Ukama Pakati Pechiito Chakafanira Nechinofungwa Chokurega Kutaura

Gadziriro yakafanira uye kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka imhaka mbiri dzegadziriro dzamatsotsi dzazvino uno, bva ukama hwavo hunowanzosanzwisiswa kana kuti kufuratirwa. Pamavambo pahwo, ukama ihwohwu hunovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu anonyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakarurama uye wapamutemo (uye kuti munhu ari wose anopomerwa anomira pamberi pedare asina mhaka kusvikira aratidzirwa nenzira isati iri yapamutemo. Idzi nheyo hadzisi dziripo dziri dzoga; dzinosimbisana, dzichiumba gadziriro yemitemo netsika izvo zvinorinda mavambo ouzivi, mapiona emitemo, mapionarejiscride, mabhii, uye zvinetso zvomunguva inorondedzera zvinoratidzira kuva nemuitiro wakafanira nekusako, kugovera murangariro wavose nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anoitira ruramisiro.

Mavambo Enhau Egadziriro Yakafanira

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira unotevedza mutsara wawo wedzinza kusvikira ku Magna Carta [1215], iyo yakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kurangwa “kutonge nokutonga kwapamutemo kwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Iyi nhevedzano yapakuvamba yakanga iri chidzoreso chakananga paumambo hwehurumende ndokudyara mbeu nokuda kweichava nhevedzano. Mumazana amakore, mutemo weChirungu wakanatsa iyi kupfurikidza nehabeas corpus, maruramiro okunangidzira zvapupu, uye kurambidza kuzvibatanidza. Apo vatangi veAmerica vakanyorera muganhu weFinber Amend, ivo vakaisa muitiro mutemo wechisaitiro: “Hakuna munhu achanyimwa rusununguko rwoupenyu, kana kuti zvinhu zvaparirwa nomutemo. Musipo, mukuwirirana nomutemo womutemo unopfuudzo.

Bva muitiro wakafanira hausiwo nhevedzanowo zvayo yemipimo. Ine mativi akaderera ehurumende pamwe chete. Cornell Leagn Information Institute [ inotsanangura kuti muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira maruramiro akati okusasarura soungwaru, roorano, uye udyire hwomuviri (kudzongonyerwa) pakudzorwa kwehurumende, kunyange kana miitiro yakafanira ichiteverwa. Mumashoko akapoteredza outsotsi, muitiro wechikwaniriso unokosha: inoda kucherekedza, dare risina rusaruro, mukana wokupa uchapupu, uye kodzero yokupa uchapupu hwezvapupu. Izvi zvinodzivirira mhoteredzo yakarongeka munogona kushanda nenzira ine revo.

Kunzwisisa Murangariro Wokusataura

Kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka inheyo inorevererwa yomutemo woutsotsi, kazhinji kazhinji kunorondwa kusvikira kurevo yeRoma mucumbitio qui divit, asingapiwi nequigat . Chidzivisi chinova pamusoro pake iye anopomera, kwete iye anoramba. Mureveri wemhosva, zvinoreva kuti murwi anotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa chinhu chiri chose choutsotsi pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Mupomeri anopomerwa haafaniri kupupurira, kubudisa ufakazi, kana kuti zvimwe kusimbisa ururamisiro. Iyi nheyo inodzivirirwa zvakajeka mumasangano mazhinji apamutemo akawanda; somuenzaniso, Convention on Human Rights [FFF:]]

Nenzira inokosha, dare guru rinoshanda kwete bedzi pakutongwa asiwo mukati memiitiro yapamberi pedare. Zvisarudzo zveBail, kusungwa kusati kwaitwa, uye kunyange batano dzamapurisa dzinofanira kuitwa nenzira isingarangariri kunyumwirwa sokunge mhaka yakatotangwa. Sezvinoita Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakanyorwa mu Estelle v. Williams [797], kumanikidza mupomendirwi kuoneka muvhoodhekisi pachinhu chacho nemhaka yokuti rinokoka vatongi kuva nemhaka yemhosva pamberi pokunzwa ufakazi hupi nohupi. Ikoku kunoratidza revo inoshanda, yezuva riri rose yenheyo.

