Tsika mumabasa avose dzinoumba mamiriro okutonga ehurumende. Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoita nokutendeseka, vanowana chivimbo chavagari vemo, vanovimbisa kuparadzirwa kwakarurama kwezviwanikwa, uye vanochengeta kuva pamutemo kwamasangano ehurumende. Munhambo yokuwedzera kweparadzano yezvamatongerwe enyika nokupanikira chiremera, mufambiro wetsika wakakomba zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Nyaya inonzvera ukoshi hwehwaro hwenheyo mubasa ravose, inonzvera nheyo huru dzinotungamirira mufambiro wetsika, inozivisa zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye inogovera mazano anoshanda nokuda kwokusimudzira kujeka nokuzvidavirira mumitengo yose yehurumende.

Chikonzero Nei Tsika Dzichikosha Muhurumende

Tsika dzinoitwa mubasa ravose hadzisiwo zvadzo pfungwa dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinongoitwa chete, asi dzine migumisiro inooneka nokuda kwoupenyu hwomugari wemo wose. Kana vashandi vehurumende vakaomerera kutsika, vanoita nzvimbo umo zvinhu zvinogoverwa panzvimbo pemhindu yomunhu oga, umo mitemo inoshandiswa nguva dzose, uye apo zvisarudzo zvehurumende zviri nyore kuongororwa. Pasina tsika, uori hunowanda, chivimbo chavanhu chinoshayisa simba, uye chibvumirano chenzanga pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende yavo chinoderera.

Zvikonzero zvikuru zvetsika ndeizvi:

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzebasa Ravose Rinogamuchirwa

Kunzwisisa zvinodzidziswa nemitemo yetsika zvinokosha kuvashandi vehurumende uye vagari vemo vavanoshandira kunobatsira kuti vazvidzore zvakanaka kana zvinhu zvakaoma zvokuti mitemo haizopi mhinduro dzakajeka.

Kutendeseka

Kutendeseka kunoreva kuita zvinhu nenzira inopfuurira maererano netsika dzako, kunyange kana kuita kudaro kwakaoma kana kuti kuchidhura.

Kururamisira uye Kururamisira

Kururama kunoda kuti vanhu vose vabatwe zvakaenzana mumutemo uye kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zviitwe pasina rusaruro kana kuti rusaruro. Iyi nheyo inokosha zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sokurovha, kutora, uye kugoverwa kwamabasa avose. Kururamisira kunoenderera mberi kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti mapoka asina maruramiro enhau angada matanho akarongerwa kuwana wirirano yapachokwadi. Mubatiri wetsika avanhu anofanira kuziva ruramisiro yetsika uye anoshanda kuvaruramisa, kwete kuvasimudzira.

Kuremekedza Vanhu

Ruremekedzo runoreva kuziva chiremera chomuzvarirwo chomunhu ari wose, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro avo ezvinhu, mugariro, kana kuti mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuona Zviri Nazvo uye Kusununguka

Kuona chitarisiko muitiro wokuitisa bhizimisi rehurumende pachena. Kunoreva kubudisa mashoko pamusoro pezvisarudzo, mabhajeti, uye mashandiro; kuita misangano yakavhurika; uye kupindura nokukurumidza kukumbira zvinyorwa zvavose. Kuona kunoda kuti mashoko okudzivirira anokosha anobva kuvanhu kana kuti kurudzi, asi kunoda kuti vanhu vanzwisise zvisarudzo zvezviito zvehurumende. United Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDC) inosimbisa kujeka sechishandiso chinokosha pakudzivisa uori.

Mutoro Nokuzvidavirira

Mutoro unoreva kuva nezvisarudzo zvomunhu nemigumisiro yazvo. Apo chikanganiso chichaitika, mushandi wetsika anobvuma, anotsanangura chakakanganisika, uye anoita chiito chokururamisa. Kuzvidavirira kunotambanukira kupfuura mutoro womunhu oga kubatanidza mitoo yokushanda kwesangano (kwakadai sokuhwirudzura, mahofisi ehurumende, uye masangano anodzivisa uori) anozvisarudzira anovimbisa kuti mufambiro wetsika unoonekwa uye unonyorwa. Somuenzaniso, Ombudsman weEurope anoongorora kunyunyuta kwokusashanda zvakanaka kweEUC uye anovaita kuti vazvidavirire kuvagari vemo.

