Mugariro wepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States wakaumbwa namasangano akasiyana- siyana anotsvaka kudzora mutemo nomuitiro wavose. Pakati paiwawa, Matare ePistical Action (PAC) ane basa guru, zvikurukuru ayo asina kubatanidzwa nesangano ripi neripi, mubatanidzwa, kana kuti sangano ramatendi — anozivikanwa sePACIs. Nyaya inopa kunzverwa kwoukama pakati pePACIS nenhamburiko dzawo dzokutsigira, kunzvera hwaro hwapamutemo, mitoo yapamutemo, uye miuyo yadzo yakajeka yavana nayo pamuitiro wedemocracy.

Kurondedzera Mazita Asina Kubatanidzwa

MaPAC ayo asina kubatanidzwa matare ezvamatongerwe enyika akazvimirira ayo anosimudza ndokushandisa mari kupesvedzera sarudzo dzehurumende, kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo. Kusafanana nePCs — idzo dzakabatanidzwa nokutsigirwa namasangano, masangano evashandi, masangano ezvokutengeserana, kana kuti mamwe mapoka emitezo — maPC anoshanda pasina sangano rinotsigirwa. Anowanzoumbwa navanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti mapoka avanhu vanogoverana pfungwa imwe chete yezvamatongerwe enyika, pfungwa, kana kuti purogiramu. Federal Ecomment Commission (FEC) inoanust" nemhaka yokuti haadzorwi nesangano ripi neripi rakananga.

Idzi PCAC dzinofanira kunyoresa nemishumo yeredhiyo yenguva dzose, uye kunamatira kuganhuriro dzechipo — zvino $5 000 parusarudzo rumwe norumwe uye $5 000 pagore kudare rebato renyika, neganhuriro dzakakwirira nokuda kwendyiko dzinozvimirira. Kuzvimirira kwavo kunovabvumira kutenderera nokukurumidza pakati pemikoto yevhozhokero nenhau, kuchivaita vatambi vanokurumidza zvikuru munhandare yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mienzaniso isingacherechedzwi inobatanidza Club for Growth, EMILY’s List, uye National Rifle Association Wichy Wichnst Fund — kunyange zvazvo yapanyuro inowirirana nesangano rePC kutegontswords, mapoka mazhinji anona chinyorwa.

Basa Rokubhejera Mugadziriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunyepedzera muitiro wokukurukura zvakananga navagadziri vemitemo, vashandi vavo, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vebazu kuti vapesvedzere chisiko, kugadziridzwa, kana kuti kukundwa kwemitemo kana kuti mirau. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji kuchibatanidzwa nemipiro yenhimbe, kukurudzira mubato wakasiana unodzorwa nemitemo yokuzivisa — zvikurukuru Lobbing Disclosure Act ya1995. Masangano anopinda mukukurudzira anofanira kunyoresa neDare neImba uye mishumo yemishumo inodongodzo inodododododoka, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vakananga vakabvunzwa.

Nhamburiko dzokupinza nokurongera dzinogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: kupinza basa muvashandi vomuimba inosvikira vaenzi, kubatira mafemu okunze, kunzvera nokutsigira mari namapepa machena, kugadzira mibato yeuswa inokweva midzi, uye kuronga misangano yakabatana navagadziri vemiitiro. Nokuda kwepaPC, kukwidziridza mukoto wakananga wokufambisira zvinhu zvavo zvemitemo pasina ganhuriro dzinoshanda kumipiro yenhimbe — somuenzaniso, zvitsama zvisina muganhu zvinogona kupedzerwa pakukwidziridza, nepo mipiro inokandwa. Ikoku kunoita kuti mubatanidzwa une simba ushandekidze kumari inoshandiswa, achibvumira PC kuronda kuchinja muitiro pahwaro inopfuurira panzvimbo bedzi mukati mema.

