Political Action Committee (PACs) yave iri chinhu chikuru zvikuru kuti itsigire mari yemari muUnited States, asi musiyano pakati pemaPACI anofambidzana neasingabatanidzwi une migumisiro mikuru yepamutemo neyakabudirira. Yakabatana nePCACs, yakadai seiya inotsigirwa nemasangano evashandi, masangano enhengo, yave yakarongerwa kushandira, yakaitwa kuti ive chinhu chaicho uye kuti ive nemitemo inodzoresa. Paccos yakakura, isina kubatanidzwa ichiita kuti ishande pasina kumira kwechite, kana kuti sangano revabereki, inopa kuoma kukuru zvikuru (yaya yakaita manyuko anopfuumbika echino. Kupfuudzira kwamakore maviri apfuura, kusingakwidziri kupfurikidza nechibvumirano chemitemo yezvamatongerwenza, kana kuti kubvumiranwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kupfurikidza nokubvumira kwedare rinobvumiranwa zviri pamutemo, kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa kwedare.

Kunzwisisa Zvidzidzo Zvisina Kubatanidzwa

PaCs dzisingabatanidzwi masangano anosimudza nokushandisa mari kupesvedzera hurumende, hurumende, kana kuti sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo pasina kuva anobatanidzwa pamutemo nomutevedzeri wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti sangano chairo rinotsigira. Kusafanana nesangano regamuchidzanwa kana kuti maPC, anogona bedzi kukumbira mipiro muboka rakaganhurirwa ravanhu vamwe navamwe (g., vakuru vakuru, vagovaki, vagari vemari) vasingabatanidzwa navose, vangava vanoshuva mari inobva kuna vose, vapa miganhuro yehurumende. Ruvaradziko rwakatanhamara zvikurusa ndi “Puper PC,” inozivikanwa sedare rakasununguka ravanhu rimwe chete, iro rakabvumirwa pashure pekutonga kwa2010 mu [FF: 0].[FFF][1] uye seyati.[5] Masangano asingazivikanwi namamwe masangano avanhu vakawanda, apo anodzorwa pasi penyika dzose, apo anoshatiswa namasangano avanhu, anenge akaoma.[5]

Marudzi Nemanyuko Okutsigira Mari

Zvemhoteredzo dzePUCs zvinosanganisira zvivako zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chine revo dzapamutemo. PaCs dzegamuchidzanwa dzisingabatanidzwi (zvinonzi “paCS yakazvimirira") zvinofanira kunyoreswa neFederal Evolution Commission (FEC) uye kushuma mipiro yose nendyiko. Zvinotarisana neganhuriro dzemari $5 000 pagore kuPaC, uye PC inogona kupa $5 000 parusarudzo kudare renyika. PaC, nokupesana, zvinogona kugamuchira mipiro isingaganhurirwi asi ingasagovera zvakananga kuvadaviriki. Pacs, zvinozivikanwawo sematare etsika pagore, zvose zviri zviviri zvinobvumira kugovera zvose zviri zviviri kugovera nokuzvisaririra zviri zvapamutemo pakati peiyi miganhuro inopfuurirwa namapoka. Zvipo zvapamutemo zvinogona kuva zvinopfuurira zvakananga kumari inopfuudzira nenzira yakasiana namabhiri.

Kuzvimirira Nokushandisa Zvisina Kufanira

Chiratidzo chinorondedzera chebasa risingabatanidzwi indyiko yakazvimirira .Ndyiko dzinoitwa zvakajeka nokuda kwokusarudzwa kana kuti kukundwa kwomubhadhari akaziviswa zvakajeka, pasina kutsinhirana kupi nokupi nenhimbe yomubhadhari. miraudzo yeFEC nezvirevo zvedare zvakakudziridza muedzo wakaoma nokuda kwechinoumba “kudzvinyirira..” Mashoko akafanana ne“ sarudza,” kana kuti “kutsigira” mienzaniso chaiyo, asi matare akarwisanawo ne “uhwanaio. Inodzivisa kupfuudza. [FL:] FC] F.[FK] Kurura, kana kuti kurumbidza, pasina kupfuudzira kunotevesa.[FFF]

Kunyoresa Mumutemo uye Matambudziko

Maparera epamutemo ePUC anoumbwa nemirau, mirau, uye zvisarudzo zvokutonga izvo zvinorwisana kazhinji kazhinji. Bipartisan Campaignt Reformation ya2002 (BCRA) yakadzima tsveteko dzemari dzakapfava asi yakaitawo matsva anorwisana negadziriro dzekubvisa. FEC inopa mifungo nemiraudzo yokuchengeta, asi kunyange kunyora kwayo kwezvikamu zvakaganhurirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunofinha pamibvunzo inopesana, kuchisiya kusatendiswa kwapamutemo. Dare rakawedzera zvishoma kukura kukura kwokushandisa mari yakasununguka apo ganhuriro dzinobvumira ganhuriro dzinobvumira pachivandika uye mipiro. Izvi zvinoparira mishumo inodzo inodzo inodzokorokorokorokorokorodza.

