Kutora Rutivi Sechibage Choutongi Hwedemocratic

Kutora rutivi kwemikoto yejeta kunorangarirwa zvikuru somwero mukuru woutano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo vagari vemo vanokanda mavhota ehurumende, havasati vachingosarudza bedzi vatungamiriri vavo asiwo vanoratidzira kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuduku, mukupesana, kunogona kubvisa chivimbo mumasangano nemitemo mishomanene zvinoguma nefariro dzakaganhurirwa. Kuvaraidzi, vadzidzi, uye vatungamiriri vehurumende, kunzwisisa tapuro yakasiana - siana yokutora kunokosha kusimbisa gadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende pamwero uri wose.

Nyaya ino inoongorora zvinhu zvinopesvedzera muvhoti, migumisiro yokutora rutivi (kana kuti kushayikwa kwayo), mhinganidzo dzinopfuurira dzinochengeta vavhoti vakakodzera munzvero, uye mazano anogona kusimudzira kuvimbisana.

Kurondedzera Kutora Rutivi Nezvakunoita

Voter, inozivikanwawo sevhota, inoyerwa zvikurukuru senhamba yechiverengero chavagari vemo vebasa rokuvhota (VAP) kana kuti kuvhota kunosairwa muvhoti murusarudzo rwakapiwa. Iyi mitauro inobvumira vanzveri kuenzanisa kutora rutivi munyika dzose, nokufamba kwenguva, uye pakati pamapoka avagari vemo. Nepo kutora kwakakwirira kuchiwanzochengetwa, kunaka kwokutora rutivi kunoziviswa (jeesworthrov /) kwakadai sokuvhotera nokudzivisa kutaura nhema nenhema (matterss) kungofanana nokungofanana nenhamba isina kunyorwa.

Mukuwirirana namanyuko akabva Internationalpotein Institute for Democracy and Electoral Anice (IDEA), muvhoti wenyika yose musarudzo yapurezidhendi nemitemo kazhinji kazhinji yakaderera mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura, nemusiyano mukuru pakati pamarudzi. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinobetsera kuziva uko kuvimbisana kwedemocracy kuri kuderera uye uko kupindira kunodikanwa zvikurusa.

Kuyera: VAP vS VEP

Chiverengero chavagari vemo chekuvhota chinobatanidza munhu ari wose ane makore anopfuura 18, pasinei zvapo nemhinganidzo dzemitemo kana kuti dzekuvhota. Chiverengero chavagari vemo chinosainwa chisati chiri chaicho, vanhu vane zvitendero zvinotenderwa (mumativi anovabvisa), uye avo vanorangarirwa kuva vasingakwanirisi. VEP inopa mufananidzo wakarurama zvikuru wokutora rutivi chairwoirwo asi kwakaoma zvikuru kurangarira nenzira inopfuurira. Vanzveri vanowanzoshandisa VAP kuenzanisa kwamarudzi ose, nepo VEP inodikanwa nokuda kwokunzvera kwomumba.

Mu United States, Census Bureau mishumo yokuti muvhoti musarudzo yapurezidhendi akachinja pakati pe 50% ne 67% yeVEP chifo cha 1960, nokuwedzera kukuru kusvikira ku 66.8% muna 2020. Uku kukwira nokuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kukudza zvinyorwa, uye kuedza kukuru kwekuvhota (jekisedhisi) izvo zvisingachinjiki asi zvinogona kuchinja nokukurumidza mukupindura kuumba uye kutsika.

Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera Kuchinja Kwemhepo

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei mamwe mapoka achinyanyodziviswa pakuongorora uku apo mamwe anoramba ari pasi.

Zera Nekuchinja

Zera rinowirirana nenzira inowirirana nokuvhota: vavhoti vakura, zvikurukuru avo vane makore 65 navakuru, vavhota pamwero wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura vavhoti vaduku. Mu 2020 Sarudzo yeU.S., vagari vemo vane makore 65 ne74,74 vakava nemwero wokuchinja we76.0%, kuenzaniswa na33% nokuda kwaavo vane makore 1824. Mukahahaha unopfuurira kupfuvura hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu uye unoparirwa kuzvinhu zvakadai sokutsigarika kwoupenyu, kuumbwa kwetsika, uye mativi anokosha mumiitiro yakadai seSocial Security neMedicia. Nhambu yokuita kuti varoorwe, nzvero dzenzanga, uye kuderedza kuvhotera kwezera ramakore 16 mudzimwe chiverengero chomunzvimbomo zvomunzvimbomo zvomunzvimbomo zvomunzvimbomo asi zvinovimbisa.

