Gadziriro yedare inheyo yenzanga ipi neipi inodzorwa nomutemo. Inopa mutoo wakarongeka, unofanotaurwa wokupedza nawo kusawirirana, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kuita kuti vanhu namasangano vazvidavirire. Nokuda kwavadzidzi vemitemo, vadzidzisi, kana kuti munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa pamutemo, kutora rwendo rwenhau, kubvira panguva ino kunyunyuta kunoiswa kurutongeso rwokupedzisira uye kupfuudzwa kupfuura. Iyi nyaya inoputsa chikamu chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvegaro mudare reUnited States, ichipa mamepu ane udzame, ane chiremera pamusoro penzira inofamba nayo mutsika. (Zvivi zvemhosva zvinotevera chirongwa chakafanana asi zvinobatanidza hurumende somuchuchirechi uye zvine mimwe dziviriro.) Kuzoguma, uchava nedanho rinoshanda, nokunzwisisa, nokunzwisisa maitiro avagari vemo uye marusarusaitiro.

Kunzwisisa Mavakirwo Edare

Pamberi pokupinda mumatanho enhau, kunokosha kunzwisisa gadziriro umo nhau inoshanda. United States ine gadziriro mbiri dzedare: matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende. Rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera charo rimene, asi dare ravakuru vakuru rakafanana. Panzvimbo yacho pane matare edare, apo mhaka dzinotongwa pakutanga uye maidi anosarudzwa. Pamusoro pazvo pane matare edare aidzorwa, anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvemitemo. Pamusorosoro pane dare repamusorosoro rehurumende, uye dare rehurumende rimwe nerimwe rakakwirira zvikurusa (rinowanzonzi Dare repamusorosoro kana kuti Dare rezvikwidziro).

  • Dare reTrini (muremo, Matare oruwa eU.S., Hurumende Huru) – Aya ndiwo “mazango.” Anonzwa ufakazi, anonzvera zvapupu, uye anopa zvisarudzo kana kuti rutongeso. Zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvinoguma pano.
  • Dare reAppleta (muremo, Dare reNhare rePress, State Courts of Appeal)) – matare aya haaedzisi maidi. Panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga kuti asarudze kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama uye kana zvikanganiso zvemuitiro zvakatapura muuyo.
  • Dare renhau (munzira, Dare Rapamusorosoro reHurumende yeUnited States, Dare rapamusorosoro) – Idzi imatare echisarudzo chokupedzisira. Anowanzonzwa bedzi chikamu chiduku chenhau, kazhinji kazhinji idzo dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yapamutemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera.
  • Matare akasiana - siana - mienzaniso inobatanidza matare okubhuroka, matare emitero, uye matare emhuri. Anobata marudzi chaiwo egakava nemiitiro namano.

Kuziva kuti idare ripi rine simba ichisarudzo chokutanga. Somuenzaniso, matare ehurumende anotonga mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, mhatsa dzeugari hwemo kubva kunyika dzakasiana - siana dzine chitsama mugakava mumari anopfuura $75 000 (Zvemari inosariranwa), uye dzimwe nhau dzakati dzakafanana nomutemo wekodzero kana kuti wenguva dzegungwa. matare ehurumende anobata mativi makuru enhau ehurumende, kubatanidza zvibvumirano, kuvadziko yomunhu oga, uye rwisano dzezvinhu. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru, ona [[FLT: 0] chirongwa cheU.S.

Kupinza Mutemo: Chiteshi Chokuvirisa

Mavambo akarongwa edare kunyorwa kwe “chitsama chetsoro”. Chinyorwa ichi chinoonesa pomero dzemuteveri, hwaro hwapamutemo hwezvirevo, uye rusununguko rutsvakwa. Chinyunyuto chinofanira kuva“ chinokokwa zvakanaka” kunoreva kuti chinofanira kuva nemashoko mapfupi uye akajeka anoratidza kuti mutendi ane kodzero yokusunungurwa, sezvinodiwa neFederal Rusarudzo rweCivil Procedure (Rule 8) nemitemo yakafanana nehurumende.