Kukodzera Kwazvinoita Nokufunga Kwokupindira Kusingashandisi

Gadziriro yakafanira uye kufungwa kwokusava nemhaka hazvisati zviri mirangariro yakazvimirira; zviri kusimbisana. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, chisaririra chinova chisina maturo. Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ikaramba maruramiro anopomerwa okunangana neZvapupu(a zvinodikanwa zvakafanira) muchuchisi angatsamira parunyerekunzwa rusina kuedzwa, achiita kuti kuve kusingabviri mukwirirwi kudenha mhaka. Nenzira inopesana, kana rondedzero yacho ichishatiswa (kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kwokutanga kwebasa kana kuti mari inonyanyowandisa), dziviriro yemuitiro yapanguva dzose ingarerutswa nemhaka yokuti idiro inowana inhau yacho yaparirwa nechapupuri chenhau kana kuti dare risingabvumirwi kupfuurira kusvika panhau yacho nendangariro yakazarukira.

Rangarira mutoro wechibvumikiso: muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti mhaka ivepo nemupimo wechiratidzo chinoratidzira ukoshi hwetsono. Munhau dzoutsotsi, mupimo iwoyo “kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo,” chimiro icho chinobva zvakananga mumurangariro wokusasarura. Dare Gurusa, mu muWinship [ [1970], chaidavira kuti mupimo une mufungo uno mufungo i“ chishandiso chikuru chokuderedza ngozi yezvitendero zvinomira pakanganiso yakarurama.” Dare rakabatanidza zvakajeka iyi nomutoo wakafanira, richitaura kuti “Mutevedzero unodzivirira kutendwa kupfurikidza noufakazi husingapanikirirwi namashoko ose oupi noutsotsi. Muno, nheyo mbiri dzinobatanidza mutemo mumwe chete.

Kodzero dzetsika dzinoverengeka dzinokosha mukuchengeta uku kubatana:

  • Akarurama kuzano: Pasina kumirira kwapamutemo kunobudirira, munhu anopomerwa haagoni kushandisa maruramiro avo nenzira ine revo kuisa hurumende kuufakazi hwayo.
  • Kuramba wakanyarara: Ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvitutumadza inodzivisa nyika kumanikidza mupomerwi kutora rutivi mupwiswa kwayo imene.
  • [[FT:0] Kukwanisa kumanikidza: Kukwanisa kudana zvapupu uye ufakazi hwazvino kuri madikanwa kutsigira pomero dzenhema.
  • [[FT:0] Kutongwa kwokukurumidza uye kwokusarura:[[FL:1] Kunonoka kana kuti kuvandika kunogona kuparadza chinenge chapiwa kupfurikidza nokubvumira nyika kuisa mupomerwi kusingagumi pasi pekunyumwira.

Mavambo Anokosha Anoumba Ukama

Wainwright (1963)

Mu Gideon v. Wainwright, Dare Rapamusoro rakabatana rakataura kuti Dare reSingth Amendment rakarurama kuzano ikodzero inokosha yakaitwa kuti ishande kuhurumende kupfurikidza neKinglineth Amendment’s Reservement Accodeces. Clarence Earl Gideon akapomerwa kuputsa nokupinda muimba yezvikwata muFlorida, asi aisagona kubhadhara gweta. Hurumende yakaramba chikumbiro chake nokuda kwezano rakagadzwa, uye Gidheoni akamanikidzwa kuzvimirira amene; akatongerwa kumakore mashanu mutorongo. Dare rakahesvura, rinorangarira kuti “mushorori wedu weruramisiro, munhu upi noupi akapinzwa mudare, uyo ari murombo zvikuru kuti abhadharwe, haagoni kuvimbiswa muedzo wakanaka kunze kwokunge achigoverwa nokuda kweiyi zano rapamutemo.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Mira v. Arizona yakakurukura mamiriro ezvinhu epanikiro yekodzero yokuranga. Dare rakaramba kuti Gadziriro yeFindrefute inorwisana nokuzvirovana inoda kuti mutemo ushande kuzivisa vanofungira kodzero dzavo (kubatanidza kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara uye kodzero yokubvunza mugweta) pamberi. Kukundikana kuita kudaro kushandura mashoko api neapi anobva mukuvapo. Chisarudzo idziviriro yakafanira inodzivirira kusava nemhaka: kana anofungira mhaka achibvuma pasina dzvinyiriro yavo, kureurura kungava kusingavimbiki, uye mutoro wekubvumikisa kudzokera nenzira inobudirira kumukwidziridzo. Dare rakasimbisa kuti “kuramba kugona kusashandisa mashoko api nea... kudzivirira kudzivirirwa kwokuzvibhadharirwa kupfurikidza kubatira dziviriro kwokuzviito zvinobetsera kudzivirira.