Kupindirana Pakati Pemapepa Asiri Akabatana Nemabira

Ukama pakati pemaPAC napanzvimbo dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvakawanda. Nepo mamwe maPAC asingabatanidzwi achipinda zvikuru mukukumbira, mamwe anonangidzira ngwariro inodokuva pamipiro yenhimbe kana kuti ndyiko dzamagariro. Chisarudzo chinotsamira panharidzano dzama Sangano dzePC, zviwanikwa, uye chirongwa chapamutemo. Chisakiso chikuru ndechokuti maPAC asina kubatanidzwa anotarisana neganhuriro shomanene pakupinda kupfuura pamibato yenhimbe — anogona kubatira pasina muganhu, chero bedzi achiwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa nokushuma.

Kurongwa kwakarongwa

MaPAC akawanda anobudirira asingabatanidzwi anoshandisa mutoo wemitemo yakabatana: anosimudza mari kubva kuvatsigiri, anobetsera kuvatevedzeri vanowirirana nenhau yavo, uye anokurudzira panguva imwe cheteyo vaiti vemitemo vamwe chetevo pashure pesarudzo. Ikoku kunoparira chimuko apo tsigiro yenhimbe inovaka tsigiro inovaka bvumirano dzakanaka, uye kukurudzira kusimbisa miraudzo. Somuenzaniso, PC inonangidzirwa pakuvandudza mitero ingapa mubato wokutsigira vaparidzi vebhizimisi uye ipapo kuvakurudzira kutsigira kutemedzerwa kwakananga mitero. Kuzvimirira kwePACI kunoibvumira kuramba kwakananga panhau dzayo huru dzesangano pasina kutsauswa nefariro huru dzomubereki.

Kutorwa Kwemanyuko

Mativi anobva Aopenrets, boka renzvero risiri reparatian, anoratidza kuti maPACI anopedzerwa kupfuura mabhiriyoni $1 000 000 emadhora pakupinda pakati pa 2000 na 2020, nokuwedzera munhevedzo imwe neimwe yesarudzo. Zvisinei, kugoverana kwesese inodzosesasesasesasesasesa zvinonzi zvinoparirwa paPC iduku zvikuru kana kuti kufambiswa nemasangano ezvokutengeserana. MaPAC anotambira kuisa mari yakawanda zvikuru yemari yavo yokutsigira kupfuura kukwidziridza, kuratidzira basa ravo guru rokusarudza sevakuru vakuru vakuru vemikoro. Kunyange zvakadaro, kupfuurirwa kwenhau yenhau yePC — seyakananga mamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza kana kuti mapfuti — anopa mari yakawanda kupfurikidza nokupfumbapfumba kupfumisa kupfumisa kupfurikidza namasimba asingabhadharwi zvikuru, kazhinji kaduku mudavitina 501) pasi pechikamu chezvitsaroriti yemi.

Zvinodikanwa Zvemitemo Nezvokudzivirira

PPACs dzisingabatanidzwi dzinofanira kushandisa mirau yakaoma zvikuru inodzora mari yenhimbe neyamadhipatimendi. Federal Econstruction Campaigment Act (FECA) uye kugadziriswa kwakatevera, kubatanidza Bipartisan Champaign Reformation Act ya2002 (BRA), inogadza ganhuriro dzemipiro uye inoda kuziviswa kwenguva dzose kwamariti uye kurashiswa kwemajeri kuFEC. Mibato yeLobbing Disloasurence Act, iyo inoraira kunyoreswa kana sangano rikashandisa mumwe kana kuti vagamuchiri vazhinji uye rinopedza mari inopfuura mibato inokwana pakugamuchira (paripi panguva inoteverwa kwe $14,000 pagore rimwe nokuda kwevakidzamiramiramiramiramiramiramiramirari mudzimba).