Kugadzirira Kunyunyuta

Kugumisa nyunyuto ibasa rounyanzvi nesayenzi. rinofanira kubatanidza:

  • Juristigation pomero - kutsanangura chikonzero nei dare iri rine chiremera chokunzwa nhau yacho.
  • Chimiro chamaidi – nhoroondo yakajeka, yokuverenga nguva yezvakaitika, yakapiwa mundima dzine nhamba.
  • Koradziro nokuda kweyamuro - kuverenga kumwe nokumwe kunoratidzira rondedzero yapamutemo yakananga (imo, kuputswa kwechibvumirano, kuregeredza, kubiridzira).
  • Munyengetero nokuda kweyamuro – rutongeso rwakananga kana kuti mushonga wakatsvakwa (kuvadziko dzemoneta, nyaradzo, rutongeso rwakaipa).

Vateveri vemapurani vanowanzopedza nguva yakawanda vachigadzira magwaro aya kuti varambe vachingoramba uye kuti vatange kuawana.

Kunyengedzwa Namuchinda weDare

Kana nyunyuto yangopedzwa bedzi, gweta romupurisa rinoinyora namakabharani wedare. Iyi nhano inoda kubhadhara mari yependi (ichidaro mazana mashomanene amadhora mudare rehurumende; mari yehurumende inosiana) uye kupa yapakuvamba pamwe chete namakopi akakwana. Vapendi veIndigent vangakumbira mubhadharo kupfurikidza nokuisa mukumbiriso wekutsvaka. Mabharani anogovera nhamba yenhau nomutongi (kazhinji kazhinji) uye anovhura mhaka yeburi remo.

Basa Rokugadzirira

Pashure pokunyora, mutongi anofanira kuzivisa nenzira yapamutemo mukwiridziri wedare. Ikoku kunonzi “kuendesa munhu kudare.” Muparatori anogadzirira maayiti (gwaro rakabudiswa nedare iro rinoraira mukwiridziri kuoneka ndokupindura) uye kubatira pamwe chete nekopi yenyunyuto kumukwiri. Basa rinofanira kuitwa muwirwa. Basa rinofanira kuitwa mutsinhirano nemiraudzo yorumano: kuendesa munhu akwiridzwa, kuendeswa kwomunhu wezera rakakodzera pamusha womukwirirwi, kana kuti, mune dzimwe nhau, kupfurikidza netsamba inotenderwa kana kuti kupfurikidza nomuitiro. Basa rakafanira nemhaka yokuti rinopa chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwidziridziridziridziridzwa. Kana basa riine zvikanganiso, nhau yacho ingarambwa. Udzaro unowanika pa [FL:]

Zvaakaita Mudziviriri Nezvaaiita Asati Asvika

Kana angopiwa, mukwirirwi ane nguva yakaganhurirwa yokupindura nemazuva 21 mudare rehurumende (mirau yehurumende inosiana, kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30).

Kupindura Kunyunyuta

Mhinduro inozivikanwa zvikurusa i “mhinduro,” umo mukwirirwi anobvuma kana kuti anoramba pomero imwe neimwe munyunyuto. Mhinduro ingabatanidzawo dziviriro dzokubvuma (mutoo, mutemo weganhuriro, wirirano negutsikano, kupesana nengozi) uye kupesana nomupoteri. Kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kupindura mukati menhambo, mupomeri anogona kuwana rutongeso rwakaisvonaka (jeko) anowina kupfurikidza napamberi nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi anoramba chaizvoizvo kutora rutivi.

