Basa Rinokosha Retsika Dzehurumende Mukutonga Kwehurumende

Tsika dzehurumende dzinoumba mavambo okuvimbwa kwavose nokutendeka kwesangano. Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti vatungamiriri vavo navashandi vehurumende vanoshanda nokutendeseka, nokururamisira, uye kuzvidavirira, vane bviro huru yokutora rutivi muupenyu hwevagari vemo, kuwirirana nemitemo, uye kutsigira nhamburiko dzavose. Nenzira inopesana, nzwisiso dzouori hwakapararira dzinoparadza kutenda muhurumende, dzinonyandura kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzinobvisa pfuma pamabasa anokosha akadai sezvoutano, dzidzo, uye zvirongwa. [[FLT]] dzakawana kuti kudarika matatu okuchinja kwakapararira kwouori munyika inotarisana nedenho dzakakomba, kukurumidzisa dzidzo yetsika.

Nyaya ino inopa kunzverwa kwakajeka kwetsika dzehurumende, zvimiro zvinozivikanwa navose zvouori, uye gadziriro dzinogona kudzivisa budiriro nenzira inobudirira. Inoshandisa pafundo dzenhau chaidzoidzo dzenyika, mipimo yamarudzi ose, uye zvishandiso zvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuti zvipe nhungamiro inoshanda kuvagadziri vemiitiro, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vagari vemo vakaronzeswa zvakafanana.

Kukosha Kwetsika Dzehurumende

Tsika dzehurumende hadzisiwo zvadzo pfungwa dzinodiwa; zvinhu zvinodiwa zvinoshanda.

  • Vimbai: Tsika dzinodzorwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende dzinovaka nokuchengeta chivimbo chavanhu. Kuvimba chinhu chisingatani kukuvadzwa: kana chaparadzwa, kwakaoma kugadzira. Vagari vanovimba nehurumende yavo vanoda zvikuru kubhadhara mitero, kuwirirana nemirairo, uye kutsigira nharidzano dzenguva refu dzemiitiro.
  • Ubhadharo hwemari: mipimo yetsika yakasimba inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vachazvidavirira nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo. Mitemo yokuzvidavirira — yakadai senzvero dzebasa, dare remitemo, uye hwirudzuro yedare — ita nzvero dzinodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Pasina kuzvidavirira, kunyange miraudzo yakasano inogona kushatiswa nomufambiro wokuzviitira.
  • Tracts: Urongwa hunoda kuti mabasa ehurumende avhurwe kuti anzvere. Kuona chitarisiko kunobvumira vagari vemo, zvinobudisa nhau, uye nzanga kunzvera kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei uye kuti mari yavose inoshandiswa sei. Kunoderedza mikana yemibato yakavanzika uye kunoparira tapuro inodzivisa zviito zvakaipa.
  • Ruramisiro: Uori hunokuvadza zvikuru mitezo inotapurwa zvikurusa yenzanga. Apo pfuma yavose inotorwa navakuru vakuru, varombo navanodzorwa vanorasikirwa nokuwana mabasa makuru. Kudzora kweEthication kunovimbisa kuti pfuma inogoverwa zvakanaka, kuti kuwana kwavose kubetsera kuchava mibato yemakwikwi pakati peyakati, uye kuti mutemo unoshandiswa zvakaenzana kuna vose.

Marudzi Akakurumbira Ouori

Kunzwisisa kuratidzwa chaiko kwouori kunokosha pakugadzira kupindira kwevanorwisa.

  • Briblic: Chipo, kupa, kugamuchira, kana kuti kukumbira chinhu chipi nechipi choukoshi kuti chipesvedzere zviito zvomutungamiriri wehurumende. Chiokomuhomwe chinogona kuitika muwirirano dzenguva dzose — zvakadai sokubhadhara “mari inobhadharwa” mari kukurumidzisa mvumo — kana kuti zvibvumirano zvemari yakakwirira zvikuru zvehurumende.
  • Fraud: Unyengeri hunoitwa nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga kana kuti yesangano. Muhurumende, kubiridzira kunowanzobatanidza kushatisa zvinyorwa zvemari, kutaura kwenhema nokuda kwebetsero, kana kuti kunyopeswa kwezvikwaniriso kunoitwa navakuru vakuru.
  • Chitsama: Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemari kana kuti zvinhu zvakaronzeswa kutarisiro yavakuru vakuru. Ikoku kunogona kubva kuna maneja anoba mari duku kusvikira kutsauso huru yemari yavose kupfurikidza namakambani eshekeri.
  • Kurerutsa fariro: Mugariro umo fariro dzomunhu oga dzomukuru mukuru — dzemari, dzechipfuro, kana kuti dzezvamatongerwe enyika — dzingapesvedzera zvisina kufanira mabasa avo ebasa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kupa chibvumirano kubhizimisi rehama kana kuti vhota pamutemo izvo zvinobetsera zvakananga kupinza mari kwapachivande kwehurumende.
  • [ Kusarura nokusasarura: kunoratidzwa kuhama dzokunyama kana kuti vasonganiri vapedyo mukuroja, kusimudzirwa, kana kuti kutora. Kutsiva kunosekesa nheyo dzinoda kugadzwa uye kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kukugadzwa kwavanhu vasina kukwaniriswa, kuchideredza kushanda kwamasangano avose.
  • Kushandiswa kwechiremera chapamutemo nokuda kwedonzo risina kufanira, zvakadai sokushandisa nenzira yakasarudzwa mirau yokunetsa vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kuwana nyasha dzomunhu oga mukutsinhana nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakanaka.