Nenzira inokosha, PC inogona kukurudzira pasina kunyoresa sesangano rinonyandura kana mibato yayo yokuda kugamuchirwa ikaitwa navakuru vakuru kana kuti vashandi vanopedza isingasviki 20% yenguva yavo pakusvikira — kunyange zvazvo ichi chikumbano chinowanzosanzwisiswa. MaPAC akawanda asingabatanidzwi anodzivisa kunyoresa kupfurikidza nokushandisa chinyorwa chinodzivisa kurukurirano yakananga navakuru vakuru vakuru vakafukidzwa. Somuenzaniso, vangashandisa masangano enhau anokurudzira vanhu kukurukura nevanogadzira mitemo, iyo inorangarirwa kuva midzi youswa youswa uye haisati ichitenderwa kunyoreswa. Iyi nzvimbo yachena inobvumira PACIC kupesvedzera muitiro pasina kujeka kwakazara.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Chisarudzo mu [[FLT] United v. FEC (2010) yakagadziridzazve nzvimbo kupfurikidza nokubvumira makambani namasangano kupedzera mari isina kuganhurirwa pandyiko dzamagariro, kuchitungamirira kukumuka kwePACIPUD. Nepo maPACI makuru ari rudzi rwakasiana rwedare risiri rakabatanidzwa — anogona kugamuchira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa asi haagoni kubetsera zvakananga — kazhinji kazhinji vanopinda mukukweverevedza kupfurikidza namasangano asina purofiti. Ikoku kwakashatisa mutsetse pakati penhimberi dzechirongwa chakachena namasangano anosimudzira, achiumba miitiro mitsva yepesvedzero.

Kuongorora Zvikamu Zvisina Kubatanidzwa Nemabasa Okuzvinyima Oumboo

Mutambo Wokukura

Club for Growth iPACI inoreverera isingabatanidzwi iPACIRO inoreverera hurumende yakaganhurirwa, mitero yakaderera, uye kutengeserana kwapachena. Inochengeta kuvapo kwakasimba muWashington, inoshandisa vapangi vari muimba yokupinda nokubatana namafemu okunze. Nhamburiko dzayo dzinokurudzira kusimudzira mutemo wezvemari inokura, wakadai sokuchinja mitero nokubvisa mitero. Mupiro wePAC — unosimudzira uye unopa denho huru mukurwisana navatendi vemitemo inotsauka mumitemo yetsika inodzoronzevedza — unovandudza miraudzo yayo inosimudzira. Vaiti vemitemo vanogamuchira KMFracs vanogamuchira tsigiro yekukura kazhinji kazhinji vanogamuchira kukumbira kupfurikidza kwayo, kuvamba ukama hwechinjo pakati pevaratioresaidzo.

VaAmerica Nokuda Kwobudiriro (AFP)

VaAmerican nokuda kwePurces, yakavambwa neKoch hama, i501 (c) (4) isingapinduri inoshanda paPACI yakasiyana isina kubatanidzwa, vaAmerica nokuda kwePurces PC. AFP vave rimwe ramaP anoshingaira zvikurusa mukukurudzira, kupedza makumi amamirioni gore negore pakukwidziridza, kuunganidza kwouswa, uye kubudisa. Kutanga kwavo kunobatanidza mitemo yezvoutano yapachena, simba rinobvisa, uye kuvandudza mutero. FP inobvumira nzanga hurusa yezvokutsigira nokutsigira hurumende yenyika kuronga zvivako zvikuru — zvakadai sezvinoitika zvokubhangidza runhare nehoro dzetaundi — izvo zvinobatanidza Washington inovakwa kwadzokororwa. PC inobvumira kubatira bhizimisi rimwe nerimwe kuishandira kushandira bhizimisi kuidzwa pasina purogiramu yemari.

Chiteshi Chenyika cheSierra Club

Parutivi rwemhoteredzo, dare rezvamatongerwe enyika reSierra Club (pane pasinongedzerwa) rinoshanda mukombini ne 501 (c)(4) uye 501(c). PAC inotsigira vapindi vepro-vironment, nepo ruoko rwechimbichimbi ruchitungamirira mufambiro mukuru pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, simba rakachena, uye nyika dzavose. Sierra Club yave ichishanda zvikuru pakubatanidza, kukwidza, uye basa ravana vakasarudzwa — somuenzaniso, zvinodenha simba remarasha mudare apo inosimudzira dziviriro yemhoteredzo neHurumende nokuda kwemipimo yorumano. Masangano ayo asina kubatanidzwa anoibvumira kuva nzvimbo yazvinzvimbo zvakazvimirira zvesangano ripi nenzvimbo kana kuti purotsinga yebumbiro yemitemo yegamuchidzanwa.

