Kunzwisisa Kuzvidavirira Kwematongerwe Enyika: Hwaro Hwokutonga Kwehurumende

Kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika ndiko kunotangira kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji kunobudirira. Kunonongedzera kumiitiro, miitiro, uye masangano umo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanorangarirwa kuva vanozvidavirira kumabasa avo, zvisarudzo, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvavo. Pasina kuzvidavirira kukuru, vagari vemo vanorasikirwa nokutenda kuti vatungamiriri vavo vari kuita mufariro yavose panzvimbo pemhindu yomunhu oga. Uyu murangariro wenheyo unoratidzirwa muzvimiro zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chinoparira nenzira yechienzi kuzvidavirira kukurusa kwemhoteredzo yezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo.

Kuzvidavirira kwaElectorial zvichida chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikuru. Voter dzine chirango chikurusa chaidzoicho chinobvisa vakuru vakuru pahofisi kupfurikidza nesarudzo. Zvisinei, nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwechisarudzo kubasa, sarudzo dzinofanira kuva dzakasununguka, dzinoruramisira, uye makwikwi. Apo vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota vachiziva pakavakirwa pazvinyorwa zvakajeka nemigumisiro, vanotusa kana kuti kuranga mumitoro nenzira inowirirana. Bva sarudzo dzoga hadziridziri; dzinoitika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji uye dzinokundikana kutaura kunhau dzezuva nezuva dzinotonga.

Mitumbi inotarisirwa, vakuru vakuru, uye mapepa anoongorora zvinhu zvehurumende inoita basa muhurumende. Kuzvidavirira uku kunofanira kuva nechekuita nemitemo, masangano ehurumende uye masangano anotevera mitemo, uye mipimo yebasa. Mitumbi inotarisirwa, vakuru vakuru, uye mapepa okuongorora zviri mukati anovimbisa kuti vashandi vehurumende vape basa zvakanaka uye zvine tsika.

Vagari vemo nemasangano vanogona kudenha zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa mitemo kana kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kuongorora Dare, kukwirira kurwisana nouori, uye matare okutonga anopa kuongorora kushatisa simba. Kuzvidavirira kwepamutemo kunoda kuti mutongi akazvimirira azvisarudzire mudzongonyedzo yezvematongerwe enyika.

Kuzvidavirira munzanga kunobatanidza vagari vemo uye nzanga inoraira zvakananga kuzvidavirira. Michina inobatanidza kutongwa kwavose, makadhi evagari vemo anoshuma, kuronga mari yokushandisa, uye kuongororwa kwezvinobudisa nhau. Apo vatarisiri vehurumende vanoitira hanya basa rehurumende uye manzwi, zvinoparira dzvinyiriro yokudavidza. Kuzvidavirira kwenzanga kunokosha zvikurukuru mumigariro umo masangano ehurumende akaneta.

Iyi mitanharo mina — magetsi, pamutemo, uye magariro. Nheyo dzemativi ose dzinosiyana munyika dzose, asi pamwe chete dzinosarudza kuti vakuru vakuru vanotarisana nemiuyoi nokuda kwezviito zvavo. Nzvero nguva dzose inoratidza kuti chivimbo chakakomba chakabatanidzwa zvikuru [[ kuzvidavirira kunorangarirwa kuva mumativi ose aya.

Basa Rokuvimba Nevagari Vomunyika: Chikonzero Nei Richikosha Nokuda Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuvimba norudzi ndiko kunoita kuti nzanga dzehurumende dzibatane. Kuvimba nemasangano ehurumende, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye maitiro evanhu kunogonesa kushandira pamwe, kuwirirana nemitemo, uye kutora rutivi nokuzvidira muupenyu hwevanhu. Kana chivimbo chakakwirira, vagari vemo vangangobhadhara mitero, kuteerera mirau, kuzvipira, uye kuva nechinetso chakabatana.