Somuenzaniso, chiokomuhomwe chakapiwa muongorori chingaitwa kuti chive nyore nokushayikwa kwekunyatsoonana kwepurogiramu dzokuongorora, uye muongorori mumwe chete iyeye angadzivirirwa kuti asazvidavirira nesangano rinotarisira riri mukambani yacho.

Zvisakiso Zvikuru Zvouori muHurumende

Kurwisa uori kunoshanda zvikuru pakutaura nevatyairi varipo vetsika dzisina kunaka. Zvikonzero zvinowanzova:

  • [[FLT: 0] Mubhadharo wakaderera neMamiriro Akashata Okushanda: Apo vashandi vehurumende vanobhadharwa mari shomanene kana kuti vanoshaiwa zvinhu zvikuru, vangatapurwa zvikuru nechiokomuhomwe noushati huduku somutoo wokupukunyuka nawo kana kuti wokuwedzera nawo mari.
  • Institutional Understance: Zvirongwa zvine kusakwana kwokunzvera, kuongorora, kana kuti kudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu zvinoparira mhoteredzo umo kusazvibata kunogona kubudirira pasina muuyo.
  • Ungwaru hwechipameso: Vakuru vakuru vane chiremera chakafara, chisingadzorwi chokupa mvumo, marezenisi, kana kuti varapi vane bviro huru yokutarisana nemikana yokutsvaka tsika yokurenda.
  • Huramisiro: Apo vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoshandisa zvirongwa zvavose, mabhajeti, kana kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo nokuda kwemhindu inodzorwa, gadziriro yose yokudzora tsika inobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira.
  • Culttural Norms ne Social Regavice: Mune dzimwe nzanga, kupa zvipo kuvakuru vakuru igamuchidzanwa ragara kwenguva refu, uye uori hwemwero muduku hungaitwa setsika. Kuchinja iyi mipimo kunoda zvose zviri zviviri chinjo dzapamutemo nenhimbe dzedzidzo.

Mabasa Okudzivirira Uori

Panzvimbo pezvo, hurumende dzinofanira kushandisa nzira yokubatanidza nayo zvinhu zviri pamutemo, zvinoumbwa, uye zvinochinjwa netsika.

Tsika Dzakanaka

Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa zvakajeka, rinotoita kuti riteererwe zviri pamutemo rinoita kuti pave nehwaro hwemaitiro anotarisirwa.

  • Kutaura kwemipimo mikuru yakadai sokuperera, kuva akatendeseka, uye kusasarura.
  • Kurambidza chaiko chiokomuhomwe, zvipo, uye kurwisana kwefariro.
  • Mitemo paganhuriro dzapashure pebasa (kubvisa suo nokutonhora kwenhambo) kudzivisa vakuru vakuru kupinza zivo yokuwana mari yapachivande pashure pokubva muhurumende.
  • Miitiro yakajeka yokushuma kuputswa kwemitemo nemigumisiro yokusawirirana.

Somuenzaniso, CD’s Guidelines on Public Sectory Ethics inokurudzira kuti mabumbiro emitemo ave echinjo nguva dzose uye akurukure kupfurikidza nerovedzo yapamutemo.