Kuwana Dzidzo

Dzidzo ndiimwe yezvisarudzo zvakasimba zvikuru zvokuvhota. Vanhu vane dhigirii rekoreji vane bviro huru zvikuru yokuvhota kupfuura avo vane dhipuroma rechikoro chapamusoro bedzi kana kuti zvishoma. Dzidzo inovaka unyanzvi hwokuziva, inowedzera kuziva nhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye inokurudzira pfungwa yebasa rehurumende. Muna 2020, Dare reNhamba reMamirioni reU.S rakawana kuti 78.5% yavagari vemo vane degree kana kuti vavhoti yakakwirira, kana kuenzaniswa na 54.2% yaavo vane unyanzvi husati hwava purojeti yakakwirira yechikoro. Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pekugara, sezvo dzidzo inowanzovarambwa nedzinza neri.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvemari

Mugariro wenzanga wezvemari (SS) unoyerwa nemari, pfuma, uye basa (inobatanidzwa zvikuru nokutora rutivi. Vanhu vakapfuma havangotarisana bedzi nemhinganidzo shomanene dzemibato (mutoo, kutora nguva yokushanda, kuchengetedza chokufambisa) asi vanowanawo onano yakananga zvikuru kubva munhimbe namapoka evapfumi. Kunzvera kunopanwa. [2023] ne Pew Research Center[[ yakawana kuti muUnited States, vavhotera mari inotambira yakakwirira zvikuru yakatendeuka pamwero pamapfundo 20 muzana. Uku kutora rutivi kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro inobetsera zvikuru, yakapfumisa upfumi.

Kubatanidzwa Kwematongerwe Enyika Nenzvimbo Dzokukurukurirana Nevanhu

Kuvimbisa kwendangariro (kwakadai sokufarira zvematongerwe enyika), kudavira kushanda kwokuvhota, uye pfungwa yebasa rehurumende zvinofanotaura zvakasimba kutora rutivi. Vanhu vanokurukura zvematongerwe enyika nguva dzose, vanopinda misangano yenzanga, kana kuti vanotevera nhau vangangovhota. Masangano enzanga anoitawo basa rinokosha: apo shamwari, mhuri, kana kuti vhota, munhu anova nomukana mukuru wokuita kudarowo. Chinoitika ichi chinozivikanwa sedzvinyiriro yenzanga, uye chinogona kudzorwa namazano akadai sezvibvumirano zvevotaro zvavose kana kuti kutsigira masangano ehurumende.

Miuyo Yokutora Rutivi (uye Kusava Negoverano)

Muvhoti mukuru haavimbisi kudzora kwakanaka, asi kunoparira migariro inovandudza kuratidzirwa nokuzvidavirira.

Kumirira uye Kutonga kweHurumende

Apo kuvhota kunenge kwakaderera, vhoti inokombamira kuva yakura, yakapfuma, uye yakanyanyisa zvikuru mundangariro kupfuura chiverengero chavagari vose. Somuuyo, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vangagovera ichi chikamu chiduku chavasarudzwi panzvimbo pefariro dzavose dzakafara. Kukwidziridza, mukupesana, mauto anokwidza kukukwirira kugadziriro yakasiana zvikuru yavavhoti (hwubatanidza vaduku, varombo, uye vashomanene ) vachitungamirira kukugadzira mitemo inomirira zvikuru. Hurumende dzinosarudzwa nokutora rutivi kwakafara dzinofarikanyawo kuva nohuhutsvene hukuru zvikuru uye sezvingabvira zvikuru kutarisana nokuramba kana kuti denho kuchiremera chavo.

Kubviswa Kwemitemo Nokubviswa Kwezviwanikwa

Nzvero yenguva dzose yakaratidza kuti kunzvera kwakakwirira kunotungamirira kumitemo yemari inofambira mberi zvikuru, kubatanidza kupedzerwa kwakakwirira kwemitengo yenzanga, dzidzo, uye marongedzero. Somuenzaniso, fundo yakaitwa ne National Bureau of Economic Research[[ yakawana kuti nhamba dzine muvhoti mukuru zvikuru muUnited States dzinogamuchira mari yakawanda yehurumende pamunhu mumwe nomumwe. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika dzine kuvhota (papo) uye nokudaro inodokuva muteveri wesero mukurusa weGDP pazvinhu zvavose kufanana nezvinotarisirwa zvoutano nemudyandi.