ZVINOTAURWA ZVIRI PASHOKO

Panzvimbo pokupindura, mukwiridzirirwi angagadzira chiito chokudzinga (anonziwo “damurr” mune dzimwe nyika) muMutemo 12(b). Zvigaro zvinobatanidza kushaikwa kwedzosero yechiremera, kushaikwa kwoudzori hwomunhu oga, nzvimbo dzisina kukodzera, basa risina kukwana regadziriro, kukundikana kutaura kuti apo mvumo inogona kupiwa, kana kuti kukundikana kukumbanira pabato riri madikanwa. Chinonyanyozivikanwa zvikuru kubvisa nokuda kwokukundikana kutaura kutaura kutaura kwokuti (Rule 12(b) (6), uko kunotaura kuti kunyange kana kutaura kwechipokatenzi chepeaff kuri kwechokwadi, mutemo haugoveri mushonga.

Chimwe chiito chine simba chapamberi penhau i chisarudzo chokupfupikisa. Chinoratidzirwa pashure pokuwanwa, ichi chinotaura kuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi rezvinhu, uye kuti boka rinofamba rine kodzero yokutonga senhau yomutemo. Kana rabvumirwa, kutonga kunodziviswa chose chose. Kutonga muchidimbu inheyo yetsika dzevagari vemo, kazhinji kazhinji inosarudza jambwa renhau. Mipimo yacho ndeyorumano, uye ufakazi hunofanira kurangarirwa muchiedza sechinhu chakanaka zvikurusa kuboka risiri rekufamba.

Mamwe maitiro anoitwa pamberi pekuongorora anobatanidza kungoita zvokumanikidza kuwana, kufambisa zvinhu nokuda kwokutaura kwakajeka zvikuru, uye kufambisa nzira dzokurovanya nhau dzinobva mukuteterera. idzi nharo dzezvigaro dzinogona kuumba ukuru nenhungamiro zvenhau yacho.

Kuwana: Kuwana Chokwadi

Kuwana chinhu chinoda kuonekwa sechinhu chikuru uye chinotokosha. Muitiro unosimbira kuti vanhu vanotaurirana mashoko nouchapupu hunokosha kumashoko uye zvinodzivirira. Chinangwa ndechokubvisa zvinoshamisa pamuedzo uye kubvumira mativi ose kuti aongorore simba noutera hwenyaya dzavo. Kuvhura kunogona kupedza mwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore mumashoko akaoma kunzwisisa.

Federal Mitemo yeChivil Procedare inobvumira kuwanda kwokuwana: nhau ipi neipi isina kuganhurirwa iyo iri yakafanira kutaura kwebato ripi neripi kana kuti dziviriro uye inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvenhau yacho. Maturusi okuwana anokosha anobatanidza:

  • [[FORT:0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa - Mibvunzo inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko. Mitemo inoganhurira nhamba kusvikira ku25 (kubatanidza chikamu chiduku). Inobetsera kuwana mashoko makurusa akafanana namazita ezvapupu, kuvapo kwezvinyorwa, uye rondedzero dzapamutemo.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubudisa Mapepa - Paritis dzinokumbirana kubudisa magwaro akakodzera, marekodhi emagetsi (matsamba, mapeji, mameseji okutumira mashoko), uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinooneka. Kazhinji kazhinji ndipo panobuda “pfuti yokusvuta” ufakazi.
  • Maganhu – Kubvunzurudza kweMhena uchapupu (pakamu kana kuti pasina kutora rutivi) mumhiko, kwakanyorwa nomutori wenhau wedare. Majeri anobvumira magweta kunzvera nhau yechapupu, kuwana kuvimbika, uye kiyi muuchapupu hunogona kushandiswa kuzivisa pakutonga.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kweChibvumirano - Mashoko akanyorwa eidi ayo mumwe munhu anofanira kubvuma kana kuti kuramba. Kubvumira kunoshandiswa kupfupikisa nhau dzokutongwa.
  • [ Kunzvera kwemakemikari nendangariro – Muzvinoitika umo mugariro womuviri kana kuti wendangariro womubato uri mugakava, dare ringaraira kunzverwa kwazvimirira kwezvokurapa (IME).