Mukuhwinazve (1970)

Nyaya iyi yakawedzera mupimo une mufungo kukusatendeseka kwepwere, asi kurangarira kwayo kunoshanda zvikuru. Mutongi Brennan akanyora, kuti: “Mupomerwi mukati momurovereri mhaka ane donzo gurusa reukoshi, zvose zviri zviviri nemhaka yebviro yokuti angarasikirwa norusununguko rwake pakutendeseka uye nemhaka yechokwadi chokuti aizoshoorwa nokupwiswa.” Kupa chibvumikiso chinopfuura kupanikiridzo chine mufungo, iye akagumisa, kuti, “chinodikanwa choutsotsi” chakadzika midziro mumuitiro wakafanira uye kusava nemhaka. [[FLT: 0]] witzit inoratidzira kuti mutoro webumbiro iko riri mubatanidzwa pakati penheyo mbiri dzinoshanda, inopa chimiro chakasimba kupfurikidza nokutakura mutoro unotambira mutoro unobvira.

Coffin v. United States (1895)

Nepo yakanga yakura zvishoma, [[FT:0] Coffin v. United States inozivikanwa nemhaka yokuti yakazivisa zvakajeka kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka kuva “kuratidzwa” kwebasa rakafanira. Dare rakataura kuti chikarakadzo chacho“ chishandiso chechiratidzo chinoumbwa nomutemo uchitsigira munhu anopomerwa, apo kusava nemhaka kwake kunorangarirwa kusvikira mhaka yake yatangwa." Iyi mhaka yapakuvamba yakabvumikisa kuti chikarakadzo chacho hachisiwo hacho chinhu chinofadza asi mutemo wapamutemo unofanira kuremekedzwa mukuita.

Zvinetso Munzvimbo Yepamutemo Yazvino Uno

Kukanganwa Nezvakanakira Kutanga

Imwe yetyisidziro dzinomanikidzira zvikurusa kukuvadziko yokusasarura kushandiswa kwakapararira kwokuchengetwa kusati kwatongwa. Mumativi akawanda, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanochengetwa mutorongo kwamavhiki kana kuti mwedzi pamberi pokutongwa, kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yokuti havagoni kubhadhara bheray. 2018 mushumo no Prison Politifitition[ inowanwa kuti vanhu vanopfuura 470,000 vanochengetwa mumajeri omunzvimbomo vachimirira kutongwa muUnited States moga, uye vazhinjisanonzi havana mhaka. Kuchengetwa kwakakomba kunogona kumanikidza kukumbira mhaka dzemhosva, kudzosa nokubatana kwemhuri, uye kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kudzivirira dziviriro kwapamhiko kwapa njodzi uye kuradzikwa nenzira inobudirira pamberi pekupomerwa. Dare gurusa redare muUnited States.[FT][5]

Zvinobudisa Mashoko Nezvinofungwa Nevanhu

Kutenderera kwamaawa 24 enhau nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinogona kupesvedzera zvikuru murangariro wokusava nemhaka. Nhau dzakakwirira dzinoedzwa kazhinji kazhinji mudare romurangariro wavose vasati vasvika mudare. Kushuma kwokunzwa, ufakazi hunobva, uye tsinhiro dzapaIndaneti zvinogona kutanga nhau yemhosva yokuti vatongi (kunyange nevanobuda munzanga) varasha kuti vasarudze. Zvishandiso zvakadai sokuchinja nzvimbo, majaji, uye zvirairo zvemipo zviripo kuti zvipedze ikoku, asi zvigadziro zvetsika. Chisakiso itsika: chaunga chamagariro chinofanira kukoshesawo kudzorwa muhurukuro yavose pamusoro pezvinoitika zvinotevera.