Zvinetso Zvinowanzosangana Nehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nokujeka kweidzi nheyo, vashandi vehurumende nguva dzose vanotarisana nemigariro inoedza chisarudzo chavo chetsika.

Uori Nechiokomuhomwe

Uori hunoramba huri kukundikana kwetsika kunooneka zvikurusa mubasa ravose. Hunovambira papfumbamuromo duku kupfurikidza nemudzori anopinza mukuru mukuru kuuori hunobatanidza mamirioni amadhora mukuwana mari. Ushati hunoshatisa misika, hunosekesa chivimbo, uye nenzira isingaenzaniswi hunokuvadza varombo. Mukuwirirana shata international [, ushati hunotsausa pfuma kubva mukutarisira utano, dzidzo, uye mavambo zvakananga muhomwe yehomwe dzemari.

Kusawirirana Nezvaunofarira

Mhatsa yefariro inoitika apo fariro dzomubatiri wavose dzinoitika / fatanial, familial, kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika. Kunyange chitarisiko cherwisano chinogona kukuvadza chivimbo chavanhu. Mienzaniso inobatanidza mukuru mukuru anosarudza mushandi wenzvimbo ane hama yokugara, kana kuti mutungamiriri anoshanda neindasitiri yaitarisirwa kutarisira. Masangano etsika akasimba anoda kuziviswa kwerwisano dzinobvira uye kupiwa mhaka nechisarudzo chipi nechipi chiripo.

Dzvinyiriro Inobva Kuvatungamiriri Kana Kuti Vabati

Vabatiri voruzhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro yokuita nenzira isina kuchena — kubva kumunhu akagadzwa anoraira kubatwa kwechinzvimbo chakafanira nokuda kwomupi, kubva kune mumwe mushandi biyavo achivakumbira kufuratira kuputswa, kana kuti kubva kumunhu anokwidza. Varidziri vemifungo vanozivisa dzvinyiriro yakadaro kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokutsiva, kuchikuita kunokosha kuva nemitemo yakasimba yedziviriro uye mikoto yokushuma yakakotsekana.

Kusangwarira Kana Kuti Kudzidzisa

Mitemo yetsika yakawanda inoitika kwete nemhaka yevavariro yakaipa, asi nemhaka yokuti vabatiri vehurumende havanzwisisi zvizere mitemo. Mitemo yetsika inogona kuva yakaoma, uye pasina rovedzo yenguva dzose, vashandi vangaiputsa vasingazivi. Somuenzaniso, mutezo wavashandi vaduku zvikuru ungagamuchira chipo chinobva kumutengesi pasina kuziva kuti sangano ravo rinorambidza zvipo zvipi nezvipi zvoukoshi. Dzidzo yetsika inodikanwa kudzivisa kuputswa kwapabonde.

Tsika Yamasangano Nepfungwa Dzeboka

Mune mamwe masangano, tsika dzinova dzetsika. Vashandirwi vangaona vashandi biyavo vachiposha mitemo pasina migumisiro ndokugumisa kuti mitemo yacho haidiwi. Kufunga kweboka kunogona kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana, kuchiparira kunyange vanhu vanosanofungwa kuwirirana nemiitiro inopanikirika. Kuchinja tsika dzakadaro kunoda utungamiriri hwakasimba uye chinjo dzetsika dzinotusa mufambiro wetsika uye kuranga.

Kuvaka Tsika Yetsika: Michina Nemichina

Kutsigira tsika pabasa revoruzhinji hakungorevi kuva nebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa chete, asi kuti unofanira kushandisa kero dzokudzivirira, kuongorora uye kuchengetedza.