Kuvimba kunoshanda pamwero yakawanda. Institutional inoreva kuvimba nezvinhu zvisingaoneki zvakadai sechirongwa chehurumende, chitongi, kana kuti mapurisa. Chivimbo chezvamatongerwe enyika chakananga zvikuru(-) kudavira vatungamiriri vakati kana kuti mapoka. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha nokuda kwomutemo wedemokrasi. World Value Survice yeWorld yetsika dzenyika yakatsvaka kuramba kuvimba nehurumende dzakawanda mumakumi amakore apfuura, kumutsa alamu pamusoro poutano hwegadziriro idzi.

Kuvimba nemugari wemo mukuru kunounza betsero dzisingachinjiki:

  • Muvhoti akawedzerwa: Vagari vemo vanovimba negadziriro vanodavira nhau dzavo dzevhoti uye vanoda zvikuru kutora rutivi. Nyika dzine mwero yechivimbo chikuru nguva dzose dzinoona bvumirano yakasimba zvikuru.
  • Kuvimbana kukurusa munzanga:[[[FLT: 1]] kunokurudzira vanhu kukumbanira masangano enzanga, kupinda misangano yavose, uye kuzvipira nokuda kwemabasa ehurumende. Ikoku kunosimbisa chipfeko chenzanga uye kuvandudza muitiro wokudzorera.
  • [ Tsinhirano yakajeka nezvirongwa zvehurumende: Kana zvichishandisa matanho outano kana kuti zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvivako, hurumende dzinovimba nokuteerera nokuzvidira. Kuvimba kunoderedza mari inoshandiswa pakumanikidza uye kunatsiridza migumisiro.

Kutadza kuchengetedza zvinhu kunotoita kuti vanhu vasazvitarisira zvakanaka, vachisiyira zvisarudzo zvemitemo kuvanhu vakakwirira.

Kunyatsotenderwa Kwevanhu Vane Chivimbo Nezvavachaitwa Nematongerwe Enyika

Vanhu pavanoona kuti vakuru vakuru vanonzi vane mutoro wokusaita zvakanaka kana kuti havaiti zvakaipa, vanowedzera kuvimba kwavo maererano nezvavanotenda.

Kujeka Sehwaro Hwechivimbo

Kuona chitarisiko kunoreva kuita kuti mashoko ehurumende asvike, anzwisisike, uye asvike panguva. Mareko emitemo, mabhajeti ehurumende, uye marusando emitemo magariro emitemo avose zvinobvumira vagari vemo kuona zviri kuitwa nevatungamiriri vavo. Kana vagari vemo vachigona kuwana mashoko, vanogona kuongorora pasina kumira kumira mikana yehurumende uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Kutarisisa kunoderedza mikana yeuori uye zviratidzo zvokuti vakuru vakuru havana chinhu chokuvanza. Nyika dzine mitemo yakasimba yokuratidza pachena, dzakadai seFinland neNorway, nguva dzose nzvimbo yakakwirira pakati pezvigaro zvevagari vemo.

Kuitira Hanya Vagari Vomunyika

Kuteerera kunoreva kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vateerere ndokuita chimwe chinhu pamashoko evagari vemo. Ikoku kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: kugamuchira tsamba netsamba, kuchinja miitiro yakavakirwa pakubvunza kwavose, kana kuti kukurukura zvigumbu zvomunzvimbomo nokukurumidza. Apo vagari vomunyika vanonzwa, vanokudziridza pfungwa yokubudirira . Chitendero chokuti kutora rutivi kwavo. Kuzvidzora kunovaka chivimbo kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti hurumende haisati iri simba risiri renyika isiri revatorwa asi mubiyavo vanobatira vose. Vakuru vakuru vanochengeta horo dzetaundi, vanoshandisa zviteshiviso zvenzanga kuti vabata, uye vatevere nhau dzenzanga kuona kuvimbwa kwavo.

Kusachinja Mumitemo Netsika

Kusachinja kunobereka kufanotevedzana, uko kunokosha nokuda kwechivimbo. Kana hurumende dzichichinja kazhinji kazhinji mirau yokusaita zvisarudzo pasina kujeka, kana kuti kuva nounyengeri(vane mativi) vanova vasina chokwadi uye vasingavimbiki. Kushandiswa kwemitemo kwenguva dzose, kunamatira kumuitiro wakafanira, uye kuchinjika pakati pamashoko nezviito zvakavimbika. Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo kunochinja, zvakadai sokushandisa zvirango zvakasiana - siana kuvatongi navagariwo zvavo, kunoparadza chivimbo nokukurumidza.

