yekosharamende nedzero dzakavhenganiswa, muenzaniso weichiitwa nomutoo unoshanda zvikuru pabasa.

Chechitatu, gadziriro dzavakuru dzinoparira kuzvidavirira kwakajeka. Voter vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti mubato upi kana kuti mubhadhari ane mutoro wemiuyo yemiitiro, nemhaka yokuti boka rinowana vazhinjisa rinogona kushandisa purogiramu yaro pasina kubvumiraniswa kwemibatanidzwa yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kujeka kunogona kuderedza nzvimbo nokuda kwemashoko echienzi anotsvaka kushora zvisina kujeka “masimba”. Apo vavhooti vanorangarira kuti pane mumwe munhu ane mutoro, boka iroro rine sundo yakasimba yokutonga nokudzivisa miitiro inobvisa muvhoti wenhau.

Kugadzikana kwekapfupi-kapfupi vs. Utano hwekare-kare

Kunokosha kucherekedza, zvisinei, kuti dzikamo inobudiswa negadziriro dzavakuru havasi vane utano nguva dzose. Vapoka vanowana voruzhinji pachivako chiduku chetsigiro (mutoo, 40% yevhoti) vangadzora munzira idzo dzinofuratira fariro dza 60% avo vakaivhotera. Nokufamba kwenguva, ikoku kunogona kubvisa chivimbo mumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye njodzi inoparira kurwisana nokuumbwa kwegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inotonga vanhu nehurumende (jere) iyo inotisvitsa kune rumwe rutivi rwemari: migariro iyo gadziriro huru dzinotsigira, panzvimbo pokudzvinyirira, smaster.

Zvakaoma: Apo Masangano Akuru Anoita Kuti Kuda Kushanda Kuve Kusingadzoreki

Kufunga kunoreva pfungwa kwegadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yezvisariranwa kunofungidzira kuparadzirwa kusina kutongova kwavana vanovhota(zvinoreva, vavhoti vazhinjisa kupote pakati. Apo vavhoti vanoiswa munzvimbo imwe cheteyo, dzinza, kana kuti tsika, maminitsi mamwe chetewo anokurudzira kunyanyisa munzanga imwe cheteyo anogona kuparira tapuro yakasiana. Mumashoko akadaro, FTPP inogona kukudza simba ramapoka anonyanyisa, zvikurukuru kana akaiswa munzvimbo yakati kana kuti kana mativi makuru makuru achikundikana kutaura kusava nechatapuko kwavose.

Imwe nzira inokosha i “vhoti” inoitika. Mumhoteredzo yakakamukana, vatsigiri vebato rinonyanyisa vangaona mapoka makuru seakafanana zvikuru kana kuti serutivi rwevatungamiriri vakashata. Kurumbidza nokuda kwebato rinonyanyisa kuva chimiro chokuramba, uye nemhaka yokuti tsika inoranga mapoka echitatu, boka rinonyanyisa ringava rimwe bedzi rinotsiva kuboka renyika muruwa rwakati. Panzvimbo pokusundidzira kunzvimbo yacho, tsika inogona kuparira simba apo kunyanyisa kunotora kuva kukuru kupfurikidza nokubatanidza muboka duku rakabviswa. Ikoku kwave kunooneka zvikurukuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura mukukwira kwamapoka akananga kunzvimbo dzeEurope umo FPP inoshandiswa, uye murubudiriro yeboka renyika.

Kuongorora Nyika uye Kuongorora Mavara

Gadziriro dzavagari vemo dzinowanzoshandura kuiswa kwenzvimbo dzapasi kuva kunyanyoshandiswa kwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, muCanada, muparati weseparatist Bloc Québécois anowana chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro muQuebec pasinei zvapo nokusava norudzi runowanika.Nguva inoguma nekusabvira pasi pomumiririri worudzi. Nepo Bloc iri revo yedzose mumurangariro wamasimba masimba, inomirira kukamukana kwezvamatongerwe enyika mumitsetse yeruwa, uye kuvapo kwayo kunogona kubvisa kusawirirana pakati peQuebec nasara yeCanada. Nenzira yakafanana, FPTP yakabvumira mapoka akatanhamara munyika yose kukunda zvigaro uye pesvedzero yenyika, pane dzimwe nguva pakutengwa kwemari yenyika, kudzora kwenyika.

Apo mirangariro yenyanyiso inonangidzirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda, FPP inogona kuvapa simba remitemo guru zvikuru kupfuura mugove wavo wokuvhota kworudzi runokarakadza. Ikoku kunogona kuparira tapuro yedzokororo, umo MPs dzinoparadzanisa muparamende, kubvisazve hwindo rezvamatongerwe enyika murutivi rwadzo. MuUK, kumuka kweUK Independence Party (UKIP) muma 2010, nepo kusara kupfupi mumi munzvimbo dzezvigaro, ngwariro yeFPTP yakadzorwa paruwa dzinotenderera kuti imanikidze Conservative Partion kuti ive 2016 Bretmundum.