E.D. Kukundikana kuchengeta ufakazi kunogona kutungamirira kuzvirango zvakakomba, kubatanidza murayiridzo wakaipa kana kuti kunyange kudzingwa. Miitiro yakanakisisa paejijijeni, Mitemo yeFederal of Civil Procedure (Zvikuru Mitemo 26, 34, uye 37) inogovera chirongwa.

Musangano Wapamberi Pezvikamu Zvikuru Nenhamburiko Dzokugara

Dare risati ratonga, kazhinji kazhinji rinoita musangano usati waitwa (dzimwe nguva unonzi musangano wenzvimbo) muMutemo 16. Mutongi namagweta vanokurukura kutarisirwa kwenhau, miganhu yokuwana nguva, kutwarwa kwemiitiro, uye bviro yokugadzikiswa. matare mazhinji anoda kuti vamiririri vaedze kuzivisa kana kuti zvimwe zvimiro zvenhau dzegadziro dzenharo (ADR). Kutonga kunobatanidza boka rechitatu risina divi rinoparira kukurukurirana, asi murevereri haagoni kuisa chisarudzo. Kana mapoka akasvika pagaro, anoramba mhaka yacho nerutongeso rwakarongwa kana kuti chibvumirano. Inopfuura 95% yenhau dzevagari vemo dzinogarwa pamberi pokutongwa, naizvozvo ichi ndicho chikamu chinogumisa kutongwa kukurusa.

Kunyange kana nyaya yacho isati yapera zvachose, musangano wedare unobatsira kuisa nyaya shoma, kutsinhana zvinhu, uye kuisa mashoko mashoma mudare risati ratonga nyaya yacho.

Kutongwa: Kuparara Nhano Nenhano

Kana nhau ikapukunyuka nhambo dzapamberi pedare ndokukundikana kugadzikisa, inopfuurira kutongwa. Kutonga kunogona kuva kutongwa kwebhenji (kutonga kusarudza zvose zviri zviviri maidi nomutemo) kana kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi (kusarudza maidi; kusarudza mutemo). Kodzero kukutonga kwedare redare redare mumhaka dzevagari vemo inovimbiswa neSendement Amendment kuU.S. Constitution, asi bedzi nokuda kwesutus pamutemo mumwe umo chitsama chiri mugakava chinopfuura $20.

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, danho rokutanga nderokuisa nzvimbo yedare rinobetsera vatongi. Mutongi namagweta vanobvunza vangava vatongi kuti vawane rusaruro kana kuti kusagona kuva vasingasaruri. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kudenha nhamba yakaganhurirwa yevatongi “nokuda kwechisakiso” (kana pasina ganhuriro chaiyo) uye chiverengero chakaganhurirwa che“ denho dzokudzivisira” (zvikurukurukurukuru 3 mumhaka dzehurumende, hapana chikonzero chinodikanwa, kunyange zvazvo vasingagoni kushandiswa nenzira yokusasarura). Vavariro ndeyokusarudza mutongi asina rusaruro.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Mubato mumwe nomumwe unopa mashoko okuzarura - vhura - vhura eufakazi hwaunotarisira kupa. Mashoko okuzarura haasati ari nharo; mamepu. Maattorney anofanira kuomerera kumaidi aanoda kubvumikisa, uye kudzivisa kutaura kwokufungira mano akaipa.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Mupurisa anopa nhau yake pakutanga, kudana zvapupu nokusuma magwaro, zviratidziro, uye humwe ufakazi. Pashure penzvero yakananga yomupupu mumwe nomumwe, mukwiridzirwi angapa mhaka yake. Ipapo mukwiridzirwi anopa mhaka yake, achiteverwa noufakazi hunobvira hunobva kumupomerwi. Ufakazi hunofanira kuva husingapindwi mumitemo youfakazi (zvikurukuru, Federal Reslactal of Evices).