Kurovedza uye Dzidzo

Mufambiro wakaisvonaka unofanira kusimbiswa nguva dzose kupfurikidza nedzidzo uye mapurogiramu okuvaka mano. Kurovedza kunofanira kufukidza:

  • Kubatanidzwa nokunzwisisa bumbiro remitemo yetsika.
  • Mazivire uye kupedza kusawirirana kwefariro.
  • Varongi vokushuma uori hunofungidzirwa kuva hwakakotsekana uye hwakavanzika.
  • Kukurukurirana kunobva panyaya kunobatsira vakuru vakuru kuti vazive zvinhu zvinonetsa chaizvo panyaya dzetsika, zvakadai sokubvuma zvokudya zvinobva kumutengesi kana kuti nzira yokuita nayo chikumbiro chinobva kumutungamiriri kuti vasaita zvinorayirwa.

Mamomedhi omukombiyuta, mumashopu okushandira, uye kuenzanisira kwakavakirwa pazvinoitika zvose zvinogona kuva zvinobudirira. Muenzaniso mukuru ipurogiramu yokurovedza yeEthics neCommice inoshandiswa neHofisi yeHurumende yeUnited States, iyo iri musengwa nokuda kwavashandi vose vomuhurumende.

Dziviriro Dzemapfuti

Zvisinei, pasina dziviriro dzakasimba dzemitemo, vanoridza mhere vanozviisa pangozi yokutsiva, kunetsa, uye kuparadza basa.

  • Mikoto yokushuma isina ruzivo — yakadai semikoto inopisa, mikoto yeweb, kana kuti nzvimbo dzechitatu dzevareveri — iyo inovimbisa kuvandika.
  • Dziviriro dzapamutemo pakudzingwa, kuderedzwa, rusaruro, uye mamwe zvimiro zvokutsiva.
  • Gadziriro dzemibayiro yemari kana kuti muripo wavaridzi verimba avo vanogovera ufakazi hunotungamirira kukuroverera mhaka kunobudirira kana kuti kuwanazve zvinhu zvakabiwa.
  • Masangano anotsigira, kubatanidza betsero yapamutemo uye kupa zano mundangariro.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNTC) yakakudziridza mutemo womuenzaniso uyo nyika zhinji dzakawirirana negadziriro dzadzo dzapamutemo. Nyika dzakadai seSouth Korea neUnited Kingdom dzakaona wedzero huru muushati mukushuma kusimbiswa kwemitemo yokupfura.

Mitanho Yokuona Zvepakati

Magetsi ezuva anozivikanwa zvikuru seanonyatsouraya uori.

  • Mari yakanyorwa yakakwana, zvibvumirano zvokutenga, uye mishumo yemari inobudiswa mumabhuku emichina zviri pamapepa emashoko.
  • Kushandisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvinotarisirwa uye kufarira kuziviswa kwevakuru vakuru, nokukwanisa kuonekwa nevanhu vose kuti kuonekwe nyore nezvinobudisa nhau uye nzanga.
  • Kuita kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinyatsooneka, somuenzaniso nokugara mumisangano inokosha kana kuti kubudisa miminitsi uye kururamisa mibayiro mikuru.
  • Kubatsira vagari vemo nokuronga mari yokushandisa uye kubvunza vanhu, zvichiita kuti vaya vanopa mari vashandewo zvakananga pakushandisa mari.

Kutanga kwakaitwa muna 2004, Transparency Portal yeBrazil inogovera mashoko chaiwoiwo okushandisa mari yehurumende, kubva pamari inobhadharwa kusvika kumakondirakiti, uye anogarowanikwa nevanokwidza nhau nemasangano anoona mabhangi kuti aone kuti zvinhu zviri nani.

Kutarisira Kwokuzvimirira

Kunyange mitemo yakanakisisa yakagadzwa haishandi pasina kuchengetwa. Mitumbi yokutarisira yokuzvimirira inofanira kupiwa simba kuna:

  • Ita zvinyorwa zvenguva dzose uye zvisingakarirwi zvemasangano ehurumende.
  • Nzvero dzepomero dzouori, nesimba rokumanikidza zvinyorwa zvokuwana nokupupurira.
  • Kumanikidza mipimo yetsika kupfurikidza nezviito zvokuranga, zvirango zvokudzora, kana kuti kunongedzera mhaka nokuda kwokurovererwa mhaka.
  • Purisha mishumo inoratidza kuderera kwegadziriro dzezvinhu uye inorumbidza kuchinja zvinhu.

Independent Commission Against Uorigation (ICAC) muenzaniso unorumbidzwa. Kubvira pakutangwa kwayo muna 1974, ICAC yave yakazvimirira nenzira inoshanda pabasa rehurumende namapurisa, ine masimba ayo amene okunzvera nedhipatimendi rokudzivirira uori rakatsaurirwa. Rubudiriro rwayo rwakabatanidzwa negadziriro yetatu inonyandura yokuchengetwa, kudzivirira, uye dzidzo yenzanga.