Mitemo Nematurusi Ezvinhu Mururamisiro Yematsotsi

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinovimba nenzira inowedzera namaarutimendi engozi nokuda kwebhero, mutongo, uye mapurisa. Aya maturusi kazhinji kazhinji anoyera zvinhu zvakadai senhau dzoutsotsi, zera, uye zip kuti aite zvinhu zvinodeya kutaura kuti zvinokanganisa munguva yemberi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti maarusalgritime akadaro anogona kuisa mudzo wedzinza nechekwakati kuti mamiriro ezvemari ashairwei. Sezvinoreva mamiriro ezvinhu echinjo akaitwa nevezvemari, achitungamirira kuzvisarudzo kuti vanhu varange vane mavara asingadzoreki. Kuwedzera, kujeka kwemitevedzero kunganyima vakwikwikwikwidziridza mukana wokukwidzana noufakazi hwokuvanza. [FLT]

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Muitiro Wakafanira Mberi Kwegadziriro Dzapamutemo

Ukama pakati pomuitiro wakafanira nechekurangarirwa kwokusasarura hahufanani munyika yose. Mumitemo inozivikanwa navose (United States, United Kingdom, Canada), kuisa kunodzivirirwa zvikuru nemubatanidzwa wegadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo nemirairo inooneka. Mukupesana, nyika dzevagari vemo (France, Germany) dzinozivawo kurongwa, asi miitiro yavo yokuongorora inosiyana. Somuenzaniso, muFrance, d’informationtion[ (Imbati yeImbasarudzo) inoitisa kunzvera kungaumba muuyo pamberi pokutongwa. Kunyange zvazvo gadziriro inopfuuyira iripo, nyanzvi dzinoramba kuti gadziriro inovanza mutsetse pakati pokunzvera nokuzvikwa.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Nokuda Kwenyanzvi Dzepamutemo

Nokuda kwamagweta anodzivirira, kuchengeta kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka kunoda kungwarira nguva dzose. Kufamba kwose kusati kwaitwa dare kusati kwaitwa. "Kunyange] kuti kudzvinyirire ufakazi, nokuda kwepepa rezvinokosha, kana kuti nokuda kwokukwikwikwidzana(ichi chishandiso chakafanira chinosimbisa kutemwa. Vashushiwowo, vane basa retsika rokuremekedza. SAP] SEPROFED SRANCES of Profecial Prence[[ inotaura kuti muchuchisi haafaniri kuronga mhosva pasina chikonzero uye anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoremekedzwa. Vatongi vanoita basa rinokosha: vanofanira kurayiridza zvakajeka panzvimbo inotendwa, vasingapi uchapupu hwakawanwa mukuputswa kwebasa ripi neripo, uye kudzorwa kwekudzora chitarisiko chipi nechipi.

mhedziso

Muitiro wakafanira uye kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhosva hazvisi zvinangwa zvisizvo; inheyo dzinorarama dzinopa mamiriro ezvinhu echinjo. Ukama hwavo ndihwo hunopa midziyo, uye muitiro wokusasarura unoizadza nerevo. Kana zvimwe zvacho zvikaneteswa, ruramisiro yose yeutsotsi iri mungozi. Nhau dzakafanana [[[FLT:] Gideon[[[FLM:1], , [FLT] Marand], uye , [[FLT] ] uye [FLT] .] [FLT] [w] [w] [i] inoratidzira kuti matare akaziva sei uku kubetsera nokudzivirira uye kudzivirira kutakura kunoitwa kutorerwa kwomutengwa kunoisvo.