Ramba Uchidzidzisa uye Uchitaura Tsika Dzakajeka

Bumbiro remitemo yetsika rinofanira kuva rinopfuura gwaro rinochengetwa mudhirowa. Rinofanira kunyorwa mumutauro wakajeka, unosvikika, unoparadzirwa kumushandi ari wose, uye unosimbiswa kupfurikidza nokubvuma kwegore negore. Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kufukidza rwisano dzechimuko, zvipo uye mutsa, kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvavose, basa kunze, uye ganhuriro dzebasa pashure pehurumende. Hurumende zhinji dzinoburitsa mapepa adzo apaindaneti kuti vagari vemo vagogona kunzwisisawo mipimo yavane maruramiro okukarira.

Rovedza Tsika Dzokudzidzisa Nguva Dzose Nedzinoenderana Nezvadzinoita

Kurovedza hakufaniri kuva chinoitika chimwe panguva mukati mokuita mabhodhi. Kunofanira kudzokororwa gore negore uye kugadzirirwa ngozi dzakananga nemabasa akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanoda rovedzo pakushandisa nokutengesa, nepo vashandi vezviwanikwa vanoda nhungamiro pamiitiro yezvipopo nerokuroja. Zvidzidzo zvemhosho nedzidzo yezvinoitika zvinoshanda zvikuru kupfuura hurukuro dzinobetsera vashandi kushandisa nheyo dzetsika mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwoiwo.

Kuwana Mikoto Yakachengeteka Neinobhadharika

Vatsigiri ndivo nzira inokosha yokudzivirira uori. Hurumende dzinofanira kugadzira mikoto mizhinji yokushuma kusazvibata kunofungidzirwa. Yakadai semitsetse inopisa, kombiyuta, uye vakuru vakuru vetsika vakasarudzwa((ndiwo dzinovimbisa zvakavanzika kudzivirira vatori venhau pakutsiva. Mitemo yakadai seWhistleter Protection Act muUnited States inoratidzira kuzvipira kudzivirira avo vanotaura, kunyange zvazvo kushandura kusingawirirani. Masangano echiteshiviriro, akadai seUK’S Independent Office for Police, anogonawo kugamuchira zvichemo zvakananga kuvagari vemo.

Kutungamirira Nomuenzaniso Kubva Kumusoro

Musengwa wenhungamiro unokosha pakugadza chimiro chapamusoro. Apo vakuru vakuru vanoratidzira perks (papfurikidza nokuramba rwisano dzinobvira, uye kubvuma zvikanganiso), vanopa chiratidzo chine simba chenhau dzetsika. Nenzira inopesana, apo vatungamiriri vanorangarirwa sevane ushati kana kuti pamusoro pomutemo, kunosekesa tsika dzose. Zvikanganiso zvizhinji zvetsika zvinogona kurondwa zvichidzokera shure kutsika isingarangwi zvikuru.

Ita Chibvumirano Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Tsika dzinoshanda mubasa ravose hadzisi nhau dzomukati bedzi. Vagari vemo, vatori venhau, uye masangano enzanga anoita basa rinokosha semarobhoti anotarisira. Mabhodhi emari, mirau yavose, uye vagari vemo vanopa vanhuwo zvavo danda muhurumende uye mutoo wokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Nhambudzo dzemashoko (hwnhamba dzekubudisa zvibvumirano zvehurumende uye mashoko endyiko yesimba)

Migumisiro Inogombedzerwa Nguva Dzose

Hapana gadziriro yetsika inobvumwa pasina kuchengetwa. Kudzorwa kunofanira kuongororwa zvakanaka, uye zvirango zvinofanira kushandiswa nguva dzose, pasinei zvapo nechinzvimbo kana kuti kusonganirana nezvamatongerwe enyika. Zviito zvokuranga zvinogona kuvambira pakutsiura nokubhadhara mari kusvikira kukugumisa nokupa mhosva. Kuvapo kwesangano rinorwisana nouori rakasununguka, rakadai seIndependent Commission Against Uority muHong Kong, rakaratidzwa kubvisa mufambiro wakaipa pari kushanda pasina kupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Youtongi Hwematongero Ari Kushanda

Kuongorora nyaya dzakanyatsoitika kunobatsira kuona kuti tsika dzinogona kushandiswa sei zvakanaka uye kuti kukundikana kungagadziriswa sei.