Pakupera kwenhau yomutongi, mukwirirwi angaenda nokuda kwe “rutongeso senhau yomutemo” (aizivikanwa sechisarudzo chakananga), achiramba kuti hapana dare rinobetsera raigona kuwana mutongi ane mufungo. kana akabvumirwa, kutonga kunoguma nechisarudzo chomukwirirwi.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwose hwapiwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe ruchipa nharo dzokugumisa, ruchipfupikisa ufakazi nokukurudzira vatongi kuwana mufariro yavo. Mutongi anotanga uye angatangawo kuva nemhinduro pfupi pashure pechibvumikiso chomukwirirwi. tsinhiro dzokupengenutsa dzinobvumidzwa kuva dzinonyengetedza, asi dzinofanira kuva dzakavakirwa paufakazi muchinyorwa che(attney) haagoni kusuma maidi matsva.

Mirayiridzo Nekushandisa Bvumbiro

Vatongi vasati vaita une, mutongi anorava “mirayiridzo yenhema”. Mipimo yepamutemo idare rinobetsera vatongi inofanira kushanda kumaidi. Somuenzaniso, munhau yokuregeredza, mutongi acharondedzera basa, kuputsa, kukuvadza, uye kuvadziko. Mapati anowanzogamuchira mirayiridzo inokarakadzwa uye kutaura. Pashure pokugamuchira mirayiridzo, vatongi vanorega basa noune mukamuri remunhu. Vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chakajeka chose mumiedzo yehurumende (kana pasina kuti mapoka acho abvumirane); hurumende dzakawanda dzinobvumira mitongo mikuru yemamagetsi munhau dzevagari vemo (g. 9, kana kuti kuva ne12 jurs). Kana vatongi vasingagoni kubvumirana, mutongo unoziviswa, uye nhau yacho ingaziviswazve.

Kupa Mhosva

Kana vatongi vangosvika pakutonga, vanobva vadzokera kudare, uye mutongi anenge averenga mutongo wacho zvinonzwika.

Kufamba Nokupinda Kworutongeso Pashure Pekutongwa

Chisarudzo hachisiri kugumisa nhau yacho nguva dzose. Vari kurasikirwa vanganyora mafafitera anotevera kutonga muhwindo pfupi (zvikurukuru mazuva 28 mudare rehurumende). Kufamba kunowanzoitwa kunobatanidza:

  • [ Commentaution for Togument seNhaka yoMutemo (yakavandudzwa)[[FT:1] - Argues kuti chisarudzo hachitsigirwi noufakazi hwakakwana hwapamutemo.
  • Commentation for the New Triatory - Argues dzinokanganisa mukati mokutonga (mutoo., ufakazi husina kufanira, kusazvibata kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, kuvadziko dzakanyanyisa kana kuti dzisina kukwana) dzinobvumira kutongwa kutsva.
  • [ Commentaution to Alter kana kuti Ameni Tongero – tsvaka zvikanganiso mukururamisa chitsama chorutongeso kana kuti zviwanwa zvapamutemo.

Kana dare rikaramba kuita zvinhu izvi, mabharani anotanga kutonga, uye nyaya yacho inoguma.Mutongo wacho ndiwo murayiro wedare unoratidza kuti ndiani anokunda uye kuti inyaradzo ipi inopiwa.

Kufadza Kunoita

Kukwirira hakusi kwokudzokororazve maidi.Panzvimbo pezvo, dare rinoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga kuti rione kana dare redare ratonga rakaita zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakatapura muuyo. Vari kufadza i “appelle”; rumwe rutivi ndi “appelle.”

