Political Action Committee (PACs) yave iri nguva refu iri chinhu chisingazivikanwi mumari yehondo yeAmerica, asi kukura kwemaPU asina kubatanidzwa kwakagadziridza zvikuru nzira iyo mari inopitira nayo muvhoti. Kusafanana namatare emasangano echikwata kana kuti maPCAC akasarudzwa, aya masangano anozvimirira anoshanda pasina kubatana kwetsika nebato ripi kana kuti mutevedzero. Kunzwisisa ukama pakati pemaPACIC namapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kunzvera mugariro wawo wapamutemo, kuzvimirira kwemari, mitemo yemibatanidzwa, uye mipimo mikuru yemipimo yehurumende yehurumende. Nyaya inopa kunzvera nenzira yakajeka kuti aya masangano anofambidzana sei, anokwikwidzana namabato ezvamatongerw enyika, apo anorambawo kuongorora kurukurirano dzavo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Ndeapi Mabhuku Asina Kubatanidzwa?

MaPURO asina kubatanidzwa masangano anosimudzira nokushandisa mari kupesvedzera mubatanidzwa wehurumende, hurumende, kana kuti sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo pasina kubatanidzwa pamutemo nebato rezvematongerwe enyika, mudanho, kana kuti rimwe PC. Federal Ecommotion Commission (FEC) inorondedzera PACI serimwe rinotangwa, kana kuti rinotsigirwa nemari nesangano resangano revashandi, sangano renhengo, kana kuti sangano rebhizimisi. Mukupesana, PACI yakazvimirira panzvimbo dzakadaro. Iri boka rinobatanidza mapoka makuru, kubva kumasangano esangano rimwe, kusangano remitengo yemitezo, kana kuti bhizimisi.

Shoko rokuti PAC risingabatanidzwi padzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa nenzira imwe cheteyo ne "dare rinoshandisa mari bedzi," asi kune misiano inokosha. Mumutemo wemari wenhimbe yazvino uno, PC isina kubatanidzwa ingasarudza kushanda sePACI ine ganhuriro dzegamuchidzanwa dzemipiro, kana kuti inganyoreswa sedare guru rePACI (rinozivikanwa nenzira yakazvimirira sedare rinobhadharira mari bedzi) rinogona kugamuchira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa inobva kuvanhu, kumasangano, uye mibatanidzwa (apo isati ichibatira zvakananga nomutengi kana kuti mubato upi noupi.

Kusiyana Kukuru Kunobva PaCs Yakabatanidzwa

  • [[FOLT:0] Active PACs inoumbwa nesangano riripo (umh., PC), nepo maPAC asina kubatanidzwa achiumbwa navanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti mapoka asina tsigiro yakadaro.
  • muganhu weTsvakaro: MaPaC egamuchidzanwa asina kubatanidzwa anoiswa paganhuriro dzakabatanidzwa nePCs ($5 000 pavhoti imwe paimwe), sa2024). Zvisinei, paPUPC hapana muganhu pamariti kana kuti ndyiko, chero bedzi achibatanidzwa bedzi mundyiko dzakazvimirira.
  • Kurongeka: PCs dzisingabatanidzwa dzinorambidzwa kuronga kudyira kwadzo navadaviri kana kuti mapati. PaCs dzakabatanidzwa dzinobvumirwa kutsinhirana nemhaka yokuti dzakabatana zvakananga nomubhadhari kana kuti mubato.
  • Kuzivisa: Marudzi ose ari maviri anofanira kuisa mushumo wokuzivisa nguva dzose neFEC, asi maPACI makuru anofanira kuzivisa vapi vanopa zvinopfuura $200, nepo maPC egamuchidzanwa asina kubatanidzwa ane zvinodikanwa zvakafanana.

Basa Repamutemo: Zvakaitwa Nemapaki Aisabatanidzwa

Mamiriro ezvinhu azvino uno ePACs asingabatanidzwi ichibereko chikurusa chezvinoitika zviviri zvemitemo zvinooneka. Chokutanga, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra 1976 Buckley v. Valeo yakasimbisa kuti kushandisa mari kupesvedzera sarudzo chimiro chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa pasi peFirst Amendment, asi yakatsigira ganhuriro pamipiro yakananga kudzivirira uori kana kuti kuoneka kwayo.

Chechipiri, kutonga kweDare Gurusa ra 2010 mu Chisarudzo mu [FLT] United v.FEC yakabvisa ganhuriro pakushandisa kwazvimirira kwemitengo namasangano, ichigadzira nzira yokushandisa kusingaganhurirwi neaya masangano. Nokukurumidza pashure, D.C. Dare reNhenhare reNhevedzano ramatunhu rakabva mu Speech Zvino.org v.FEC rakashandisa mufungo mumwe chetewo kumatare ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita mipiro yakazvibhadharo zvamagaro, richiita kuti matare akadaro agamuchire mipiro isingaganhurirwi.