Ngozi Yokubatwa NaErite

Musuo wakaderera unozarurira kurubatso rwakatanhamara, umo mapoka ezviwanira mhindu anosanorongwa , akadai semasangano, vatsigiri, kana kuti vatsigiri vomunhu mumwe vanopesvedzera zvisina kufanira pavezvematongerwe enyika. Munyika umo muvhoti akatoderera, aya mapoka anogona kugadza mutemo nenzira inobudirira asingadi kutsigira tsigiro yakakurumbira. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro inotsigira fariro dzakaganhurirwa, zvakadai sokuputsika mutero nokuda kwavapfumi kana kuti kudzorwa kwemabasa okugadzirwa kwenzvimbo, nepo achifuratira zvinodikanwa zvoruzhinji.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvinoramba Zvichipinganidza Kuparadzira

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hunozivikanwa hwokutora rutivi, vavhoti vazhinji vakakodzera vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinovadzivisa kuisa pepa rokuvhota.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuvaka uye Zvokusvika

Kuwanikwa kunoramba kuri nhau inokosha. Nzvimbo dzokuvhota, nguva dzakamira kwenguva refu, uye kushaikwa kwokufamba kwavanhu vose kunotapura zvikuru mari yakaderera nenzanga dzomumaruwa. Mumaruwa akawanda eU.S., kumirira kwamaawa akawanda paZuva roKusarudza kwakakurumbira munharaunda dzine vanhu vashoma, izvo zvinogona kumisa vanhu kuvhota panhambo dzinotevera. Mukuwedzera, vanhu vane urema vanowanzosangana nenzvimbo dzinovhota pasina mabhora, vaturikiri vazhinji, kana kuti vaturikiri vemashoko vomutauro wemasaini, vachiputsa zvinodikanwa zvevaAmerica neChiratiko cheUrema.

Mitemo Yokutsanangura

Mitemo yevhoti yakakomba, iyo yakaitwa munyika dzinoverengeka, inoda vavhoti kuti vape ID yepiyuta yehurumende yakashambadzirwa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mitemo iyi inodzivisa kubiridzira, asi nzvero inoratidzira kuti kubiridzira kwakadaro hakuwanzowaniki zvikuru. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kuti mamiriyoni avhota (8% avhota zvinogamuchirwa zvakaderera, vashoma, uye vakwegura(h) vanoshaiwa chizivikanwo chinodikanwa. Fundo inodzorwa ne Brenan Center yeMutongi inofungidzira kuti mamiriyoni sa11% evokuvhotanuro, havana zvinowanikwa nazvino uno uno unovapo, hurumende-uyirwa, uye mutoro wokuwana mumwe unova wakaganhurirwa zvikuru.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota, vada kutora, uye chengeteko yesarudzo kunogona kuvhiringidza vagari vomunyika ndokuvadzivisa pakuvhota. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kubvisa mashoko enhau . ose ari maviri edzimwe nyika nedziri dzomumba akarangana nzanga dzakananga nezvirevo zvenhema pamusoro pokuvhota neposi, bhokisi rinokanda mabhokisi, uye miraudzo inovhota. Idzi nhamburiko dzinoshandisa kusavimba kuripo mumasangano uye dzinogona kuderedza kubuda pakati pamapoka ane ngozi. Kurwisa kurwisana neregiontsworgy kunoda nhamburiko dzinobva mumasangano enhau, nhau, uye vadzidzisiparamende.

Kusava Ne hanya Nevatsoropodzi Vezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunyange apo mhinganidzo dzinobviswa, vavhoti vazhinji vakakodzera havatongorangariri kuti vhoti yavo ichaita musiano. Uku pfungwa yokusava namaturo kwezvamatongerwe enyika (kana kuti kusakendenga) kazhinji kazhinji kwakavakirwa mumirangariro yokuti vezvematongerwe enyika vashata, kuti gadziriro inoiswa pamisengwa, kana kuti kuti vadikani vavo havagoni kukunda. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa, chivimbo muhurumende chave chichiderera kwamakumi amakore, kuchitungamirira kukutora rutivi rwakaderera, zvikurukuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku. Kudzorera pfungwa yokubudirira kunoda dzidzo iri nani yehurumende asi ufakaziwo hunooneka hwokuti kuvhotera kunoparira kuchinja.

Zvirongwa Zvokuwedzera Basa

Kusimbisa kutora rutivi kunoda mutoo wakawanda uyo unokurukura zvose zviri zviviri mhinganidzo dzourongwa neganhuriro dzesundo. Nyika zhinji dzakashandisa chinjo nenzira inobudirira idzo dzinowedzera nhambo pasina kubvumiranisa chengeteko pane zvisina kufanira.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Muzvikoro Nenzanga

Dzidzo yapakuvamba uye inotsigirwa yavagari vemo inogona kuita kuti kuvhota kuve kwenguva dzose ndokuvaka miitiro youpenyu hwose. Programu dzinotevedzera sarudzo, kudzidzisa kurava nezvinobudisa mashoko, uye kubatanidza vadzidzi navakuru vakuru vehurumende yomunzvimbomo dzakaratidzwa kuti dzinowedzera kudzoka gare gare muupenyu. Somuenzaniso, Nhevedzo yeInformation & Research on Civic Learning and Beginement (CIRCY) paTufts University inogovera zviwanikwa zvekunzvera kuti vadzidzisi vasarudze kuvhota kupinda pasvota. Nenzira yakafanana, masuo akavakirwa pamusha anotsanangura muitiro wokunyoresa, ruzivo rwokuvhota, uye kuti vanzveridzi vasa vanogona sei kusimbisa vakuru vasina kutongovhotera.