Kukundikana Kwemapati Ane Makireshi Nechikwata Chinofambisa Popurini

Imwe nzira inobva mumubatanidzwa mukuru wePropulist kusvika kusvomhu inoitika apo mapoka makuru maviri anoungana zvakasimba pakati zvokuti anosiya chikamu chikuru chokunzwa kwevhota chasano. Iyi “kuchinja” kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunozarurira nzvimbo nokuda kwepopulist navanorwisana negadziriro inopesana ne“chaizvoizvo” vanhu vanorwisana nevorupo. muUnited States, Tea Party uye kumuka kwakatevera kwaDonald Trump (kuzhinjisate kwaidzoro kwaikurira mukati meRepublican Party panzvimbo pesunts yechitatu inotsanangurwa zvishoma nezvishoma netsika dzeFTPP dzinodzorwa kushatiswa nechimiro chetsika chiripo. Nemhaka yechitatu, muvakishato mbiri dzinofanira kubata mumwe wemapoka makuru kana kuti mukati mativi ezvikwata mukati menzi dzinopinda mukati tsvina. Vanogona kupfuutsiridza nzvimbo huru zvikuru.

Ichi chinoitika / chiitiko / parnal attuta (ichi ndicho muuyo une ngozi zvikuru mumitemo mikuru. Inobetsera kutsanangura kuti gadziriro inosimudzira umbato inogona sei kamwe kamwe kuparira zvakapesana: boka guru rinogamuchira zviteshi zvekunyanyisa izvo risati raizotongorangarira mugadziriro inowirirana, umo ringadai raifanira kukurukurirana nevakwanyina vakabatana. Muuyo unogona kuva chinjo inokurumidza uye inodzongonyedza mumuitiro, sezvinooneka nokuenda kweRepublican Party kuultism kundomustism nediction antigition pashure pa2016.

Kuenzanisa Masangano Ezvikepe Nemaproportation: Murangariro Wavane Mamiriro Ezvinhu

Hapana gadziriro yevhota yakakwana, uye ukama pakati pechikwata cheProportonalism nespression hunotsamira zvikuru pamashoko akapoteredza. Gadziriro dzeProportonal system, dzinoisa zvigaro mumitauro isina kutsarukana kuti zvivhote, kazhinji kazhinji dzinosimudzirwa sedzinobatanidza uye dzinomirira. Dzinobvumira mapoka maduku kudzora, kuderedza ngozi iyo boka ripi neripi rinonzwa rakaiswa. Kunyange zvakadaro PR rinotakurawo ngozi dzayo: Rinogona kuputsa maparamendeji kuva mapoka maduku, zvichiita kuti kuve kwakaoma uye kupa mativi ane mhoteredzo ne5 /10% yevhoti patafura. Hurumende dzakafanana neIsrael neItaly dzakatambura kusagadzikana uye kubatanidzwa kwemapoka anodzora mumibatanidzwa.

Mukupesana, gadziriro dzavakuru dzinobvisa masangano maduku enyanyisi kutoti aiswa mumugariro wenzvimbo. Uku kukweverwa kunogona kuva chikomborero nokuda kwetsiye nyoro, asi kunorevawo kuti apo masangano efungidziro anoparirwa, kazhinji kazhinji anoita kudaro netsoka huru zvikuru nemhaka yokuti akatora boka guru. Muitiro weFPTPP unogona nokudaro kuparira “kurova kukuru” kuenda kumangirini, nepo PR achibvumira kuvapo kwapashoma napashoma asi kunopfuuridzira kwemirangariro yepfungwa.

Nzvero dzazvino uno dzinokarakadza kuti ukama pakati pemiitiro yevhota nemhindu zvinorevererwa negadziriro yenzanga, migariro yemari, uye gadziriro yemamwe masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika (zvakadai sebidamaralism, university, uye hwirudzuro). Somuenzaniso, gadziriro huru dzinoratidzika kuva dzine mwero zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika munzanga dzine kukamukana kwakaderera kana kuti kune mwero kwedzinza, nepo dzichigona kuparira rwisano munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru. Chinoitika chaNorthern Ireland neFPTPPPP pamberi peGovernmentmentment yePreast neKaturike yakasvika pakuvharwa kwemagariro yezero nedziro nedziringi yeRoma inova yakavharwa murwisano yengozi yetsika yetsika yetsika.

Kugadzira Zvinjo: Kuda Kupedza Kufunda Pasina Kuzvipira Kune Mwero

Nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzinotarisira zvirwere dzinogona sei kuderedza ngozi yokunyanyisa padzinenge dzichichengetedza kubatsira kwehurumende inoita kuti pave nerusarudzo?

Kugadzira zvimwe zvinhu / Kugadzira Mazai

Kupfurikidza nokubvumira vavhoti kutsvaka zvirongwa, vhoti inotsiva (AV) inovimbisa kuti mukundi anofanira kuchengetedza ruzhinji rwezvinodiwa, kwete kungowanda. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza ngozi yokuwina kwokunyanyisa neboka duku rakatsamwa. AV anokurudzirawo vanoda kutsvaka zvisarudzo zechipiri nezvitatu kuvatsigiri vevavengi, kusimudzira batira pamwe nenhepfenyuro. Chinoitika cheAustralia neAV yeIn yeHouse of Advessistrations chinoratidza kuti haina kubvisa kukwirira kukuru asi yakaderedza ngozi yokuwina vakwikwikwidzani vakanyanyisa pavhoti.

