Gadziriro yomutemo igadziriro yokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kushandura pfungwa kuva mitemo inosungirwa inoumba nzanga. Kunzwisisa mutengo wegweta kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye varongi, sezvainogovera chiso chakajeka icho chinoona kuti muitiro wavose unoitwa sei, unokurukurwa, uye wakanatswa. Nepo boka rimwe nerimwe remitemo richishanda nemitemo yaro rimene, rwendo rukuru kubva pamitemo kuenda kumutemo runotevera nzira imwe cheteyo inowirirana, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuzvidavirira. Iyi nhungamiro inokudzwa inokuendesai nomudanho riri rose rorwendo irworwo, neUnited States Congresssion semuenzaniso mukuru, nepo isingarevosi misiyano iripo mudzimwe hurumende.

Kutanga Kuchirongwa Chomutemo

Chibvumirano chirongwa chepamutemo mutsva kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwomutemo uripo. Chinotanga sepfungwa yakadai sechikamu chinotendeutswa, boka rinoda kudzorwa, sangano rehurumende, kana kuti muiti wemitemo iye amene (apo zvino chipfuure nomutevedzano yamatanho akagadzirirwa kusimbisa kusanonzverwa, mubatanidzwa wavose, uye kurangarirwa kwezvikwereti. Muitiro wacho unononoka nokunangidzirwa, unogovera mapfundo akawanda okugadziridza, kurukurirano, uye kunyange kurambwa. Iyi isimba rehurumende yedemocracymhindi yehurumende uye manyuko evhiringidzo apo jingamirasiro inokosha. Kunyange zvakadaro, upenyu hwebhita hunobatanidza nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti bazi rehurumende rinogona kuisa mutemo usina kuongororwa uye kuganhurirwa.

MuUnited States, Constitution inoisa masimba ose emitemo muCongress, ayo akakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri: Imba yaVamiririri neDare. Mutemo upi noupi unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati wapiwa kuna Purezidhendi. Hurumende dzakawanda neparamende dzenyika kupota nyika yose dzinotevera zviteshi zvakafanana kana kuti zvigaro zvakaenzana. Nokuda kwezvinangwa zvenyaya ino, tichatevera gadziriro yehurumende U.S., nezvinonyorwa pamusoro pemisiyano yakafanana.

Zvikamu Zvebhii ’ Bhiza Roupenyu

Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinopa mikana yokudzokorora, kugadzirisa zvinhu, uye kukurukurirana.

  • [[[FT:0] Kupinza: Mutengo wacho unonyorwa nomutauro wakarurama wapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji nebetsero yezano remitemo navanopinza pamutemo.
  • Introduction: Mutezo weCongress unotsigira pamutemo mutezo, uyo unoverengwa, unonyorwa, uye unoiswa muchinyorwa chavose.
  • [[FMT:0] Committee Review:[[FL:1] Mutemo unogoverwa kudare rine simba pamusoro penhau yaro, uko rinonzwiwa, rinotakurwa, uye mushumo.
  • Nharo (Chikamu Chokutanga): Dare rakazara rokukakavadzana pamutemo, rinorangarira kugadziridzwa, uye vhoti pakupfuura.
  • Muitiro weCamber: Mutengo unotevera nzira yakafanana nomuimwe kamuri, uchitanga nesumo nebasa redare.
  • Conference Committee (kana kuchidikanwa): Dispancies pakati pemacames maviri ’ shanduro dzinogadziriswa nedare rinobatanidza.
  • [[[FT:0] Trust: makamuri ose ari maviri avhota pamushumo wemusangano kana kuti mashoko okupedzisira anobvumiranwa parugwaro.
  • [[[FOT:0] Chiito:[[FT:1] Mutemo unoiswa kuMutungamiriri wenyika, uyo angausaina, kuurega uchiva mutemo usina siginicha.
  • Veto kusabatanidza (kana zvichishanda): Congress ingakunda nhindi mbiri netutatu tukuru mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Mutemo wokuuya: Mutemo wakagadzwa nhamba yomutemo wavose uye unova netapuro pamusi wawo wakatarwa kana kuti pasaini.

