Sumo

Ukama pakati pomubatanidzwa wevavhoti nemumiririri wezvamatongerwe enyika hunoumba gadziriro huru yetsinga dzetsika dzazvino uno dzokudzora. Apo vagari vemo vanoratidza zvavanoda, zvavanofarira, uye zvinokosha, vachigovera mashoko anokosha ayo vamiririri vanofanira kutsanangura ndokuita paari. Zvisinei, kunaka kwechiratidzo ichi uye kutendeka kweshanduro yayo mugadziriro yavose inoenderana zvikuru nemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, mufambiro wemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuparadzirwa kwezviwanikwa zvezviwanikwa mukati menzanga. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongororwa kwakakwana kwoukama uhwu hunonetsa, hunoita kuti huongorore chivako, tsika, uye zvinhu zvinoumba kuti zvisarudze kunyora kana kuti kutsigira kusawirirana kuripo. Munhambo inoratidzirwa nokuramba kuvimbwa uye kuwedzera kwematongedzero, kunzwisisa uku kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura vagari vemo vehurumende, uye vatsigiriri vehurumende vehurumende vehurumende.

Kurondedzera Kunakidza Kwokutambawo Kwemitambo

Kutora rutivi kweElectorial kazhinji kazhinji kunofananidzwa nechiito chokuvhota, asi democracy yakasimba inotsamira pamhoteredzo huru zvikuru yebvumirano yavagari vemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza kunyoresa kuvhota, kupinda horo dzemataundi nenzvimbo dzokurongera, kuzvipira nokuda kwemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kubatanidzwa mukurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika paIndaneti uye panzeri. Chiito chokuvhota ndicho chinoitika chinoguma nemuitiro murefu zvikuru wokurangarira nokukurudzira. Nzvero nguva dzose inoratidza kuti vagari vomuguta vanopinda mumibato iyi yokuronga havasati vachingova bedzi vane bviti vane zivo zvikuru pamusoro penhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika uyewo vanoziva zvikuru, kuchitungamirira kumiriro huru.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechirongo Kunoitika Mumarudzi Akawanda

Kunzwisisa kutora rutivi seboka kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei mamwe mapoka echiverengero chavagari vemo achishandisa pesvedzero isingachinjiki pagadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanhu vanowana mari yakawanda zvikuru vane bviro huru yokupa mari kunhimbe, kuvapa inzwi guru mukusarudza mudariro negadziriro. Vagari vemo vakura sezvingabvira zvikuru kupinda misangano yenzanga nokuonana navakuru vakuru vavose. Uku kunyanyonangidzira ngwariro pakuvhota bedzi kunogona kuvanza kusaenzana kukuru zvikuru mumanzwi anoita sei vagari vemo vavo pakati pezvisarudzo. Gadziriro yakanaka naizvozvo inofanira kubetsera kwete kungova bedzi kutendeuka kwakafara, asi kugovera kusingachinji kwezvimiro zvose zvokutora rutivi.

Chinoumba Maitiro Ane Mwero

Neiko vanhu vachivhota? Uye nei vazhinji vachisarudza kugara pamusha? Mhinduro dzacho dzakaoma uye dzinorongwa. Mitemo yesociology inosimbisa basa renzvimbo yenzanga yenzanga, dzidzo, uye masangano enzanga. Mienzaniso yendangariro dzinonangidzira ngwariro pakuzivikanwa kwebato, kubudirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye basa rehurumende. Mitemo yemitemo inosimbisa simba remitemo yokunyoresa, mitoo yokuvhota, uye purogiramu yokusarudza. Mukuwirirana nemashoko kubva ku [FLT: 0] REA Voter Tornout Dhidies [[, nyika dzine kunyoresa nokuvhota, dzakadai seBelgium neAustralia, dzinowana mwero inodzokororwa kupfuura 80%, neyakawanda inoremadzwa, kufanana neUnited States, kuona zvikuru uye kudzorongeka kusingaenzana. Iyi inoratidzira kupfurikidza nokungogarira kupfurikidza nemitemo yapamutemo.