Nhasi, PACIS isina kubatanidzwa iripo muzvimiro zvinoverengeka: PAC dzegamuchidzanwa dzine ganhuriro dzemipiro, Super PACs (matare anotsamira pakushandisa bedzi), uye maPACI (anonziwo matare eCarey) akashambadzirwa anoramba ane nhauro yemagamuchidzanwa yePACIC yemipiro yakaganhurirwa kuvada kutengwa neakaundi yakaparadzana yePACIC nokuda kwokuzvidira kusina muganhu. FEC inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame paidziwaro, uye website ye FC [F]FC inopa zviwiro zvokushuma zvinodikanwa zvinonzwisiswa.

Ukama Nemagariro Ezvamatongerwe Enyika: Kuzvimirira uye Kuronga Zvakanaka

Chiratidzo chinoratidzira maPACI asingabatanidzwi kuzvimirira kwawo mumapati ezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasi pomutemo wehurumende, havagoni kutsinhiranisa ndyiko dzavo nedare ripi neripi kana kuti rebato. Ichi chirambidzo chakaitirwa kudzivisa kuganhurirwa kweganhuriro dzemipiro. Zvisinei, ukama hwacho hunojekeswa zvikuru kupfuura kuparadzana kuri nyore. Munzira, maPC akawanda asingasanobatanidzwa anoratidzira zvokutanga zvebato rimwe guru, uye mibato yawo inogona zvimwe kusimbisa kana kuti kusekesa gadziriro yebato yapamutemo.

Kuronga Mitemo Neganhuriro Dzavo

Mitemo yeFEC inorondedzera kubatana semamiriro ezvinhu umo ndyiko dzinoitwa "mubatira pamwe, kurangana, kana kuti kontatina ne, kana kuti pachikumbiro che" mukwikwidzani, dare rebato, kana kuti vamiririri vavo. Kana pakanga pasina kubatanidzwa nepati, mari yacho ingabatwa sechipo chemhosho inodzorwa miganhu. Asi muganhu wacho unowanzova usina kujeka. Somuenzaniso, PPAC inotambira vashandisi veboka kana kuti vamiririri vepapo yebato ingapomerwa mhosva yokubatanidza, kunyange kana pasina kurukurirano yakananga yakaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura. Pfungwa dzekarevesa dzinoedza kujekesa miganhuro iyi, asi vatsoropo dzinosimbisa kuti kuderera. [FL:]

Muitiro Wakanaka: Makambani Kana Kuti Makambani?

MaPUC asingabatanidzwi anogona kushanda sevatsigiri vane simba kumabato ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro panhau kana kuti madzinza ayo matare ebato asingagoni kuisa miganhu. Somuenzaniso, muSuper PAC anosiana angapedza zvikuru mudzinza rokutanga kusimudzira mukwikwikwidzani anowirirana nepurogiramu dzawo dzendangariro, nepo boka racho rimene ringada mukwanyina ane mwero zvikuru. Mupfungwa iyi, PCs inogona kudenha simba rokuchengeta suo rebato. Nhambaworowo, vazhinji vaPACICS vanowirirana namapati anotsinhirananiswa namazita namagen’ai, apo vanoramba vari mukati muganhu yemiganhuro yetsika yomutemo.

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika amene akachinjira kukumuka kwePACIC. Komiti yeDemocratic National Committee and Republican National National Committee zvino inoshanda pamwe chete nemubatanidzwa weSuper PACs namapoka akazvimirira. Masangano iwaya anowanzogoverana tsinhiro dzokuvhota, mabasa okuronga, uye mapfundo okutaura mumitezo yemiteve, muitiro uyo mamwe mapoka anorinda anopikisa rondedzero yetsinhirano. Campagign Legal Center[ akaisa kunyunyuta kutsinhirana kusiri kwapamutemo muzvinoitika zvinoverengeka, kunyange zvazvo FEC yakawanzoita chiito.

Kuzvimirira Mune Zvemari: Simba Remari Isina Kuganhurirwa

Musiyano mukurusa pakati pamaPACI nematare ebato mano avo okusimudza nokushandisa mari isina kuganhurirwa. Nepo matare ebato achidzorwa nemipiro kubva kuvanhu nePCACs (zvikurukuru, DNC inogona kugamuchira kusvika ku $41,300 pagore kubva kumunhu sa2024), Super PACs inogona kugamuchira nzvero dzoukuru hupi nohupi hunobva mumanyuko api neapi. Uku kuzvimirira kwemari kunobvumira maPAC kuti apfuure matare ebato akawanda.