Kuparara Kwechinoumba Chinogaro Chete

Kuhwirudzura

Kunyora mutengi mupepa ibasa rokungwarira rinoshandura pfungwa yemitemo kuva rugwaro rwepamutemo. Vagadziri vemitemo havawanzonyora mabhii voga; vanotsamira pa Office yeLegislative Counser (MuImba neDare), iyo inogovera mabasa okuronga kuti pave neSango ’ mutauro wakajeka, unobvumira mutemo, uye usingachinji. Vagadziri vanofanira kurangarira mitemo iripo kuti vadzivise kusawirirana, varondedzere mashoko makuru, uye vafarire kududzira kuoneka kunenge kuripo. Masangano ehurumende, masangano ehurumende, uye vamiririri vemaindasitiri kazhinji kazhinji anogovera mutauro wokunyora kana kuti kunyora pamutemo kuvamba.

Somuenzaniso, Act yeNhanho yeChare yeChikaro ya2010] yakabatanidza kushandira pamwe kukuru kwekunyora pakati poutarisiri hweObama, matare eCongregation, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo yezvoutano. Chikuva chinobatanidzawo fungidziro dzemari dzinobva kuCongregal Baccul Bactal Office (CBO), inogona kusarudza mutengo wemitemo we̱ . Chitsama chinonyorwa chikatarwa kana kuti chinotakura mutengo wakakwirira chingaparapatidza kutsigira kana kuti kutsigira dare.

Sumo

Kana mashoko apera kunyorwa, mutezo weImba kana kuti Dare unotanga pamutemo mutongo wacho nokuuisa Phoar (Imba) kana kuti inoimirira [[[#82]] pauriri [.[#82]] pauriri [[[Sant]." uye musoro mupfupi. Sumo yacho ibasa ravose; muramo unopindwa muCordation uye unowanika paIndaneti [FTFFON].[FT][5]

Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Pashure pesumo, chibvumirano chacho chinonongedzerwa kudare rine simba panhau yaro (somuenzaniso, Dare reIndare paEnergy naMarime nokuda kwemabhiri okutarisira utano, kana kuti Dare reDare pamusoro pemari nokuda kwemitero. Matare i “ mahosperses ” eCongress, uko kunzvera kwakawanda kwechidukusaitiso kunoitika. Muitiro wedare unobatanidza zviteshi zvitatu zvezviteshi zvemari:

Mubatanidzwa Wapasi Wokunzwa

Dare ringagovera mutengi kudare duku, iro rine mhaka dzokuunganidza chipupuriro chinobva kunyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vatsigiri, uye vagari vemo vakatapurwa. Uku kutonga ndokwavose uye kunogovera chinyorwa chegweta remitemo ̱ simba nezvinoshata. Somuenzaniso, kunzwa pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze kunowanzoratidzira masayendisiti, vakuru vakuru vesimba, uye vatsigiri vemhoteredzo. Zvapupu zvinosarudzwa navose vari vaviri vashandi vazhinji navaduku kuti zvivadze mirangariro yakadzikama.

Kuzivikanwa

Pashure pokunzwa, dare rakazara (kana kuti dare duku) rinoita rusando rwokuisa. Mitezo inokurukura kugadziridzwa kwomutsetse wepepa nomutsetse, vhoti parumwe norumwe, uye pakupedzisira vhoti pamusoro pokuti mari yacho ichashuma zvakanaka kunzvimbo yakazara. Markups inogona kuva inokakavara; mutezo unganyorwazve zvikuru, ungatsiviwa ne “ umbatutive, ̵ kana kuti kunyange tafura yedare rinodzora magumo uye unogona kuganhurira.

Mushumo Wedare

Kana dare rikavhota kuti ripe mushumo wechikwereti, rinobudisa mushumo une udzame uchitsanangura mushumo wemitemo unotsanangura ’ chinangwa, dare̱ kurangarira, mirangariro ipi neipi inopesana (mirangariro miduku), uye tapuro pamutemo uripo. Mushumo wacho unowanzobatanidza zvikarakadzo zvendyiko nokudzorwa kwemitemo. Chinyorwa chinova chinhu chikuru nokuda kwekurukurirano youriri nedudziro yedare gare gare.

