Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inodzora sei zviito zvehurumende zvinokosha kuvadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anotevera mutemo wavose. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kunoshanda kweiyi mienzaniso inokosha, inonzvera, miitiro, uye miuyo yokuita chisarudzo chohurumende.

Kunzwisisa Kushanda Kwehurumende yeAmerica

Kudzikama uku kunogona kutungamirira kunhamo inobudirira, zvikurukuru apo mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nefariro dzehurumende kana kuti tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rinopa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, akadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekuita muitiro wokumwe.Tenth Amendment inochengeta mamwe masimba ose kunyika kana kuti vanhu.

Mubatanidzwa wehurumende wazvino uno unowanzobatanidza kubatana kwakaoma uko mari yehurumende inopinda netsandanyama, ichida kuti nyika dziwirirane nemigariro yakati kuti dzigamuchire mari.

Mitemo Mikuru Yehurumende Inotapura Zvisarudzo Zvehurumende

Mitemo yakawanda yehurumende yakapesvedzera zvikuru zvisarudzo zvehurumende mumativi akasiyana - siyana. Heino mienzaniso inokosha:

  • Act yeAffordble Care (ACA)[FLT:]: Uyu mutemo wakatanhamara wakakudza kusvika kwoutano uye unoda nyika kukudza Medicaid kana kuti kutarisana nemari. Dare rapamusoro rakaita kuti Medicaid ifutunuke nenzira isina kusarudzwa nokuda kwehurumende muna 2012, zvichitungamirira kumhinduro dzakasiana munyika yose. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira wedzero, kududza miuyo yakavandudzwa youtano nebetsero dzemari. Dzimwe dzakaramba, kutaura pamusoro pendyiko nemhindu dzehurumende.
  • Mudzidzi ari wose Wendseeds Act (ESSA): Uyu mutemo wedzidzo wakachinja kuzvidavirira kubva kunyika kuenda kumwero yenyika, uchibvumira nyika kutanga mipimo yadzo dzimene yedzidzo nemiitiro yokunzvera. Nyika dzakawana chinjika mukuyera kushanda kwechikoro nepo dzichichengeta zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa nokuda kwokuedza nokushuma.
  • Craous Air Act and Clean Water Act: Iyi mitemo yehurumende inoraira kuti iwirirane nemipimo chaiyo yemhoteredzo, ichitapura mitemo yomunzvimbomo pakudzorwa kweshatiso, kubudiswa kwemhepo, uye kunaka kwemvura.
  • Kubatana Policies[[FLT: 1]: Mitemo inobatira vatami inowanzoisa miganhu munzvimbo dzinodenha. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoda batira pamwe nemitemo yokubatanidza vatami vehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzakagamuchira mitemo yenzvimbo tsvene inoganhurira kubatanidzwa kwomunzvimbomo. Iyi misiyano inoratidzira kupesana kwemirangariro pamusoro pezvinhu zvinokosha zvomubatanidzwa.
  • National Highwal System Desication Act: Uyu mutemo wakabatanidza mari yomumugwagwa mukuru kuwirirano nezvinodikanwa zvakasiyana, kubatanidza ganhuriro dzekumhanya nemirau yokutyaira yakadhakwa. Apo Congress yakadzosa muganhu wekumhanya kwenyika muna 1995, dzimwe nyika dzakakurumidza kumutsa ganhuriro nepo dzimwe dzakadzichengeta dzakaderera.

Kupesvedzera Kwekutonga Kwedare Repamusorosoro

Zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende zvinoumbawo muitiro wehurumende.

  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202)[FLT: Yakaita kuti kufutunuka kweMedicaid kuve kwokusasarudza nokuda kwenyika, kuchiparira basa razvino uno rokufukidza munyika dzose.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]: Kuda kuti nyika dzose dzizive roorano yevatano, kuisa mitemo yehurumende nedzongedzero dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • South Dakota v. Wayfair (2088): Nyika dzakabvumirwa kukumbira kutengeswa kwehurumende kuti dziunganidze mutero wokutengesa, kubudisa mari itsva pasina mutemo mutsva wehurumende.