Basa Rezvounyanzvi Mukudzivisa Uori

Mashandisiro anoshandiswa pamagetsi ari kuwedzera kushandiswa kuti aderedze mikana yokushatisa. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinonyanya kukosha zvinosanganisira:

  • ZVIPINDURWA: Zvikuva zveUniversity zvinotenga chiteshi chakazara choupenyu — kubva pachinyorwa chinyoro kusvikira pamubairo — zvinoderedza ungwaru hwomunhu ndokugadzira nzira inoongororwa. Semuenzaniso, gadziriro yokurapa yeEstonia yakarumbidzwa nokuderedza zvikuru uori mukuwana pachena.
  • Isimu yerongedzero dzeNyika nePreace Chains: Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoparadzirwa runogona kuita zvinyorwa zvokuchinja zvinhu, kushandiswa kwehurumende, uye kugoverwa kweyamuro, zvichikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti vakuru vakuru vagadziri kana kuti vagadzirise mashoko.
  • Uchenjeri hunogadzirwa neDatalytics:[ Maatomu emichina anogona kunzvera mitoo yokushandisa kuratidzira kutengeserana kunonyumwirwa, zvakadai sezvibvumirano zvakapiwazve kukambani imwe cheteyo pamitengo yakakwira, pasina kudikanwa kwevaridzi veriva.
  • Mitemo yokubhadharwa yemari:[[FLT: 1] Kufambisa mibhadharo yehurumende — ingave mibhadharo, betsero dzenzanga, kana kuti mari yemitero — kuzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinobvisa mikana yakawanda yebhadharo yemari nokupfupikisa.

Nepo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rusiri mushonga — runogonawo kushandiswa kuongorora nokudzvinyirira kusawirirana — kunyatsoita nokutarisira kwakasimba kunogona kusimbisa zvikuru kudzora tsika.

Kuongorora Zvirongwa Zvinorwisa Kuchinja Kunoita Zvokubereka

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidzira kuti mitoo yakabatana inogona sei kuwana kuderedzwa kusingatsungiririki kwoushati:

  • SAPSO: The Ecoractives Investigation Bureau (CPIIB) inofarikanya masimba akafara kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri ushati hwehurumende nehusiri hwavanhu, uye inoshanda nokuzvimirira kwakakwana. Yakabatanidzwa negadziriro yapamutemo inoranga vose vari vaviri mupi nechiokomuhomwe, uye tsika yefaniro mubasa rehurumende, Singapore yakava pakati penyika dzine uori hushomanene munyika yose kwamakumi amakore.
  • Suwenten: Ukuru hweSweden hwakavakirwa mu 1766 Uhwunungukimbe hwePress Act, hunovimbisa kusvika kwavose kuzvinyorwa zvehurumende. Nhasi, kodzero yokuwana zvinyorwa zvapamutemo inoshandiswa zvikuru navanyori venhau navagari vemo, vachitanga utariri hwakasimba. Kuwedzerazve, nyanzvi, nyika isina kurongwa uye masangano anonzvera anobatira mari zvinochengeta mwero yakaderera zvikuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] New Zealand: New Zealand yakatanga gadziriro yokuperera kwakakwana iyo inobatanidza bumbiro romufambiro ravashandi vose vavose, Mupikidziri akazvimirira, uye Dare reHurumende rine mutoro wokutarisira mipimo yetsika. Nzvero dzenguva dzose dzechivimbo chavose nemirangariro yevashandi youori dzinobetsera kuziva ngozi dzinomuka. Nyika yacho nguva dzose inopa migumisiro mikuru yeReparency International’s Poration Perceptions Index.
  • Georgia: Pashure pekuchinja kukuru kwaRose muna 2003, Georgia yakatanga kuchinja zvinhu, kubatanidza kupfura mapurisa emotokari (aionekwa seakashata zvikuru) uye kutanga mapurisa matsva, anobhadharwa zvakanaka, uye simba rinodzorwa. Yakadiranawo mabasa ehurumende kupfurikidza ne “chitoro chimwe chinomisa” , ichideredza kufambidzana nevakuru vakuru vakuru. Mumakore gumi, Georgia yakatama kubva kune mumwe wemaruwa akashata zvikurusa epapospo-Soviet, uye kumukuru weruwa mukudzora kwakachena.

Matambudziko Okushandisa Marobhoti Okugadzira Zvinhu

Pasinei nenyaya idzi dzinobudirira, hurumende dzakawanda dzinotamburira kuita uye kutsigira kudzvinyirirwa.