Chivako Chokumirira Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika inzira iyo zvisarudzo zvakasiyana uye zvinorwisana zvevavhota zvinoshandurwa nayo kuita chisarudzo chine chiremera. Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Hanna Pitkin akagovera gadziriro yenheyo yokunzwisisa iyi pfungwa, kusiyana pakati pezvimiro zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana asi zvinopfuudzwa. Zvikamu zviviri zvinonongedzera kupfungwa yokuti vamiririri vanofanira kugoverana mavara ezvikamu zvavo, zvakadai sedzinza, vatano, kana kuti boka. Chimiro chePucrative chinonangidzira pakutsigira mitoo yemiitiro yavo, pasinei zvapo nokuti vanogoverana here nemamiriro ezvinhu avo ekare. Izvi zvimiro zviviri zvinonongedzera kutsika. Mumiririri wechirume anogona kuva mutsigiriri akasimba nokuda kwekodzero dzavakadzi, nepo mupfumi anobva muruwa rupfumi angasa kufanana.

Mufananidzo Wokufananidzira uye Wounyengeri

Kupfuura kumirira kwapashoma napakurondedzera, Pitkin akarondedzerawo mufananidzo wokufananidzira nowetsika. Kumirira kwokufananidzira kunowana batano yemirangariro nendangariro pakati pavamiriri nevanomirirwa. Mureza worudzi, imba yapamutemo, kana kuti mutungamiriri anobatanidza mipimo inogoverwa anogona kuva nokufananidzira une simba. Kumirira kwokufananidzira kunoreva gadziriro dzesangano (jekisenti), kuzvidavirira, uye kubvumira kwebumbiro remitemo kuti vaite chiito. Hurumende inomiririra ndiimwe apo zvivako zvetsika zvesimba zvinobatanidzwa kupfurikidza nemvumo yenguva dzose, yapachena, uye kusarudza kusingasarudzwi.

Nei Kumirira Zvinhu Zvoutano Hwehurumende

Mimiririri inoshanda ndiyo nzira huru yokuita kuti hurumende irambe ichiita chimwe chinhu kuvanhu. Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vamiririri vavo vari kuteerera uye vanoshanda nokuda kwavo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vangavimba negadziriro, vanowirirana nemitemo, uye vanopinda murutivi rwenguva yemberi. Nenzira inopesana, kundikano inopfuurira yemitemo inotsigira vapfumi kana kuti vakabatanidzwa zvakanaka pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemari nezvinonyandura ruzhinji. Kuda kudzora, kushora, uye kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Fundo inoitwa ne Giles nePeji (Z $1] paU.S zvamatongerwe enyika zvakagumisa kuti zvido zvavose zvezvinzvimbo zvapamusoro uye zvifambirwa zvebhizimisi zvine mutengovarariro huru zvine , nezvinotapura zvavagari vemo vemo vemo vemo.

Kuwiriraniswa Norudzi Rwokumirira

Nyanzvi dzemavara dzinosimbisa nenzira inowedzera pfungwa yokupindirana mumufananidzo. Vagari havana zita rimwe; vane madirect akawanda, anowirirana akavakirwa parudzi, boka, vatano, uye nzvimbo inogarwa. Mukadzi anoshanda wemavara angawana kuti fariro dzake hadzisati dzichimiririrwa zvizere nomumiriri weboka ravarume anoshanda, mumiririkadzi akapfuma, kana kuti mumiririri wevara wemunhurume. Chimiro chevara chakakwirira chemavara. Chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chinoda kuti tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika igone kubata nokupindura kune izvi, zvinoitika zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Izvi hazvidi kurondedzera bedzi kudarika kumativi akawanda asi kuratidzirawo mamitevedzero akasiyana - siyana echienzi ezvisina kukanganisa uye ropafadzo. Murangariro uyu unovandudza kuongororwa kwokutora rutivi rwakabatana, kuratidzira matanho ari nyore okuchinja kana kuti kupindirana kudivirira kunzwira pamutemo.