Basa Rezvipo Nokutsigira Mari

Mipiro yeFederal inoita basa rinokosha mukuumba miitiro yenyika. Nyika dzinovimba nemari yehurumende kutsigira zvirongwa zvakawanda, ichiita jhiro rinopesvedzera kuita chisarudzo chehurumende. Kune marudzi makuru maviri ezvipo zvehurumende:

  • Garadziro dzemari: Nyuza dzemadonzo akananga ane migariro yakaoma. United States inofanira kushandisa mari sezvinotungamirirwa uye kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Medicaid, petuti I mari yedzidzo, uye mipiro yokuvaka migwagwa mikuru.
  • Kuisa maGrands: mari dzenharaunda dzemiitiro yakafara neganhuriro shomanene, inopa ganhuriro dzinopa. Chirongwa chenguva pfupi chepasi pePrevery Families (TANF) muenzaniso unokosha.

Nzvimbo Huru Dzesimba Renyika Rinotsigirwa Nehurumende

  • . Mari inopiwa migwagwa mikuru negadziriro dzokufambisa vanhu vose inoda kuti zviitwe pakutanga. Nyika dzinofanira kuwirirana nemipimo yehurumende pakugadzirwa, chengeteko, uye nhevedzano yemhoteredzo kuti dzigamuchire mari. Interstate Highway System muenzaniso unooneka zvikurusa webatira pamwe yehurumende mugadziriro yezvivako.
  • ,: Mutezo wemari yandinoshandisa nokuda kwezvikoro zvinowanwa zvakaderera unosunda zvisarudzo zvehurumende pamigariro yemari negadziriro dzokuzvidavirira. Mitengo inofanira kushandisa nzvero dzinotevedzerwa nemigumisiro kuti igamuchire mari yedzidzo yehurumende. IDEA (Vanhu vane Mitemo yeMitemo yeDrumya) inounza mari inodikanwa nokuda kwokubatira vadzidzi vane urema.
  • Charecure: Medicaid ipurogiramu hurusa inogovera hurumende, ichigovera purofiti youtano kuvaAmerica vanosvikika zvishoma. Hurumende yehurumende inobhadhara mwero unowirirana (FMAP) unosiana nehurumende, kubva pa 50% kusvikira ku 80%. Iyi inoparira dzvinyiriro yehurumende asi inoparirawo dzvinyiriro yemari apo bhajeti rehurumende inobatikana.
  • Utano hwePublic[[FLT: 1]: Kushandisa mari kupfurikidza neCDC namamwe masangano anoumba zviito zvehurumende kuzvinetso zvoutano, kubvira pakunzverwa kwehosha kusvikira kunhimbe dzenhomba. United States inofanira kusvitsa mipimo yehurumende kuti igamuchire mari yakagadzirira.
  • Kudzorwa kwemitemo[[FLT: 1]: Purogiramu yeByrne Justice Applice Grant inogovera mari yehurumende nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwehurumende nokwemutemo womunzvimbomo, nemigariro ine chokuita nokurasikirwa nepfuma yavagari vemo nemimwe miitiro.

Michina Yepesvedzero Yenzanga

Kunze kwezvipo, hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa zvinhu zvinoverengeka kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvehurumende:

  • Kusunungura[[FLT:]: Mutemo weFederal unogona kukurira mutemo wehurumende munharaunda umo Congress ine chiremera. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unobhuroka wehurumende unodzivisa miganhu yokuita gadziriro dzayo dzimene dzokubhuroka.
  • Acts Coftivative Acts[[FLT: 1]: Masangano eFederal anopinda muzvibvumirano nehurumende kuti ashandise mapurogiramu ehurumende, akadai sokubvumidza mhoteredzo kana kuti kuchengetwa kwokuchengeteka kwebasa.
  • Madate asingadikanwi: Hurumende yehurumende inogona kuda nyika kuita zviito pasina kugovera mari. Mandaters Reform Act ya1995 yakatenderwa kuganhurira uyu muitiro, asi nyika inoshuma mari inokosha kubva muzvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.
  • Kushandisa mari : Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa simba rayo rokushandisa kuisa migariro kupa, kuchipesvedzera mufambiro wehurumende munharaunda dzakafanana nekotsekano yomumugwagwa mukuru (g., ichida mitemo yechigaro kuti igamuchire mari yomumugwagwa mukuru).