Masangano eMember Proportigal (MMP) akasanganiswa

Inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, uye kune imwe nzvimbo, MMP inobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe chete (mamiriritarian) nenzvimbo yapamusoro kuti iva nechokwadi chokuti chigaro chomubato mumwe nomumwe chinogoverana sechinowirirana nevondi yake. Ikoku kunochengeta kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo kweFPTP nepo ichiri kuderedza zvikuru kuderedza kubatana kwemibatanidzwa. Kupfurikidza nokupa maruwa maduku nzvimbo ane nzvimbo, MMP inogona kudzivisa mapoka makuru kufuratira mativi akati evhoteratesi, sezvinobvira kuendesa kure nemudzoro yepopu yemupeti anogona kupfuta. Zvisinei, MMP inodawo kudzidza mitemo mitsva yokuvhotera uye inogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzinobatanidza zvibvumirano, izvo vamwe vanoda nokuda kwokuva kwavo vasingasarumbiswi asi vamwe sevaraidzi.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mari Yacho Nokuchinjazve

Munyika dzakafanana neUnited States, kunyorwa kwemiganhu yoruwa kuti idivire vanhu kana kuti rimwe boka rinogona kuwedzera chinetso chacho chakanyanyisa kupfurikidza nokugadzira “zvigaro zvakakotsekana” umo sarudzo bedzi dzamakwikwi dzinodzorwa nevhotaro yebato rinoshingaira zvikurusa nerepfungwa. Masangano eependero pasi pemitemo inoda maruwa kuva anowirirana namakwikwi anogona kuderedza uyu muuyo, kuchigombedzera vamiriri kukwidza kukwezvera kunzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yechokuvhotera.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvinoderedza Kupinda Mumaruwa Echitatu

Mimwe miitiro yezvigaro inoisa kunyoresa kwakakomba nezvinodikanwa zvinobatanidza zvinenge zvisingabviri kuti mapoka matsva akwikwidzane, kuchipinza kusagutsikana kwose kupfurikidza nezviripo. Kuedza izvi zvinodikanwa zvinovapo. (Nepo zvichiri kuchengeta chikumbaridzo chokudzivisa kuwanda kwevanoda kupoka(*) kunogona kupa mapoka echitatu ane mwero mukana wokubuda ndokudenha mapoka makuru anobva pakati panzvimbo pazvo. Chinoitika cheLiberal Democrates muUK (zvigaro zvechiwi mudzimwe nharaunda) chinoratidza kuti mapoka echitatu anogona kushanda sesimba pasi peFPPP kana achigona kuvaka nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo.

Mugumo: Munondo Unokosha Wegadziriro Youtongi Hukuru

Gadziriro dzamasanhengi hadzisi kuparira kana kuti kuparadzana kwomuzvarirwo; panzvimbo pezvo, tapuro dzadzo dzinotsamira panzanga umo dzinoshanda. Mukusarudza kwakaenzana nebvumirano yakafara pahwaro hukuru, dzinokurudzira vadaviri kukwirira kunzvimbo dzapakati, kubudisa hurumende dzakatsiga nedzinoparira. Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru kana kuti dzinochinja nokukurumidza, zvisinei, dzinogona kuwedzeredza simba remapoka echikamu chechikamu, uye kusiya zvikamu zvikuru zvavagari vemo vanonzwa vakaparadzaniswa nechakabatana nechakavanzika chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji.

Chidzidzo chikuru ndechokuti gadziriro yegadziriro yokusarudza inofanira kuva inopa ngwariro kumugariro wenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro inoshanda zvakanaka mune imwe nyika ingava ine ngozi mune imwe. Vachinji vanofanira kurangarira kwete bedzi shanduro younyanzvi yevhoti muzvigaro asiwo kuita kwendangariro nemuitiro kwemasangano, vanoda kusarudzwa, uye vavhoti. Mitemo yakavhenganiswa yakadai seMMP inopa dzikanidzo inovimbisa, kubatanidza dziviriro dzomunzvimbomo nedzinowirirana. Mimwe mipimo inowirirana yakadai semirairo yemibato yemari, uziviso yezvinobudisa nhau, uye kutarisirwa kwemajeredhiredhi, zvinodzivirira migaro yakaenzana mukudzivirira democracy kubva kumasimba ePerrifugalm inogona kushandura kuva tsvina uye kuva zvakanaka.

Pakupedzisira, vavariro haisati iri kugadzira gadziriro yokusarudza yakakwana — iyo isingapo — asi kuparira kurudziro dzinotusa zvinovaka, kubatanidza zvematongerwe enyika apo uchiita kuti rudzi rwerwisano yezero-sum iseke kuvimba nedemokrati ive basa rine simba muiyi nhamburiko, asi bedzi kana tikaramba tichiziva ganhuriro dzadzo uye tichidisa kudzichinja sezvo migariro inochinja.