  • Vatungamiriri veChido chezvamatongerwe enyika: Vane sundo duku yokuchinjira kutsika dzakashata. Kunyange apo chinjo dzinoziviswa, vangakanganiswa nokudzikamisa kusingashandisi chinhu kana kuti kupfurikidza nokugadza vasonganiri munzvimbo huru. Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinotsigiswa zvinoda dzvinyiriro yavose yakasimba, zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, uye nzanga yavagari vemo inoshingaira.
  • Resources dzinosakwana: Masangano anorwisa uori anowanzosaiswa, anotapurwa, uye akashongedzerwa zvisina kushongedzerwa zvakanaka kana achienzaniswa nemibatanidzwa inosanosaidzwa kunzvera. Rongedzero dzeDaubhiri dzinofanira kuratidzira nzvimbo yokutanga yeperero.
  • Culttural Norms neRegitance: Mumhoteredzo umo kugovera zvipo kuri tsika kana kuti umo kuvimbika kumhuri kana kuti dzinza kunova nenzvimbo yokutanga pamitemo, zvirambidzo zvapamutemo zvoga hazvina kukwana. Nhimbe dzedzidzo yavose yenhambo refu nebvumirano dzenzanga zvinodikanwa kukarira kudzokororwa.
  • Kusarudza: Apo mitemo inorwisana nouori inoshandiswa zvikurukuru kudenha vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pokupomera vapari vemhosva vose, gadziriro inorasikirwa nokuvimbwa. Kuzvimirira kwedare rejaji nerekuchurira kunokosha kudzivisa ruramisiro yakarongwa.
  • Kutsiva uye Kubatana: Uori hunowanzova hunobatanidza miganhu mizhinji uye hunobatanidza mari yakasiyana - siyana inoiswa mumiganhu. Kubatira pamwe kwamarudzi ose — kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakafanana neUN Convention on Uori (UNCAC) uye zvibvumirano zveyamuro yepamutemo — zvinokosha asi zvinogona kunonoka uye kupfuudza zvamatongerwe enyika.

Mipimo Yamarudzi Ose Nokubatira Pamwe

Zvinoitwa munyika yose ndizvo zvinoumba nyika. Zvimwe zviridzwa zvinosanganisira:

  • United Nations Convention on Uori (UNCAC)[FLT: Yakagamuchirwa muna 2003, chibvumirano bedzi chinobatanidza pamutemo chenyika yose chinodzivisa uori. Chinofukidza kudzivirira, kuparadzirwa, batira pamwe yemarudzi ose, uye kunaya kwemitezo. Zvinenge nyika dzose dzeUN inhengo dzinobatanidzwa neUNCC.
  • CD Anti-Bribriby Convention kokorodzano inonangidzira ngwariro pakupa chiokomuhomwe chinopiwa vakuru vakuru voruzhinji vokumwe mumitengo yebhizimisi yamarudzi ose. Yakatenderwa nenyika 44 uye inobatanidza kuongorora kwavezera kuvimbisa kuteererwa.
  • [ Open Transpanervet Hurumende : yatangwa muna 2011, OGP inogovera nzvimbo yokuti hurumende dzenyika nenzanga dzevagari vemo zviite zvirongwa zvinowedzera kuonana, kuzvidavirira, uye kutora rutivi.

Zvinhu izvi hazvingoiti kuti pave nemipimo asiwo zvinoita kuti pave nedzvinyiriro yevaenzani uye kubetsera kweunyanzvi kunobatsira nyika kuita kuti dzigadziridze zvinhu.

mhedziso

Tsika dzehurumende hadzisi chinhu chinokosha chokuzvidira; inodikanwa chikuru nokuda kwokudzora kunobudirira uye kunosasarura. Nepo uori huchiramba huri denho inopfuurira munyika yose, maturusi okuhurwisa akasanosimbiswa: mitemo yakajeka yomufambiro, dzidzo inopfuurira, dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokurira kweriva, mabasa anojeka, utarisiri hwokuzvimirira, uye kushandiswa kwapamutemo kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kunzvera kweSingapore, Sweden, New Zealand, uye Georgia kunogona kuparira kuti kuchinja kukuru, kunopfuuridzira kuvandudza kukuru, kunyange kuvamba kubva kumhoteredzo dzakashata zvikuru.

Zvisinei, hurumende dzinotonga vanhu vose ibasa rinogoverana — rinoda kungwarira, ushingi, uye kudisa kuva nesimba rokuzvidavirira.