Fundo Dzenhau: Mirangariro Yehurumende Nemhinduro

Kunzvera zvinoitika chaizvo kunoratidza kuti miitiro yomubatanidzwa inoparira sei mhinduro dzomugariro dzakasiyana - siyana.

Fundo Yokutanga: Kukura Kwemadhisiki MuACA

Pashure pekushandiswa kweACA, masangano akatarisana nechisarudzo chokuwedzera Medicaid kuvakuru vachiwana kusvika ku 138% yomwero wourombo womubatanidzwa. Hurumende yehurumende yakakarakadza kubhadhara 100% yendyiko dzefutunuko pakutanga, kudzika kusvikira ku 90% pa 2020 uye kupfuura. Nyika dzakaita zvisarudzo zvakasiana zvakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvezvamatongerwe enyika, zvemari, uye zvendangariro.

Zvikamu zvakakudza zvakadudzwa betsero dzakadai sedzinoderedzwa mwero isina kutsarukana, miuyo youtano yakavandudzwa, uye betsero dzemari dzinobva mumari yomubatanidzwa. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti nyika dzinowana kusimudzirwa kwemari yechipatara nokuderedzwa kwendyiko dzetarisiro dzisina kudzorwa.

Zvikamu zvisina kukudza zvakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pendyiko dzenhambo refu, kunyengera kwehurumende, uye gadziriro yepurogiramu. Vamwe vakataura kuti futunuko yaizobvisa zvimwe zvinhu zvokutanga zvehurumende kana kuti kuti hurumende yehurumende ingaderedza mwero wayo unowirirana munguva yemberi. Sekwa 2024, maruwa 40 neruwa rweColumbia zvakakudza Mdhicaid, nepo nyika gumi dzisina kukura.

Nyaya iyi inoratidza kuti mutemo wehurumende unogona sei kuita kuti nyika dzive nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana asi uchiri kuita zvinangwa zvakafara zvokufutunura.

Kuongorora Zvakaitika 2: Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Neutungamiriri Hwehurumende

Mitemo yemhoteredzo yakarongwa inowanzosunda nyika kushandisa matanho okurwisa kushatiswa, asi nyika dzinotungamirirawo mukukudziridza mipimo yorumano zvikuru.

Utungamiriri hweCalifornia ndihwo muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa. Ceair Act inobvumira California kugadza mipimo yayo amene inobudisa motokari nemhaka yokuti yakanga ine mapurogiramu avapo hurumende yehurumende isati yaita chiito. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kushandisa mipimo yeCalifornia panzvimbo peyavatungamiriri. Pari zvino, 17 nyika dzakashandisa mitemo yemotokari yeCalifornia, ichiumba chikamu chikuru chemisika yemotokari yeU.S.

California yakashandisa chiremera ichi kumanikidza nokuda kwokuderedza kupisa kwegasi rinodziya, magetsi anoraira, uye zvinodikanwa zvemotokari zvisingabviri. Iyi mitemo yenzvimbo yehurumende yakapesvedzera muitiro wehurumende uye kunyange mipimo yenyika yose, sezvo vagadziri vemotokari vanochinjirwa kumusika mukurusa wehurumende.

Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitoo yakasiana-----. Dzimwe dzakakumbanira zvirongwa zvenharaunda zvekapupu ne-trade nokuda kwokubudisa carbon, zvakadai seRegional Greenhouse Gas Initive (RGI) muNorthern East. Dzimwe dzakadzivisa mirau yezvakatipoteredza, mitemo inodenha mudare uye inononoka kuitwa. Muuyo ibasa remitemo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo iyo inoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri zvinodikanwa zvehurumende nechisarudzo chehurumende.