Muitiro unovamba kupfurikidza nokunyora chiziviso chekukwirira mukati menhambo yenguva (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 munhau dzehurumende). Mativi ose ari maviri ipapo anoisa mipfupi yakanyorwa achisimbisa chikonzero nei rutongeso runofanira kusimbiswa (kutenderwa) kana kuti kuchinjwa. Chikumbiro chingabatanidzawo kutaura pamberi peboka ravatongi (zvikurukurukuru vatatu mumatare ehurumende okukwirira). Mupimo wehwirudzuro unosiyana: mibvunzo yomutemo inohwirudzurwa de novo (itsva); zviwanwa zveidi zvinohwirudzurwa pasi po “mupimo wakashatiso wakarurama zvikuru”; zvisarudzo zvamangwariro zvinohwirudzurwa nokuda kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira uchenjeri.

Kana dare redare redare rikawana zvikanganiso, kungashandura chisarudzo, kuchisiya, kugadziridza nokuda kwekuedza kutsva, kana kuti gadziridza mushonga. Kana pasina chikanganiso chinowanwa, inosimbisa. Zvikamu zvingatsvakazve kuhwirudzurwa nedare rapamusorosoro (mutorongo, U.S. Dare gurusa), asi dare iroro rine chisarudzo kugamuchira chikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau kupfurikidza nokupfuudza kwechipfupi. Nokuda kwokurangarira kwakakwana, ona kutsanangura kwapabondengwa kwaro .S. Dare retsananguro dzechikumbiro .]

Kuedza Rutongeso

Kuwana chisarudzo hakuna kufanana nokuuunganidza. kana murongi asingabhadhari nokuzvidira, anokunda anofanira kuita nhano dzokuita kuti dare risaparadze. Mukwereti wechisarudzo (winner) anogona kuwana “mutongo wokuuraya” mudare, achiraira mutongi kana kuti U.S. kuti atore ndokutengesa zvinhu zvisina kubviswa (nzvimbo chaiyoiyo, motokari, maakaundi ebhangi) kuti agutse kutonga kwacho.

  • Garnish – Murairo wedare unoda kuti mushandirwi womukwereti anyime mugove womubhadharo ndokuutumira kumukweretesi.
  • [[[NHAU]] Levis[[FLT] – Freeing nokutora mari mumaakaundi ebhangi.
  • [[[FOL:0] , - Kuisa nhema panhumbi chaiyo, naizvozvo mukwereti haagoni kutengesa zvinhu asina kuripa kutonga.

Kumanikidzirwa kunodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende, uye vakweretesi vechisarudzo vanofanira kazhinji kazhinji kuwana zvinhu nokusapinda mumugwagwa (vakwereti vanobvumirwa kuchengeta zvinodikanwa zvakati). Mudare rehurumende, mutongo unganyoreswa muruwa rupi norupi umo mukwereti ane zvinhu. Zvimwe zvikwereti hazvibhadharwi mukubhuroka (sezvinei, kunyengera, kuvadziko yamaune), naizvozvo kuchengetwa kunogona kuva nhamburiko refu yenguva dzose.

mhedziso

Rwendo rwokutanga kuronga kurusarudziro rwokupedzisira(nakupfuura) ibasa rakaoma, rakawanda rinoda unyanzvi hwokungwarira, zivo yemitemo yetsika, uye kunzwisisa mutemo wakaderera. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe, kubva pakunyora kunyunyuta kusvika pashure pekufamba kwedare uye kudzikamisa, kupa mikana nemhinganidzo. Vadzidzi navadzidzi, vanodzidza nhano idzi dzinokosha kunzwisisa kuti matare anoshandisa sei ruramisiro. Nyaya ino inofukidza nzira yevagari vemo, miitiro yakafanana inoshanda muzviitiko zvoutsotsi (nekudzivirirazve kwemitemo yedare). Nokunzwisisa gadziriro yokuvaka nokupinda kwedare, haungowani uchenjeri hwedzidzo asi hunoshanda hunogona kuderedza kururamisira uye kusimbisa ruramisiro.