Mienzaniso Yemazita Makuru Aisabatanidzwa

  • American Crosss – A Super PC yakatangwa naKarl Rove, yakapedza anopfuura mamiriyoni $100 munhevedzo dza2012 ne2014.
  • [[NHAU]] , USA Action – A Democratic Super PPAC akatsigira Barack Obama muna 2012 naHillary Clinton muna 2016, achimutsa makumi emamiriyoni kubva kuvapi vakapfuma.
  • Club yeFrowing Action – A Super PC inochengeta nguva dzose yakananga padenho huru mukurwisana navaRepublicas dzinorangarirwa kuva dzisingachinji zvakakwana.
  • [[NHAU: 0] ZVINEI ZVEKURO - A A A asina kubatanidzwa (paC yegamuchidzanwa nePaC) inokwidza mari kusarura vakadzi veDemocratic avo vanotsigira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri.
  • Vagari vemo vokuguma United - A Democratic-aliging PC avo vanotsigira chinjo yemari yenhimbe uyewo vanopinda mundyiko dzakazvimirira.

Masangano aya anoratidza mhatsa huru yemaPU, kubva kumapoka epfungwa kusvika kumotokari dzakananga.

Kwakabva Mari

MaPUKO asingabatanidzwi anotora mari kubva kuvapi vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye mubatanidzwa wavashandi. Nokuda kweSuper PACs, chiverengero chiduku chavanhu vane mitoro yakawandisa kazhinji kazhinji chinopa mugove mukuru wemipiro. Mukuwirirana Avula mapepa [, vapi 100 vapamusoro vanopa kuSuper PACs vanowana inopfuura hafu yeSuper PAC inopa munhizha dzenguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Uku kuwanda kwepfuma kunosimudzira itiro yekusaenzana kwepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika uye bviro yezvirongwa zvemupi.

Pesvedzero Pazvisarudzo Nemitemo

PC dzisingabatanidzwi dzinoshandisa pesvedzero kupfurikidza namazano akasiyana- siyana, kubatanidza kuzivisa kweterevhizheni nenhepfenyuro, tsamba dzakananga, kubhangisa runhare, uye midzi inogadzira foni. Nemhaka yokuti hadzisi pasi pechirango chepatipati, dzinogona kuita chimiro chamasimba masimba icho matare ebato rehurumende angadzivisa. Iri rinogona kuva munondo wakakoshwa nekaviri: unobvumira kurukurirano yakasimba zvikuru, asi unogonawo kutungamirira kukutsigira nokutumira mashoko kwakaipa.

Kusarudza Kukuru: Hondo Yomweya Weboka

MaPUKO asingabatanidzwi anowanzoita basa guru mukusarudza kukuru, uko kudzoka kwakaderera uye chitsama chiduku chemari chinogona kuva netapuro huru. Mapoka akafanana neClub for Growth neDare reMaparera ramabhangi akabudirira kudzingwa muCumberbant Republican syntact kupfurikidza nokupinzwa mari inodenha zvikuru vanosanowirirana nemirangariro yavo. Nenzira yakafanana, mapoka anofambira mberi akafanana ne Justice Democrates neRoult Famility vakashandisa ndyswo yokuzvimirira kutsigira vatakuri vezvinetso vane mwero Democrates. Ikoku kunogona kushandura nzvimbo huru yenhau yebato munguva inopfuudza.

Kusarudza Kukuru: Kurumbidza Kana Kuti Kupinza Mashoko Eboka

Mukusarudza kwavose, PPAC isina kubatanidzwa inogona kukudza kutumira mashoko kwebato kupfurikidza nokubudisa kushambadza kunodzokorora misoro yechikwata. Zvisinei, vanogona kushora kana kuti kusekesa mapfundo okutaura kwebato kana vakaronda zvirongwa zvavo vamene. Somuenzaniso, muPUTC akananga panhau dzemhoteredzo angashandisa kushambadzira kwokutsoropodza mutezo nokuda kwokusava anoruvara zvakakwana, kunyange mukati merusarudzo. Zvinowanzo, zvisina kubatanidzwa paPC tsotso tso zvinovhotera nechinodzodzodzo chenhau iyo inovhara muganhu pakati pomutsigiridziri nemuitiro.