Fundo Yenhau 3: Mipimo Yedzidzo Nokuzvidavirira

Mhindumupindu yomuitiro wedzidzo womubatanidzwa inoratidza kuchinja - chinja kwezvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa noudzori hwehurumende.

No Child Child Chile Chiri Seri (2002) yakaisa zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvokuzvidavirira zvehurumende, kubatanidza kuedzwa kwegore negore, kuyera kwebasa rechikoro, uye miuyo nokuda kwezvikoro zvinoita mabasa akaderera.

Mudzidzi ari wose Wends Fuzect (2015) akachinja mutoo uyu, achidzorera chiremera chinokosha kuhurumende. Nyika zvino dzinoronga gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzokuzvidavirira, dzinogadza nharidzano dzadzo dzimene nokuda kwebudiriro yavadzidzi, uye kusarudza kupindira nokuda kwezvikoro zvinoita mabasa akaderera. Zvisinei, ivo vanofanira kutungamirira kuedza kwehurumende uye kushuma mashoko anobvisa mashoko neboka ravadzidzi duku.

Ichi chiitiko chinoratidza kuti muitiro womubatanidzwa unogona sei kutenderera pakati pokuva pakati penzvimbo yapakati nokuterama, kupindura kuitiro hanya dzehurumende nepo uchichengeta zvinhu zvinokosha zvomubatanidzwa pamusoro pekururamisira nokuzvidavirira.

Zvinetso Nerwisano Mumasangano Ezveruwa

Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yehurumende ichitungamirira, ingakonzerawo kurwisana, nyika dzingaramba kurayira kwokuti dzinofunga kuti dzinotyora kodzero dzadzo kana kuti hadziwirirani netsika dzemo.

  • LIGELAL FULLS: United States kazhinji kazhinji dzinodenha mitemo yehurumende mudare, kuchitungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo dzakarebesa. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza denho kumiitiro yehurumende yokupinda munyika, mitemo yemhoteredzo, uye zvinodikanwa zvokutarisira utano. Iyi mhaka inowanzosvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro, iro pakupedzisira rinorondedzera miganhu yechiremera chehurumende.
  • Political Resistance[[FLT: 1]]: vatungamiriri vehurumende vangashora mitemo yehurumende nokuda kwezvikonzero zvepfungwa, kutapura. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoda tendero yehurumende isati yashandisa mapurogiramu ehurumende, nepo magavhuna akaramba kumanikidza mirayiridzo yehurumende yaanorangarira kuva yakakurirwa.
  • Resource Confects: nyika dzingaparapatika kuwirirana nemirairo yehurumende nemhaka yeganhuriro dzemari kana kuti miganhu yakaganhurirwa yokutarisira. Ikoku kunodenha zvikuru nokuda kwehurumende duku dzine zviteshi zvishomanene kutsaurira kumibato yokubatira.
  • Kubatanidza[: Kunyange apo nyika dzinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende, dzinoshandisa miitiro yakasiana. Ikoku kunoparira mhatsa mumiuyo yepurogiramu munyika dzose, kuchimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekukwana nokushanda.
  • , uye Tsinga[[FLT: 1]: Hurumende yehurumende inogona kupa nyika mvumo kubvumira nyika kuedza nemitoo yakasiana - siana yokuita nharidzano dzomubatanidzwa. Nepo vaparidzi vachigovera kuchinjika, ivo vanoparirawo kusadavira uye vanogona kubviswa kana zvinhu zvokutanga zvikachinja.