Kubatana Kunotonga uye “Kuzvimirira”

Zvichida nhau yapamhindi zvikurusa irondedzero yokubatana. Kana pakanga pasina kubatanidzwa paramende pakabatana kudyidzana nokupedza mari yayo nemutezo kana kuti mubato, ndyiko yacho inorangarirwa sechinhu chinopiwa murudzi rushoma. Tsika dzekubatanidza (NEFC. F... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Miganhu Yezvipo Nemabhakitire Anoshandiswa

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chisati chasvika mu Mccheon v. FEC (2014, vanhu vakatarisana neganhuriro yemipiro yakabatanidzwa yose kuvatengi vose, PCs, uye mapati. Dare rakarovanya makepisi iwayo, achitonga kuti vakaputsa Gadziro Yokutanga. Chisarudzo ichi chakawedzera zvikuru simba ravanhu vakapfuma rokuwanira mari yakawanda isina kubatanidzwa paPACICs nePaCs, zvichitungamirira kukuwanda kwePuro imwe-Dono imwe. Dare rePUS rakatongetapo rakava rama rimwe. Rakasarira kubva pakuchengetwa kwemiteshi yemiteshi yemi yemigove, zvikurukuru apo vanopapa mari inoedzwa kupfurikidza nokushandisa miganhuro yePUC kana kuti idzo huru yebumbiro renyika inokamura mativi ose. Matare makuru akakamuramura matare anokamuramura miteveri yapasiti inoshandiswa kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza.

Kuona mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaita Seari Kure, Mari Isina Tariro, uye Kurasa Mafuta

Nzvimbo huru yomutemo weSarudzo inobatanidza kuzivisa. Nepo paCs pachifanira kuzivisa zvinopa, mapoka akarongwa pasi peChikamu 501 (c) (4) cheHunguriro yeChimiro cheNyika yoUnion Invetika haadikanwi kuzivisa pachena vapi, chero bedzi vachipinda zvikurukuru mumibato yegarikano yenzanga uye kwete nhimbe. Mutsetse pakati “donzo renguva dzose” uye“ kupindira kwapachipamhizha” kwakaipa. United States v. Danielck[FLT] [[FLT]] (20], Dare reruwa rinotsigira kutengwa kwapamutemo kwePCC kuzivisa kupiwa kwemitemo kwePC kunopfurati, asi denho kupfuurira. [[FLD] mukuparwa mari inodzo inodzorwa zvikuru) inodzorwa zvikuru mumitengo. [5]

Mhaka Dzapanyika Netsananguro Dzokutonga

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusorosoro uye zvekubvunzurudza zvakagadziridzazve nzvimbo yepamutemo nokuda kwemaPACI asingabatanidzwi. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau kunokosha kunzwisisa gadziriro dzazvino uno dzokupa.

Vagari vomuUnited v. FEC (2010)

Mu Dare reSangano reMarudzi, rakatonga kuti mari inoshandiswa pacharo, haisi kuparira uori kana kuti chitarisiko chouori, uye naizvozvo haigoni kudzorwa neganhuriro dzinoshanda kumipiro inoruramisa. Chisarudzo ichi chakadzikamisa ganhuriro pamibato yesangano renyika inosarudzwa uye mibatanidzwa yokusarudza ndokuita kuti nzira yokushandisa yePACIRECs ishave. Kuzvimirira kuve kwaichisina kuparira kushata kana kuti kuvadziko youori, uye Dare rinoisa muganhu wavanhu vose kuUnited[FOct:3] ranangidzira mamiriro ezvinhu okuidzika mamiriro ayo ezvinhu nokusarusa? Rinodzivirira nokushandisa masangano okumwe?

FEC (2010)

Chisarudzo chemwedzi mishomanene pashure pa Chitsaruso chamabhaindi okuzvimirira , Spechnow.org v.FEC (D. Trans) chakananga kana ganhuriro dzemupiro dzingashandiswa kuPACIC bedzi. D. nharaunda yakabatanidza ganhuriro pamipiro kuPaC yakadaro inoputsa Pec Confectionment nemhaka yokuti zvinotengwa zvakazvimirira hazvigoni kushatisa. Uku kuparira PACI semaziviro. Kuedza kwapas kunogona kukumbira kana kuti hurumende inogona kuzivisa chiverengero chikuru chapa (manyuko kazhinji kazhinji yakataura, asi inona kukura) kana kuti paC inogona kudzokororwa nemibato inosaidzwa namashoko makurusaidzoro. [5]

FEC v.C. (2022)