Kubatana Kwakaita Mutambo: Kubatanidzwa Kwakaita Mifananidzo

Chikarakadzo chikuru chinobatanidza iyi mifungo miviri chakananga: avo vanotora rutivi vanosarudza kuti ndiani anomirirwa, uye icho vamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoisa pakutanga. Kana boka rakati rivhota pamwero wakakwirira uye rinoshingaira mune zvamatongerwe enyika, vezvamatongerwe enyika vane sundo dzakasimba dzokugovera fariro dzeboka iroro. Nenzira inopesana, mapoka anovhota pamipimo yakaderera anofuratirwa kana kuti anoderedzwa nomutoo wetsika. Iri simba rinoparira chisarudzo chine simba icho chinogona kusimbisa kana kuti kuderedza kuenzana kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Mukaha Wokutora Rutivi Nemigumisiro Yawo

Mukaha wokutora rutivi musiyano wakarongwa mukutora mativi nokuvimbisana pakati pamapoka akasiyana- siyana enzanga. MuUnited States, muvhoti anovhota pakati pe10% yapamusoro vawadhirowa anenge 20-30 mativi egumi ne30 ezvikamu akakwirira kupfuura pakati pe 10%. Kukwirira pakati pavagari vemo vanopfuura 65 kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura pakati paavo vane makore 18-24. Mukahaha wakananga miuyo. Kunzvera kwechirongwa kwetsika kunoratidza nguva dzose kuti U.S. rutava rwenzanga rune rune rupo zvikuru kuvakweguru kupfurikidza neSocial Security neMedicadatures kana kuti kuvarombo. Uku kuratidzirwa kwakajeka kwemwe mwero inosianopesana.

Kutendeseka Kwakakwirira, Kuvimbika Kwakakwirira: Muenzaniso weNordic

Nyika dzine muvhoti mukuru wenhau uye wakaenzana zvikuru, dzakadai seSweden, Denmark, uye Norway, dzinogovera nhau yakasiana. Adzi marudzi anoramba ari akakwirira zvikurusa pakati pezvose zviri zviviri muuyo woutano hwedemokratiki negarikano yavanhu. Mitemo yadzo inowirirana inokurudzira kuvakwa kweboka rakafara, uye kukwirira kukuru kunosimbisa kuti fariro dzebasa reboka rapamusoro navagari vemo vakaderera dzinosanomirirwa mumuitiro wetsika. Somuuyo, idzi nyika dzine nyika dzine nzanga yegarikano yorupo, kusaenzana kwakaderera kwemari inowana, uye mwero mikuru yechivimbo chavanhu. Nepo kubatana kusiri kuvakwa kwakakwirira pakati poukama hwakakwirira, kugariranwa kwakakwirira nokugamuchira, mitoo inopa ufakazi hunosano nokuda kworusariranwa.

Gadziriro Yakaipa Yokutora Rutivi Rwokuderera Nokupora

Kutora rutivi kwakaderera hakusati kuri chiratidzo bedzi chokusagutsikana kwezvematongerwe enyika; chisakiso chokuwedzera kutsauranisa. Apo vagari vemo vanobva munzanga dzakaganhurirwa vanoona kuti kuderera kwavo kunotungamirira kumitemo inofuratira zvinodikanwa zvavo, vanganzwa vachitonzwa sundo duku yokutora rutivi munguva yemberi. Ikoku kunoparira nhambo inotyisa yokuparadza. Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika, achitsvaka kusimbisa mikana yavo yokuwina, kugovera pfuma yavo nenzira yakarongeka, kuisa nhamburiko dzavo dzokutumira mashoko nedzezvo kupfurikidza pamapoka akaderera anocheuka, kuderedzazve mukaha muvhotera unogura nhambo netsungidzo dzakawanda. Kuputsa iri denderedzwa hakudi hako kuva pesvedzero yomunhu oga asi chinjo inokuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru uye kune revo.