Michina Inozvidavirira Inobudirira

Kupfuura kujeka nokugamuchira, masangano anozvidavirira nenzira yapamutemo anoita basa rakananga. Masangano anoongorora uori, mahofisi avose, masangano evatarisiri, uye matare anotarisira anonzvera mitoo yakaipa uye anorumbidza mishonga. Apo aya mapoka anosimbiswa ndokubereka miuyo, vagari vanoona kuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo. Somuenzaniso, Corruption Perceptions Index kubva kuTransparency International inoratidza kuti nyika dzine mitaro yakasimba yekutarisira kwakakwirira ine mwero yechivimbo chikuru.

Zvine musoro kuti vanhu vazive kuti zvinhu zviripo uye kuti zvinoshanda. Kuparadzira kuongorora, kubudisa mishumo yokuongorora kunoitwa, uye kufukidza mabasa okuzvidavirira anowanikwa muzvinobudisa nhau zvinokosha kuti vavake kuvimba.

Fundo Dzechamende Dzakaenzana: Kuzvidavirira Mumuitiro

Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inoratidzira kuti kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoumba sei chivimbo chevagari vemo mugadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyika dzeScandinavia: Kuvimba Zvikuru Kupfurikidza Nesimba Resangano

Sweden, Denmark, Norway, uye Finland nguva dzose matura enzvimbo dzakakwirira. Idzi nyika dzine magamuchidzanwa marefu okuona zvakanaka, uori hwakaderera, uye kudzorwa kwomutemo kwakasimba. Gadziriro dzadzo dzokuzvidavirira dzinobatanidza masangano makuru eOmbudsman (misi yeParamende yeSweden yeOmbudsman ya1809), mitemo yehurumende (Rusunungu rwePress of the Press Act ye1766) inosimbiswa netsika dzenyika yebvumirano nenzanga. Vagari vemo vanovimba nehurumende dzavo nemhaka yokuti vanoona kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira kupfurikidza nehurumende vanozvidavirira, mabhiza mahara, uye uori hahuzati husingawanzowaniki. Chividzo chinotsigirwa netsika yenyika yokubvumirana nenzanga.

United States: Kuvimba Kwakakanganiswa Nokukundikana Kuzvidavirira

Chivimbo muhurumende yeUnited States chakaderera zvikuru kubva pa75% muma 1960 kusvikira pasi pe 20% mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Nhevedzano yekukundikana kukuru kwokuzvidavirira kweVietnam , Watergate, Iran-Contate, Iraq War yenhema, uye njodzi yezvemari ya2008 yakaparira kuderera kukuru. Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, zvakadai sechitanhatu chechitanhatu nemhesano dzakawanda, zvakabvisa kuderera nokusavimba. Kunyange zvazvo U.S. ine kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo uye kudzorwa kwamashoko, kudzorwa kwemitsetse nedzero kwakaderera kwemibato. Vagari vemo vanoona nomutoo unowedzera gadziriro sechiNgeki, uye ruvimbiko rwakaderera.

New Zealand: Chivimbo Chinooneka Chinovakazve

New Zealand inogovera muenzaniso wakananga wekuvandudza kuvimba. Sangano reSangano rePureanci rePurement reHurumende rakawedzerwa nenzira yakajekeswa, richiteverwa neLocal Government Information and Mistial Act (1987). Iyi mitemo yakapa vagari vemo kodzero dzakafara kuvhura magwaro ehurumende. Yakabatanidzwa nezviteshi zvechishamiso zvakasimba zvokudzivisa uori uye basa rehurumende renyanzvi, New Zealand yakaona mwero yechivimbo chavanhu uchikwira nenzira yakatsigarira. Nyika yacho nguva dzose pakati pevane uori zvishoma munyika yose, uye mwero yayo yechivimbo chavagari vemo ndeimwe yakakwirira zvikuru kunze kweScandinavia. Njokata, dzakadai semhinduro yekudengenyeka kwapasi nesimba reCHOVHOVAD, yakaratidzirazve kudavirazve kudavira kuvimbika kwehurumende uye kuvimbwa necho.