Muitiro Wemvura Yakachena Nokuperera Kwakatipoteredza

Dare reChrean Water Act re1972 rakaitwa kuti pave nechirongwa chokuronga icho chinoda kuziviswa pachena kwemashoko okushatisa uye chinobvumira vagari vemo kukwidza vapunzi. Iyi nzira yokuona nayo yave iri chishandiso mukuita kuti zvose zviri zviviri masangano ehurumende namakambani avanhu oga vazvidavirire nokuda kwemipimo yemvura yakanaka. Chiito chacho chinoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo idzo dzinodzoresa kujeka nokutora rutivi kwavose dzinogona sei mufambiro wetsika mukutarisirwa kwedziviriro yemhoteredzo.

Mitemo Yokudzivirira Nekuzvidavirira

Whistlepunder Protection Act (1999) muUnited States inogovera nhovo yapamutemo nokuda kwavashandi vomubatanidzwa vanoshuma tsvina, unyengeri, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Nepo chiito chacho chakagonesa vanhu vakadai saMark Klein, aichimbova nyanzvi yeAT&T uyo akazivisa gadziriro dzenzvero dzehurumende dzisiri dzapamutemo, kufumura chakaipa pasina kutya kutsiva. Mitemo yakafanana muEuropean Union nedzimwe nyika yakakurudzira vapfuridzi veridzi mumasangano echibharo navoruzhinji kuti vaende mberi, kuchisimbisa ukoshi hwedziviriro yapamutemo nokuda kwomufambiro wetsika.

Mazano Etsika Dzehurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Manisiparati akawanda akatanga masangano etsika anozvimirira kuti atarisire mufambiro wavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa navashandi. Somuenzaniso, New York City Conflicts of Infation Board inoongorora kuputswa kwetsika dzeguta, inopa mifungo yetsika, uye inoisa faindi. iyi mitumbi yomunzvimbomo inounza tarisiro pedyo zvikuru nevagari vemo kupfuura masangano enyika, ichiita kuti vagamuchire zvikuru uye vasvikirike.

Kurapa kweCanada

Hofisi yeProsuppment Ombudsman muCanada inohwirudzura zvichemo zvinobva kuvagoveri pamusoro pemiitiro yehurumende uye inorumbidza zviito zvokururamisa. Kupfurikidza nokugovera nzvimbo isingasaruri yokupedza nharo, Ombudsman anobetsera kuvimbisa kururama nokujeka mumuitiro wokuwana, uyo une mungozi zvikuru kuushati. Iyi gadziriro yesangano inoratidzira kuti mutumbi unotarisira womuzvarirwo unogona sei kuvandudza mipimo yetsika munharaunda yakakwirira.

mhedziso

Tsika dzinoshanda mubasa ravose hadzisi chinhu chinoshamisira asi chinodikanwa nokuda kwokutonga kwehurumende. Pasina hwaro hwakasimba hwetsika, masangano ehurumende anorasikirwa nokuvimbwa, mabasa anova asina maturo, uye vagari vemo vanoodzwa mwoyo. Kupfurikidza nokunamatira kunheyo dzeperero, kutendeseka, ruremekedzo, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira, vabatiri voruzhinji vanogona kuwana chivimbo chavanoda kudzora nenzira inobudirira. Zvisinei, kuchengetedzwa kwetsika dzetsika kunoda nhamburiko dzinopfuurira: mitemo yakajeka, kurovedza kwakanaka, mibato ine simba, uye kutevedzerwa kwemiuyo yemiuyo yetsika yapamutemo. Mienzaniso yokudzora kwetsika yapamutemo inobudirira yetsika dzinobudirira kumirayiro yetsika yomunzvimbomo yenzvimbo inoshambadzwa nomutemo. Mugari wehurumende ari wose ane basa rokuraira zvakanaka zvikuru.