Kutapura KwepaC Isina Kubatanidzwa Pakubhadharwa Kwemitemo

Kuyera tapuro yakananga yePUC inopinzwa kunzvimbo isiri yakabatanidzwa kunonetsa nemhaka yokuti pesvedzero inowanzopararira uye haina kunanga. Zvisinei, fundo dzinoverengeka dzinokarakadza kuti paCs yakasanonangidzirwa, inogona kuchinja muitiro mukuda kwavo. Nzvero neCentre for Responsive Politics (Openset) dzinoratidza kuti PACIS nevanopa zvipo vanoona kudzokerwa kudzokerwa kwechibvumirano chemitemo yakanaka nemigumisiro inodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, CMC yoKukwidza kukwidza paTsves's transport Bank recureaunt muna 2015 yakapawo kuti kuvigwa kwechinguvana kwesangano, kuwiriraniswa nouzivi hwaro.

MaPUC asingabatanidzwi anopesvedzerawo muitiro kupfurikidza nokuumba murangariro wavanhu kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzourezi. Kupesvedzera kweSierra Club paCertine Plan kwakabetsera kuvaka dzvinyiriro yegwenya reProgram yeCelse Purce Purcess iyo yakachengeta mirau yemhoteredzo mumaziso avanhu, kunyange apo chiito chedare chakamiswa. Nenzira yakafanana, vaAmerica nokuda kwokupesvedzera kwoMugadziridziro mukurwisana neAffordable Care Act vakabetsera kugadziridza pesvedzero huru neshoro dzinopfuurira idzo dzakaganhurira kusvika kwomutemo.

Bva, PCs dzisina kubatanidzwa dzinotarisana neganhuriro. Kuzvimirira kwavo kunogona kuva munondo unocheka namativi maviri: pasina mativi ebhizimisi akafara kana kuti mubatanidzwa, vangashaiwa tsandanyama yemari yePCs yakabatana. Kuwedzera, kutarisisa kwavo kumwe kunogona kuvaita kuti vashande zvikuru mukufamba kwebhiza pamutemo weombus, apo fariro dzakawanda dzakadzikamiswa. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zviteshi, PC dzinovakwa nedzisingabataniswi dzinoramba dziri vatambi vane pesvedzero, zvikurukuru muzvisarudzo zvikuru uye nhau huru.

Kutsoropodza Nokurangarira Kwoungwaru

Ukama pakati pePACI isina kubatanidzwa nokupesvedzera hunomutsa funganyo dzetsika pamusoro pokuona nokuzvidavirira kwedemocracy. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuzvimirira kweiyi PAC kunovabvumira kushanda nokunzvera kushoma kupfuura kambani kana kuti mubatanidzwa PC. Somuenzaniso, PC ingave yakaungana mipiro inobva kuvapi vakawanda vanoramba vasingazivikanwi kusvikira pashure pekuvhota, uye mibato yayo yokukurudzira ingatsigirwa kupfurikidza ne "mari yakavanzika" kana yave yateverwa nomu 501(c)) isingabudisi. Uku kushaikwa kwoufakazi hwemijeko kunogona kushaidza chivimbo chavose mumuitiro wokuvhotera.

Uyezve, suo rinotenderera pakati pePACI, makambani anosimudzira, uye nzvimbo dzehurumende rinonyandura funganyo pamusoro pepesvedzero isakafanira. Vabati navaichimbova vaiti vemitemo vanowanzobva Capitol Hill pasina kusimudzirwa basa rokukurudzira rePCAC, kusimbisa ukama hwomunhu oga nokuda kwemibato. Nepo masangano akadaro ari apamutemo uye anozivikanwa navose, vanogona kuparira chitarisiko — kana kwete chaizvoizvo — cherwisano dzefariro.

Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti maPAC iratidzirwo inokosha yokutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kutaura kwakasununguka. Dare rapamusoro rakadzivirira nguva dzose paC napakukurudzira semibato yeFirst Amendment. Vanopikisa kuti PC dzinozvimirira dzinopa vagari vemowo zvavo — dzakabvumirwa nemipiro — inzwi rinogona kukwikwikwidzana nefariro dzakadzika midzi dzebhizimisi. Mumurangariro uyu, ukama pakati pePACIS uye kukurudzira hunongovawo zvawo muitiro wemidziyo kana kuti mapoka epfungwa kuti apesvedze, kungofanana nemibatanidzwa nesangano yezvokutengeserana zvakaitwa kwamakumi amakore.

Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi MuPUC Isina Kubatanidzwa

Zvisakiso zvinoverengeka zvingaumba nguva yemberi yePUC isina kubatanidzwa. Chokutanga, kukura kunopfuuridzirwa kwemitemo inopa mipiro — kupfurikidza nezvikuva zvakadai seAct Blue naWin Red — zvinogonesa kuti PCs dziunganidze mari kubva pamavambo makuru avapi vaduku, kuderedza kuvimba nemigove mishomanene mipfumi. Ikoku kungagona kuiita kuti ive ine mutoro mukuru kumidzi yayo youswa uye kusingatani kubatwa nefariro chaidzo. Chechipiri, kushandiswa kunowedzera kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu nedata kunobvumira PACIC kudzosa mashoko nenzira inobudirira zvikuru — kuzivisa kuti vapiki vemitemo vanokwanisa zvikurusa kutsigira nhau dzakananga uye nharo dzebasa.

Chechitatu, kuchinja kwapamutemo kungachinja nzvimbo. DISCLOSE Act, iyo yave ichitangwa muMitemo mizhinji yeCongress, ingada kujeka zvikuru nokuda kwokushandisa zvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kukumbira mari dzinobatanidzwa kupfurikidza nemhindu. Kana ipfuudzwa, yaizowedzera kunzvera paPACIDi idzo mari inoshanda zvino mu 501(c). Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro chinobatanidza rondedzero yokuwana chingagona kukudza mativi ose okubvumira kunyoresa pasina kunyoresa.

Pakupedzisira, kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica kungawedzera pesvedzero yePUS inosabatanidzwa bedzi yepfungwa. Sezvo maPURO ane mwero anobatanwa achiva asingawanzowaniki, asingabatanidzwi anogona kumanikidza chirango chepfungwa kupfurikidza nedenho huru uye kupesvedzera kuchapfuurira kushata simba. Iyi kombamiro inotooneka muHouse Freedom Fund neCongregation Leadership Fund (AC ine mwero mukuru yePUC inobatiranawo nenhamburiko dzokuedza). Mutsetse pakati pomuvhiyi, kutsigira, uye kubudisa chitsoro chepfuro uchapfuurira kupfuudza, kuita kuti paC isati iri pakati penyika dzeAmerica dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinooneka nokuda kwegadziriro yomunguva yemberi inooneka.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pemaPACI asina kubatanidzwa nenhamburiko dzinopesvedzera rutivi runokosha uye runogadziridza rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Aya matare akazvimirira anoshandisa rusununguko rwawo kubva kuudzori hwekambani kana kuti mubatanidzwa kuti atsigire nokuda kwenhau dzakati, achishandisa muvhenganiswa wemipiro yenhimbe nokupesvedzera zvakananga kuumba migumisiro yemitemo. Nepo achitarisana nedenho — kubatanidza ganhuriro dzemipinyi netsoro dzemipimo — mano awo okunangidzira pamutemo kuvavakidziri vanopesvedzera mumuitiro wedemocracy. Kunzwisisa ukama ihwo hunoda ngwariro kugadziriro dzapamutemo, zvisarudzo zvapamutemo, uye mamiriro enhau dzechirongwa chenhimbe nedzero. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navaiti vezvamatongerwe enyika, kutsoropodza pakati pePC dzinobatanidzwa nedzisiri dzinobatanidzwa uye kuratidzira Window mugadziriro yakaitwa uye kunoitwa muUnited States.