Kuwanda kwemari inotengwa kunze kune mativi makuru akachinja. Mukuwirirana ne FEC] bhiridha yemari yemari [, kunze kwokushandisa (kubatanidza neSuper PACs uye mamwe mapoka akazvimirira) kwakawedzera kubva pa $200 000 000 000 munjinga ya2009 kusvika ku $2,5 mabhiriyoni muzhetembo ra2020. Kukura ikoko kwakapfuura wedzero mukushandiswa kwedare, kuchipa PCCs dzinobatanidzwa kupfuura nakare kose.

Kunetsa Ubati Ushe hwaMwari: Nharo Huru

Kumuka kwePUCs isina kubatanidzwa kwakamutsa gakava guru pamusoro poutano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti aya masangano anosekesa chipikirwa chenzwi rakaenzana rezvematongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokubvumira vapi navapfumi kuva nepesvedzero inodzorwa. Vanoomerera kuti kushaikwa kwezvinodikanwa zvebatira pamwe chete kunodzongonyedzwa nyore nyore, uye kuti rudzi rusina kujeka rwezvimwe zvisaririra zvemari (zvakadai samapoka emari yakasvibira ayo magirafiti anopa mari kuSuper PACs) anobvisa kujeka. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti kusha mari inoshandiswa kupfurikidza idivirira kurukurirano yakadzivirirwa nePCsssssss anogonesa vagari vemos kuti vabatane kubatira pamwe chete kutsigira nokuda kwezvisakiso zvehurumende.

Kujeka uye kuvhara

Nepo Super PACs ichifanira kuzivisa vapi vayo, kumuka kwamasangano asingapinyi mari yakasviba (zvakadai sa 501 (c) (4) mapoka enzanga enzanga) akagadzirawo zvisakafanira. Uku kushambadza kushambadza mari pamibato yezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kuisa vapi navapi vozogona kuendesa mari kuSuper PAC, zvinobudirira kuvanza manyuko apakuvamba. MaPAC ayo asina kubatanidzwa asingarwirwi zvikuru anotarisanawo nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvishoma kana achishanda setsika PACICs yakaganhurirwa kumipiro dzechi $5 000. [[FLT:]F]FC]FYFYFYF] nhau yokudzika zvinhu zvakawanda. ] inoratidzira kushatswa kwakawanda kushatswa kusingabhangiswa nemhaka yemiteshina pakati pemitenzi.

Kutapura Kubatana Kweboka

PPAC isingabatanidzwi inogona kuputsa chirango chebato kupfurikidza nokupa simba fariro dzesangano. Chikuva chapamutemo chebato chingava chakapesana nevanopa mari yePACI PACI inowirirana nebato iroro. Somuenzaniso, muPUPU inotsigirwa nefashoni yepeturu ingasunda mitemo inorwisana nevavariro dzebato. Uku kunyanduka kunogona kuita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuvatungamiriri vebato kupa pamberi uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Nenzira yepapo, PCs dzinosabatanidzwa dzinogonawo kubatira semavharovha eko akachengeteka, kubvumira vapi vemipi navapi veporipi kunze kwevavaki vebato vepokanhombe pasina kubatira kupfurikidza namagedhi ehurumende.

Kuchinja

Nhamburiko dzokuvandudza ukama pakati pemaPUPU asina kubatanidzwa namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika dzakananga pamifungo mizhinji: kusimbisa mitemo yokubatanidza, zvinodikanwa zvinowedzera zvokuzivisa, kuisa ganhuriro pakushandisa kukuru, kana kuti kunyange kuputsa Chitendero cheUnited kupfurikidza negadziriso yebumbiro remitemo. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvingarambidza mipiro inobva kumasangano namasangano kuSuper PC, nepo zvimwe zvingaita gadziriro duku-doni yokudzivisa pesvedzero yavapinduri vakuru. [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeChiviko chemitemo yabudisa kunzvera kukuru paidzirongedzero dzazvino. Zvisinei, Dare gurusa reSalpo rePrence, chikaro chapamutemo.

mhedziso

MaPAC asina kubatanidzwa ane nzvimbo yakaoma uye inowanzokakavadzana mune zvematongerwe enyika muAmerica. Kuzvimirira kwawo kumapati ezvematongerwe enyika kunovapa mukana wokuita purogiramu dzakati pasina kuganhurirwa kwemichina yebato, asi kuzvimirira kumwe cheteko kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira uye basa remari musarudzo. Sezvo nzvimbo yepamutemo inopfuurira kuva inoshanduka, ukama pakati pePACICs nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika zvicharamba zviri nhau huru mukurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro pekugadziridzwa kwemari yenhimbe. Kunzwisisa simba iri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti kusarudzo dzazvino unowana, zvinorasika, uye kuumbwa namasimba anoshanda zvose zviri zviviri mukati nekunze kwebato regamuchidzanwa.