Kubatsira Vamwe

Kurerutsa chiito chokuvhota [1] Kupfurikidza nokuvhota kwokukurumidza, mavhota etsamba, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, uye kuvhota kwokupera kwevhiki − zvave zvichiratidzwa nguva dzose kuwedzera kubuda. Oregon, Colorado, uye Washington, zvinoitisa sarudzo chose chose neposi, ona mwero yokuvhota iyo iri nguva dzose kupfuura avhareji yenyika. Kuvhota kunoitwa nevoruzhinji (AVR), uko vagari vemo vanonyoreswa apo vanoshandira nesangano rehurumende (zvakaita seDMVV), kwakabvumikisawo kuva kunoshanda: naAVR yakawedzera mamiriyoni evoti vakanyoreswa mumakore mashomanene.

Kumanikidzwa Kupinda Munzanga uye Kufurirwa Nevezera Rako

Apo shamwari, mhuri, kana kuti vavakidzani vanokurudzira mumwe munhu kuvhota, muuyo unogona kuva une simba. Sangano seVoter Pavention Center rinoshandisa mifungo yemashoko inoshandiswa kutumira zviyeuchidzo zvinoshanda somunhu oga kupfurikidza nepositi, runhare, kana kuti rugwaro. Kuwedzera, "Kubudisa vhoti" (GOTV) kunzvera suo kumusoro kana kuti kupfurikidza namabhangi orunhare (hwumwe mativi anodzidzwa. mitoo iyi inoshanda nemhaka yokuti inoshanda mumipimo yenzanga: vanhu vanoda kuita kariro dzenzanga yavo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nenguva Yemberi Yokuvheneka

Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchigona kunyoresa nokuwedzera, runoitawo kuti pave nengozi itsva dzokushandisa majekiseni, kuongorora, uye kubudisa mashoko echitsotsi.

Kunyoresa Pakombiyuta Nokubudisa Mari Kure

vhoti yepaIndaneti (OVR) zvino inowanika munyika dzakawanda dzeU.S.OVR inoderedza zvikanganiso, inoderedza ndyiko dzehurumende, uye inobudirira zvikuru pakunyoresa vavhoti vaduku. Mamwe masangano akavhoterawo paInternet nokuda kwavashandi vemauto, vagari vedzimwe nyika dzokunze, uye vavhoti vane urema. Zvisinei, kuvhota kwakazara paIndaneti kunoramba kuripo nemhaka yenhau dzechengeteko dzinotyika.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Sechinhu Chinoshandiswa Kuparadza Vanhu

Platforms dzakafanana naFacebook, Instagram, naTik Tok dzinogona kuwedzera kupfurikidza nokuparadzira misi inotsaurirwa, kuvhota nzvimbo mashoko, uye udzame hunoteverwa. Mukati mekuvhota 2020 yeU.S. Facebook yakashuma kuti rutivi rwayo "Voting Center" rwakabetsera kunyoresa vashandisi vane mamirioni 2,5. Zvisinei, zvikuva zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kushandiswawo kuparadzira mashoko namapoka ane ngozi ane shavo nemashoko anotsausa. Kunyora nokurava nokunyora mashoko kunokosha kusimbisa kuti ruzivo rwamabasa okugadzirwa nekombiyuta runoshanda panzvimbo pokuzvinetesa.

Mupedzi: Basa Rinopfuurira Rokutora Rutivi Rwechiito Choutongi Hwechidhimoni

Kutora rutivi munhamba dzinotevedzana hachisi chinhu chaidzoidzo chaidzoidzo-dzinoitika. Chinoparira nhevedzano yezvirongwa zvemagariro avanhu, tsika dzenzanga, magadzirirwo ezvirongwa, uye kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Kuderera kunoratidzira utera hwemiitiro iyo inogona kukurukurwa kupfurikidza nedzidzo, kuvaka, uye kuvaka chivimbo. Kukwirira kukuru, nenzira inopesana, zviratidzo zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vane utano apo manzwi akasiyana - siyana anonzwiwa uye muitiro unoratidzira zvakanaka zvakafanana.

Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vatungamiriri vehurumende mumwe nomumwe ane basa rokuita. Nokudzidzisa vavhota uye kukosha kwokuvhota, nokubvisa mhinganidzo dzokupinda, uye nokuenzanisira kuva vagari vemo vakabatana pachavo, vanogona kubatsira kuderedza kuderera kwenguva refu kwokutora rutivi. Nguva yemberi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu haibvi pakodzero yokuvhota chete asi pakushandisa kodzero iyoyo nevagari vose vakakodzera.