Estonia: Kuzvidavirira uye Kuvimba

Estonia inopa muenzaniso wazvino uno wenzira yokuwedzera nayo kuzvidavirira. Kupfurikidza negadziriro yayo yemichina inodzorwa, vagari vemo vanogona kuwana marekodhi avose, vhota paIndaneti, kunzvera zvinyorwa zvavo zvezvokurapa, uye kunyange kuona kuti ndiani awana mashoko avo. Kuoneka kwemichina kunoumba muitiro une simba wokuzvidavirira: kushandiswa kwemashoko kunokurumidza kuonekwa. Kuchinja kwapabumbiro reEstonia reStonia kubvumidza kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka kwemashoko nepo kuchengetedza nzira dzokuongorora. Mugumisiro wacho chivimbo chikuru muhurumende, zvikurukuru pakati pevagari vaduku. Kunzvera kwemakombiyuta kunoratidza kuti kuedza kwemamichina eEstonia kunowedzera kunzwisisa kwokusununguka kwehurumende uye mikana yokushatsara uori.

Zvinetso Zvokuramba Tiine Mhaka Nezvamatongerwe Enyika

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunotarisana nemhinganidzo huru munyika dzakawanda.

Uori Nevatengesi

Uori muvengi wakananga wokuzvidavirira. Apo vakuru vakuru vanozvipfumisa vamene kupfurikidza nechiokomuhomwe, kana kuti kugovera tsvina, vanoita chiito mukurwisana nefariro yavanhu. Uori hunoparadza chivimbo kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kuti mitoo yokuzvidavirira yakundikana. Munyika dzakashata zvikuru, vagari vemo vanowanzonzwa vasina simba, vanoona kuti vapfumi uye vanosanopukunyuka chirango. Nzvero yeAcademic [ inosimbisa kuti mirangariro yakakwirira yokuzvidavirira yakaderera zvikuru inodeya kuvimbwa nayo mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kuparadzana kukuru kunoderedza kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokuchinja kurudziro. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoisa ruvimbiko rwebato navanodenha pamusoro poudzori hunooneka. Matare anotonga anova nzvimbo dzehondo dzinoparadzana panzvimbo penzvimbo dzokutarira pasina rusaruro. Mumhoteredzo dzapasi, vagari vemo sezvingabvira havawanzoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vavo vamene vomubato vazvidavirire. Kushata kunonetesawo kuzvidavirira kwezvinobudisa nhau kana zvinobudisa nhau zvikava zvisakafanira.

Kukamukana uye Kukanganisa Kuziva

Zvinobudisa nhau zvinobatira semuitiro mukuru wokuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokunzvera nokushuma pamusoro pomufambiro usina kunaka wehurumende. Zvisinei, kudimburwa kwezvinobudisa nhau, kuderera kwemapepanhau omunzvimbomo, uye kukura kwemashoko asina kururama zvinoderedza basa iri. Apo vagari vemo vanowana mashoko kubva kumanyuko anotsiva kana kuti maremidhiredhi enzanga, vangasagamuchira mashoko akarurama pamusoro pebasa rehurumende. Mishproject inogona kubvisa chivimbo kunyange apo kuzvidavirira chaiko kunenge kwakasimba, sezvo nhau dzenhema dzinopararira nokukurumidza kupfuura ruramiso.

Gadziriro Dzisina Utera Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Munyika dzakawanda, masangano anodzivirira uori angaiswa pasi pomutarisiri wehurumende, uye mahofisi angabudisa mishumo inofuratirwa. Pasina kuteererwa, mabasa okuzvidavirira anova okufananidzira pane kubudirira. Utera hunoparira kusavimba uye kusavimba kukuru.

Nheyo Dzokuwedzera Kuzvidavirira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokuvakazve Chivimbo

Kuti munhu agadzirise nyaya yake anofanira kuronga nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokugadzirisa nadzo zvinhu dzinoda kuti zvizoitwa nevakuru vakuru uye kuti vagarisane.