F.[FLT] F.C. Ted Cruz ye Dare rapamberi pedare , Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende wakaganhurira mano ezvikwereti zvokuripira zvinenge zvapashure mipiro. Kunyange zvazvo nhau yacho yaibatanidzwa zvakananga nePACINURO, kurangarira kwayo kuti ganhuriro dzechikwereti pakubhadhara mutwaro unodzivirirwa mutengo unodzivirirwa uye kushaiwa ruramisiro yakakwana yechakaipa chePCs. Dare rakasimbisa kuti “Promendementation Haisi mvumo yokudzivisa hurumende kudzivirira vakwikwidzi kushandisa mari yavo vamene kuti vatsigire maPC." Non-anwo masangano akabatanidza akashongerwa kuti adenhedze ganhuriro dzebasa kana kuti vagove maza maza maza anodzorereresa.

Kubudirira Kwedare Repasi Kwenguva Ichangobva Kuitwa

Zviitiko zvakawanda zviri kumira uye zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinoratidzira kuwirirana kunopfuurira. Mu New Civil Libersion Alliance v. FEC, boka risingabetseri purofiti riri kudenha kuva kwemitemo yeFEC yePCO yePURAP nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvisiri zvinobatanidzwa, kuipikisa kuti zvinoremedza matare anozvishandira zvisina kufanira apo anenge achibvumira mufambiro wakafanana nePC. [[FLT:] Converative Leade cent P [FT:3], PrefFC inoramba kuti zviito zvakatikodzera zvemari inodzorwa nenzira isina kufanira zvisina kufanira apo anenge achibvumira mufambiro wakabatanidzwa nePCs. Hurumende yave ichishandawo mu [FT] Shonat.[FFotected Acted Acted Acts] Acts, anotenderwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvakapfumirirwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvamato.

Tapuro Pamutemo Wokusarudza: Misoro Mikuru

Kukura kwemaPACI asina kubatanidzwa kwachinja nzvimbo inobvumiranwa. Matare zvino anogarotarisana nemibvunzo yakanga yakadzikatidzwa muchizvarwa chakapfuura: Mweroi wokubatana pakati pePaC nemubhadharwa unoumba ukama? Hurumende inogona kuda PC kuzivisa ufakazi hwevapi vanopa nokuda kwokuzvimirira bedzi? Internet inofanira kubatwa sei. Izvozvi zvinoparira kuwanda kwakatsiga kwenhau, kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa navashori vemitemo asi namapoka akanaka anotsvaka kuchengetwa kworumano.

Nhau Dzakamira uye Dzokururama

Panhau dzakawanda dzemitemo yesarudzo dzinobatanidza PACI dzinobatanidzwa dzinovharidzirwa mumhinganidzo dzinobatanidza. Kudenha murairo, PAC inofanira kuratidza kuvadziko yakatambanukira, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kuti yaizopedza zvakawanda asi nokuda kwemitemo. Mu Mcnell v. FEC[FLC] [2003] [2003] [, Dare Rapamusoro rakagamuchira rondedzero yakafara nokuda kwezvirongwa zvenhimbe, rinobvumira mapoka kudenha gadziriro dzavanotaura. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvinotevera zvakatsigadzikwa zvakasimba zvinodikanwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemipikidzwa kwemitemo. [FLT:] Lyjan. [pass] puro dzinotongogona kukwira migariro inotambudza. [FLT]

Basa Repfungwa Dzokuchinja Kunoita Kuchinja

FEC yakanyorwa ne FEC (Nhatu DZOMHAU) uye nhatu Repabhuriki (kazhinji kazhinji zvinotungamirira kuvhota kwadzikarirwa pamusoro penhau dzokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo. Apo dare rinokundikana kuita chiito pakunyunyuta, mapati akavanzika anogona kukwikwidza pasi peFederal Ecompution Active Act. “Inhau idzi (paGAD] pashure [[FL:0] P [FL:0] PRET v. FC[FL:1] uye [FLT] g [FF] v. FORC[FFFLT:3]]))) yakava motokari huru nokuda kwechino. Pasina migariro inobvumirawo kubvumira. Mtengodzi dzinopesana kuti dzibvumire.

Kubatana Muzera Rechinyakare

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinokwikwidzana zvikurusa itsika dzinoshanda pamwe chete. Nhimbe yemutengi ingagadzira website, kugovera mashoko, kana kuti kukumbira vatsigiri kupira kuti PACI itsigire kuti PHP ingawedzera. FEC yabudisa mirangariro yakanangana neretweetet, mapepa akawiriranwa, uye anoronga kuti kushambadzira kushambadza kurambe kuripo, asi mitemo inoramba iripo. Mu [[FLT] Kumisa Umboovhakasingashandisirwi Nezvemari V. FFEC [20], PC], kukwikwikwidza kunenge kwapa thyra thy C kunenge kutonge kutongerwa kupfurikidza nokuedza kwapangidzira. Dare rinotsiva ufakazi hwePC, rinowana ufakazi hwekugadzirwa nechekero.