Zvisakiso Zvomusangano Zvinosimbisa Ukama Hwacho

Simba rokubatana pakati pokutora rutivi nechiratidzo harina kutsigiswa. rinorevererwa zvikuru nemitemo yesangano yemitambo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Masangano Ezvemari: Varindi Vemifananidzo

Gadziriro yevhiriyo itsika inowirirana neboka rinochinja zvikuru. Sangano rePlaturary kana kuti masangano akare-kare, anoshandiswa muU.S., UK, neCanada, angada kuita gadziriro mbiri dzezvikamu uye anogona kuvhura nokudzikamisa mapoka maduku uye zvinhu zvakaparadzirwa. Mukupesana, kumiririra kwakaenzana (PR), kunoshandiswa kuyambuka kwakawanda kweEurope, kugovera zvigaro munhambano kuvhotera. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange mapoka maduku anomirira pfungwa dzakananga kana kuti masangano anogona kuhwina zvigaro. Masangano ePR anogona kuwirira pamwe nemitumbi inovhotera yakakwirira uye mimiririro yakasiyana. Nhengeta yePFLT] yakatemwa nyika nyika dzinobatanidza kuti PR ivetetetete mipimo yePR inoita mipimo mikuru kupfuura mimwe yose.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemari Yehondo

Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshanda senhevedzo pakati pavavhoti nehurumende. Strong, masangano epurogiramu ayo anobva munzanga dzakati kana kuti pfungwa anogona kuparira fariro dzakati uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, apo masangano anoneta kana kuti anotsigirwa zvikurukuru nechiverengero chiduku chavapi vanopfumi, batano pakati pekutora rutivi kwevagari vemo nemiraudzo inoderera. Kuwanda kwemari mune zvematongerwe enyika muhurumende dzakawanda kunobvumira fariro dzakapfuma kudzora zvirongwa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji pakurasikirwa nokuwedzera kwemienzaniso uye kuganhurira pesvedzero yemipiro miduku inotsoropodza nokuda kwokuvimbisa kuti vamiririri vanozvidavirira kuvavhotera, kwete chete vatsigiri vavo vemari.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu Nemisangano Yacho

Mukuwedzera kumasangano anomirira, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakaedza miitiro yakananga yedemocracy yakadai semasangano edemocracy, zvirongwa zvevagari vemo, uye magungano asingabvumirwi. Maturusi aya anogona kutsigira kutora rutivi kwegamuchidzanwa kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagari vemo kusarudza mibvunzo chaiyo yetsika dzakananga kana kuti kubatanidzwa mukuongorora zvinhu zvakaoma. Nepo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pachako inogona kusimudzira kuvimbisana kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ine ngozi, dzakadai sokukwanisa kwekuneta, kudzorwa nefariro dzemari, uye udzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji. Miitiro inobudirira zvikurusa inowanzobatanidza mimiririri yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose vari vaviri kuti itsigire kutora rutivi rwavose nokuziva, kudzora kwokufunga.

Zvirongwa Zvokusimbisa Kubatana Pakati Pokutora Rutivi Nemifananidzo

Mazano aya anovavarira kuvhara mukaha wokutora rutivi, kuita kuti mufananidzo uve wakarurama uye unodavidza, uye kudzorera chivimbo mumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kugadzirisa Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuvaka Kuti Tiitewo Basa

Imwe yenzira dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzokuwedzera kutora rutivi ndeyokuderedza zvipingamupinyi zvokuvhota. Ikoku kunobatanidza kushandisa kunyoresa kwomuvhoti kwoga (AVR), uko kwakaratidzwa kukuwedzera zvikuru mwero yokunyoresa pasina kuda nhamburiko inoshanda yavagari vemo. Kuwedzera kusvika kutsamba nokuvhota kwokukurumidza, kuvimbisa nhamba yakakwana yenzvimbo dzokuvhota munzanga dzakachengetwa, uye kutama kweEcostation kuvhiki zvose matanho anoshanda ayo ane kuwedzera nenzira inowirirana. Nyika dzakadai seCanada neSweden dzinochengeta kuvhotera kwakakwirira murutivi nemhaka yokuti dzakaita chiito chokuvhotera nenzira inobetsera zvikuru uye inosvikika.