Kunetsa Kunoshanda Kwevagadziri Vemitemo yeHurumende

Vagadziri vemitemo yehurumende vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuita nadzo ukama hwehurumende nehurumende:

  • Minitoling projects dzehurumende: United States inoronga mitemo yehurumende, mirau, uye zviito zvokutonga izvo zvinotapura fariro dzavo. Masangano mazhinji ane mahofisi okutsigira nokuda kwezvokutanga.
  • Kuvaka basa rokutarisira[: nyika dzinoisa unyanzvi hwokushandisa mapurogiramu ehurumende nokushandisa zvipo zvemakwikwi. Nyika huru kazhinji kazhinji dzine vashandi vakazvitsaurira nokuda kwoukama hwehurumende ndokupa kukumbira.
  • iri musangano rehurumende rinobatira pamwe: United States inotora rutivi mumatare ehurumende okuronga, inotsinhira pamirau inokarakadzwa, uye inoitana namasangano ehurumende kuumba udzame hwokuita.
  • Kushandisa kuchinjika nenzira inoshanda: nyika dzinoshandisa zvirongwa zvehurumende zvokuratidzira, uye zvirongwa zvehurumende kuronga zvirongwa zvokuronga zvirongwa zvinowirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo.
  • Kuranga nokuda kwokusava nechokwadi: Muitiro weFederal unogona kuchinja nezvisarudzo, mirau yedare, uye zvinhu zvokutanga zvinochinja. Mitemo inofanira kuvaka gadziriro dzinogona kuchinjira kuchinjo chezvinodikanwa zvehurumende kana kuti mwero yemari.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa ukama uhwu kunokosha kuvadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo sezvakunoumba muitiro wavose unotapura utano, dzidzo, mhoteredzo, zvinhu zvinokosha, nezvimwe zvakawanda.

Mitemo yehurumende inoumba gadziriro uye inogovera mari, asi nyika dzinochengeta uchenjeri hukuru mukushanda. Ikoku kunoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nedenho. Hurumende dzinogona kugadziridza mapurogiramu nezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo uye kuedza nemitoo mitsva. Zvisinei, kuoma kwezvinodikanwa zvehurumende uye bviro yerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kungwarira.

Sezvo hurumende dzinoshandisa mirairo yehurumende, vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nevavariro dzenyika. Muuyo igadziriro yehurumende ine simba inoshanduka - shanduka kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, rondedzero, uye kuedza miitiro. Nokuda kwaavo vanofunda muitiro wavose, kunzwisisa ukama hwehurumende nehurumende kunokosha kunzwisiswa kuti America inozvitonga sei imene.

Nguva yemberi yehurumende ichapfuurira kuumbwa nezvisarudzo zvedare, kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye denho dzinomuka. Nhau dzakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, mirau yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye migariro youtano yavose zvichaedza miganhu yechiremera chehurumende nehurumende. Avo vanonzwisisa simba rinoshanda reukama hwehurumende yapasi vachava vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutora rutivi muidzi kurukurirano dzinokosha.

Zvinhu Zvinobatsira Kuti Tirambe Tichidzidza

  • Mapepa echidhinha[[FOT:1] (Zvikurukuru murairi weMadhipatimendi Nha. 45 naAiwa 51): Magwaro ehwaro pamusoro penheyo dzehurumende, rakanyorwa naJames Madison, Alexander Hamilton, uye John Jay.
  • State neHurumende yomunzvimbomo muFederal System naDaniel R. Mandelker et al.: Kunzverwa kwemabasa epamutemo neebetsero ehurumende nedzomunzvimbomo mukuwirirana nechiremera chehurumende yomubatanidzwa.
  • American Federalis: A Concise Introduction naJohn Kincaid: Nhevedzo inoravika yenhau yehurumende, nheyo, uye nhau dzapanguva imwe.
  • Governing States and Localeties naKevin B. Smith naAlan Greenblatt: Bhuku rinofundwa rinobatanidza masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika enyika, miitiro, uye ukama hwehurumende.
  • Conferenceal of State Legislatures (ncsl.org): Inyuko yemiitiro yehurumende inoronga miganhu inotapura miganhu nemhinduro dzehurumende.
  • U.S.Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations: Mishumo yenhau pamusoro poukama hwehurumende inowanika kupfurikidza neUniversity of North Texas Library.