Kunetsa Kwomunguva Yemberi Nenhau Dzisina Kupedzwa

Gadziriro yePaC panhau isina kubatanidzwa inonongedzera kuhondo dzapamutemo dzinopfuuridzirwa pamusoro penheyo huru dzeFirst Amendment. Miitiro inoverengeka sezvingabvira icharondedzera makore ari kuuya.

Kuchinja Kungangoitwa

Congress yakarangarira yarangarirazve zvikwereti zvakadai seDSCLOSE Act, izvo zvingada maPACI makuru namapoka emari matema kuti azivise vapi. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika akadzivisa kupfuudzwa. FEC ingagona kuvandudza mirau yayo kuti ipedze nzira dzazvino uno, asi kunyange kunyorwa kwemitemo kunopa mitongo kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma. Kushanda kwehurumende kuve kwakatonyanya kusingabviri. Zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Maryland zvakatoita zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvakatsigarira, uye mitemo iyoyo iri kudenhwa mudare. Kana voruzhinji vari paDare gurusa rehurumende vanopfuurira kurangarira mari sekutaura, mirayiro yakawanda yehurumende nebvumirano yehurumende zvinogona kurohwa, zvinobudirira nokubvisa zvinobudirira kupedza kupera.[1], mudare redare redare rinozvidzora rinogona kusimbisa kuzviisa mudare guru.

Kushatirwa Nemapepa Asiri Akabatana

Kumuka kwemipiro yokunyepera kunopa denho itsva. FEC inobvumira PACI kubvumira papikicha yemarudzi kugamuchirwa nemimwe miganhu yemipiro nemimwe midziyo yemitemo, asi kuwirirana neganhuriro yemipiro nokuzivisa kwakaoma. Zvikamu zvisingabatanidzwi zvakaumbwa zvakananga kumutsa mari yechero, uye kupeta-tsoropoka kwavamba pamusoro pokuti mipiro inocherekedzwa murudzi inofanira kurangarirwa semitengo imwe cheteyo semari. PAC nokuda kwavanhu v. FEZ, boka rakataura kuti mipiro inocherekedzwa muchakavanzika haisati iri “mari inorondedzerwa neFeactiveation Act. dare, asi nhau yacho inosafanana nokunzwika seyavose.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kuramwa Kwemakwikwi

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Kunetsa Kwoutongi Hwakawanda

Kupfuura dare redare, kuwanda kwePUC kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pekuzvidavirira nokumirira. Apo vavhota vanoona kushambadzira kuvhozhokera kunotsigirwa ne “Vatambi veNhaka Yemberi Yakanaka” kana kuti“ vaAmerican nokuda kwePrivis,” havatongozivi kuti ndiani ari seri kweshoko racho. Kutadza kuronda mari kumanyuko ayo kuderedza chivimbo muvhoti uye kusimbisa kusatenda. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vatsigiri vevatsigiri vePACINUPU dzinotsigira vanopikisa kuti manzwi anobvumira kuti adzorerwe kunze kwegadziriro yezvikamu zviviri zvemitemo. Kusarira pamusoro penhau idzi igwaro yekurukurirano huru zvikuru: United States inogona kuchengeta kutaura kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika apo inodzivisa uori nokuwana? Mhinduro yacho ichanyorwa mumutemo woga, asi mumutemo unobuda mumibato, inopesana zvikuru, inodzokorodza, yePC.

Vateveri vemitemo yechisarudzo, vatsigiri vemibato, uye vatsigiri vanofanira kuramba varipo neizvi zvinoitika. Mitemo inochinja nokukurumidza, uye kukanganisa mutsinhirano kana kuti kuziviswa kunogona kutungamirira kuzvichemo zveFEC, matare, kana kuti matsotsi. PAC asingabatanidzwi achagara pano, uye kupfuudzira kwavanoparira kuchapfuurira kuumba miganhu yemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika ino inobvumirwa napamutemo kwamakore anouya. Vaya vanopinda muchapinda muchadenga rino ($106) savapi, vachengeti vemari, kana kuti zano rapamutemo (h) kunzwisisa nzvimbo yapamutemo haisati iri yomuzvarirwo; kutungamirira kukwakwakwa kwemari, kutaura, uye utongi hunosarudzwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve: ona Federal Ecomment Commission’s [[FL:1] Campaign yemari yedata , rugwaro rwakazara rweMagarika United v. FEC[FLT] paCornell Legal Information Institute, [FLT:] [FLT] Brenan Center yeRumano rwemitemo , uye [[FLT:] Campign Center yepamutemo] nokuda kwezvinoitika zvinopfuurira.[FLT:]