Kuchinja Kukuru Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu

Kuchinja kubva mumibatanidzwa kana kuti gadziriro dzinobatanidza zvinhu kuzvimiro zvokuratidzira kugadziridza kukuru zvikuru kunogona kuchinja wirirano yokutora rutivi. Masangano ePR anovimbisa kuti goverano yezvigaro zvebato inokunda inosanowirirana negoverano yazvo yovhota yakakurumbira, kuderedza chinetso chokuvhota kwakapambadzwa nokukurudzira kutora rutivi rwakafara. Rcanked-chocendice (RCV) ndiimwe chinjo inowana. RCV inobvisa muuyo wemuparadzi, inobvumira vavhotera kuratidzira zvido zvavo zvechokwadi, uye inogona kutungamirira kuzvakanakira, zvinangwa zvinobudirira. Fairote inogovera kunzvera kukuru pamusoro pokuwedzera nokutsigira.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokuronga Munzanga

Kuchinja kwemibato kunokosha, asi kunofanira kutsigirwa nenhamburiko dzokuvaka kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Dzidzo yemugarikano yakakwirira muzvikoro inoshongedzera vanhu vaduku noruzivo nounyanzvi zvavanoda kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira. Kuronga uye midzi youswa zvinobatanidza, zvikurukuru nhamburiko dzinoda kugadzirirwa mutsika dzenhau dzemasangano ezvipoteko, dzinogona kuvaka simba rezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro dzenzanga dzinotsigira kutora rutivi munguva ino. ECD] basa rokubatanidza vanhu nohuvakidzani noruwa rwezvikamu zvinopesana, zvikurukuru kusimbisa kukosha kwokuvakwa nokukurukurirana nokuvandudza mufambiro. Sangano dzebasa rinochengeta nguva dzose, panzvimbo pevhiki dzokupedzisira, dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinonetsa nokuda kwokuva muvakidzwa nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yechokwadi.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwokuratidzira Kurevedza Kwedemocratic

Ruzivo rwemakombiyuta runogovera zvishandiso zvitsva zvokubatanidza mukaha pakati pevagari vemo nevamiririri vavo. Zvikuva zveInternet zvinogona kupa mashoko anojeka, anowanika pamusoro penzira iyo vavhoti, avo vanobhadhara masangano avo, uye mashandisirwo anoitwa. Maturusi emagetsi anogonawo kubetsera kubvisa zvinyorwa zviduku zvehurumende, apo vagari vakasarudzwa vanouya pamwe chete kuzodzidza nezvenhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa, kubudisa miraudzo inofungwa zvakanaka. Ruzivo rwezvo runofanira kushandiswa nokungwarira kuparadzira mashoko enhema, kudzora vhotai vhoti, uye kuwedzera kunzeve. Kushandisa zvakanaka kunoda kugadzira nokunyora mashoko, uye kuzvipira kuti vasvike zvakafanana.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pomubatanidzwa wevhoti neratidziro yezvamatongerwe enyika hahuna kusipo kana kuti hunoitika. Muitiro unoshamisa, unodzorwa unogona kusimbisa utano hwedemokrasi kana kuti kuparira kuderera kwayo. Bhura, kutora rutivi kwakaenzana kunokombamira kuparira kupindura, kupfupikisa, uko kunosimudzirawo chivimbo, kuvimbisana, uye kutora rutivi kumwe. Narrow, kutora rutivi kusina kuenzana kunotungamirira kumireza yakashonga, muitiro unoshatapukira, uye nhevedzano yakaipa yokuparadzana nokurega.

Ufakazi hwakajeka: magadzirirwo enhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru. Gadziriro dzemiitiro yenhimbe, mitemo yemari, uye miitiro yokuvhota hazvisi udzame hwokutonga husingatori rutivi; iko igadziriro dzinoumba zvimiro zvinobatanidzwa uye zvinomiririrwa. Kusimbisa batano pakati pomubato nemirairo kunoda ungwaru, nhamburiko dzinopfuurira. Kuraira chinjo yokuti mhinganidzo dzakaderera kukuvhota, kuita kuti gadziriro dzamasangano akasarudzwa akazara, kuderedza udzori hwemari muzvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuvaka tsika huru yebvumirano yehurumende. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunoreva kuziva kuti inzwi ravo harisiriwo vhoti asi mubato unokosha mutsika inofanira kuchengetwa nguva dzose uye kuvandudzidzwa. Utano hwehurumende hupi nohupi hunotsamira pasimba pakati pezvido chokuitaruzhinji pakati pavanhu nezviito zvehurumende.