Kusimbisa Misangano Yokutarisira Yakasununguka

Nyika dzinofanira kuisa mari mumabasa okudzivisa uori, vanoongorora vanhu, mahofisi evatongi, uye masangano anotonga. Masangano aya anoda kuzvimirira(mari inochengetedzwa yemari inoiswa panzvimbo yazvo, kurongeka kwakakodzera, uye kudzivirirwa pakudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kushanda zvakanaka mumabasa adzo uye kushuma pachena nguva dzose kunobatsira kuvaka kuvimbika. Nzanga yemarudzi ose inogona kutsigira nhamburiko idzi kupfurikidza nokudzidza nokutsigira mari.

Kusimudzira Dzidzo Yakafanana Nokutorawo Rutivi

Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei uye kuti kuzvidavirira kunorevei vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuikumbira. Purogiramu dzedzidzo dzeCUB muzvikoro uye nhimbe dzavose dzinogona kuwedzera kuziva kodzero nemashandisiro anowanika. Kubatanidzwa kwezvishandiso zvokutungamirira zvakadai sematare evagari vemo, mari yokuronga, uye mapepa enzanga anopa vanhuwo zvavo ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakananga mukuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Apo vagari vemo vanoona kuti kubatanidzwa kwavo kunoparira miuyo, chivimbo chinokura.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Runonhuhwirira Rwokuona Zvakajeka

Maturusi emagetsi anogona kuwedzera kuzvidavirira kukuru. Mazita anobudisa mabhajeti ehurumende, mapepa okuwana, uye maactal micronomics zvinogonesa kuongororwa nevagari vemo uye vatori venhau. Gadziriro dzokurapa dzinoderedza uori kupfurikidza nemiitiro inodzorwa nokugadzira nzira dzokuongorora. Michina inofambisa zvinhu inobvumira vagari vemo kushuma kukundikana kwebasa kana kuti uori husingazivikanwi. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa harusi chikamu chenyika chegaro chesendigaro nezvinovandikanisira zvinofanira kukurukurwa.

Kudzivirira Rusununguko Rwezvinobudisa Nhau Nezvinhu Zvinokuvadza

Zvinobudisa nhau zvine simba, zvakazvimirira zvinokosha nokuda kwokuzvidavirira. Hurumende dzinofanira kudzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa, kumanikidza mitemo inorwisana neSLAP, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vashambadzi venhau vakasununguka. Tsigiro nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvenhau zvisingapinduri uye masangano anonzvera maidi anogona kushora mashoko asina kururama. Mapurogiramu okunyora nokunyora nokunyora pepanhau anobetsera vagari vemo kuyera rudzi rwamashoko uye kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kutsigira Tsika Yokuperera

Vatungamiriri vose vanofanira kutevedzera tsika dzetsika uye kuita kuti pave pachena. Mitemo yokudzivirira inokurudzira kushuma mufambiro usina kururama. Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kugamuchira mabumbiro etsika oaita kuti arambe. Masangano emarudzi ose akadai seUN Convention yokurwisana noUoristrucism anogovera mipimo nedzvinyiriro yavaenzani.

mhedziso

Kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvimba nevagari vemo zvinoumba chisarudzo chisingachinji. Pakushanda zvakanaka kupfurikidza nesarudzo, kutarira, uye kupindura vanoona kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende anoshanda nokuda kwavo. Kuvimba kunokwira, kuchigonesa kudzora zviri nani. Kana kuzvidavirira kuchikundikana, kuvimba nehurumende inonyengera. Ufakazi hunobva Scandinavia, New Zealand, Estonia, uye dzimwe nyika dzinotarisirwa zvikuru dzinoratidza kuti kuronga nokuvimbisana kwehurumende kwemaune zvinogona kuvaka nokuchengeta chivimbo. Nhaudzo yeAmerica inonyevera kuti kukundikana kuzvidavirira kunogona kuparira kusava nechivimbo kwenguva refu. Zvinetsoro zvakaita souori, kushata, mashoko okushatakwa kwemashoko, mashoko asina simba, uye masangano anoda zvose zviri zviviri kuti pave nechiito nechengeripo chetsika dzogaro, nzanga dzinosimbisa kutsigira kutendeka nzanga dzinoda kudzora zvikuru.