Maererano neCongregational Research Research Service, inenge 90% yezvikwereti zvakasumwa hazvimboitiki mudare. Basa iri rokuchengeta suo rinovimbisa kuti zvikwereti bedzi zvinotsigirwa zvakakwana uye muitiro wakakodzera kufambira mberi.

Nharo DzeFloor (Mugumo Wekutanga)

Kana dare rikashuma mari, rinoisa pakarenda kuti rifunge nezveuriri.

Gakava Rapaimba

Imba inoshanda pasi peganhuriro dzenguva. Dare rinopa mutemo unogadza urefu hwekurukurirano, iyo inogadziriswa inobvumirwa (yakazaruka, kana kuti yakachinjwa), uye nhevedzano yezvinoitika. Kukurukurirana kunoganhurirwa kusvikira kuawa imwe, yakaganhurirwa zvakaenzana pakati pevoruzhinji navakapoka vashoma. Mitezo inotaura kubva pauriri, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nguva inotera kune shamwari. Imba inowanzoshandisa [ intee yekurukurirano yose kukwidziridza.

Nharo Dzedare

Dare rinobvumira kurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa kutoti kwadaidzwa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira ku filibusters, apo mubati kana kuti boka rakabata uriri kunonozesa kana kuti kuvhara vhoti. Kugumisa ficbuster, divitis supermajority (60 vhoti) inodikanwa nokuda kwekudzorwa kwesimba. Somuenzaniso, kurukurirano ya 2013 pamutemo wokudzora pfumo yakaona murwi wechikwata chepfuti yakundikana kunonoka. Dare rinewo ganhuriro shomanene paidzo; masumo yedare rinogona kuparira [FLT:] + FT [FF:] .[FM]

Kurumisa

Pashure pekurukurirano, mavhota papepa napaipi nepi parinomirira kugadziriswa. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinoda voruzhinji kuti vapfuure. Ma Vote anogona kuva inzwi, divi, kana kuti chinyorwa (kudanidzira). Vhoti dzakanyorwa dzinobudiswa, dzichibvumira vamiriri vavo kuona kuti vaifamba sei. Kana mutemo wacho unopfuura, unotumirwa kune imwe kamuri pamwe chete nokugadziriswa kwawo.

Kuitwa Kwevavarwi Kechipiri

Mutengo wacho nezvinogadziriswa zvose zveImba zvinopfuudzwa kuDare (kana kuti zvinopesana). Kamuri rechipiri rinobata mutongo wacho senhau itsva nokuda kwezvinangwa zvaro: unonongedzera kudare, rinoita kuti rinzwe nokuombera, rive nenharo pauriri, uye rivhoti. Kamuri rechipiri ringapfuvura muromo wacho sezvawakagamuchirwa, riupedze nokugadziriswa, kana kuti kuuramba chose chose. Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza rugwaro rwacho nokugadziriswa, kusawirirana kunofanira kupedzwa.

Nokuti dzimba mbiri dzinowanzova nenzvimbo dzinotanga dzakasiyana uye nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu, kamuri rechipiri rinenge rinogara richichinja. Somuenzaniso, mutero wepaImba ungawedzera ganhuriro apo shanduro yeDare inowedzera zvikwereti zvitsva. Uku kuderera kwemari kunokarirwa uye kunokurudzira kukurukura.

Dare Romusangano

Apo makamuri maviri anopfuudza shanduro dzakasiana- siyana dzomuromo mumwe chetewo (kana kuti apo kamuri rimwe rinoomerera pashanduro yaro), dare rokubatira pamwe rinoumbwa. Dare iri rinoumbwa nemitezo mikuru (inonzi ̴ consistees”) rinogadzwa nenhungamiro kubva kudare rimwe nerimwe. Vapiona vanosangana kazhinji kazhinji seri kwemasuo akavharwa (* kudimbura shanduro inoyananisa misiyano yose. Vanodzorwa nezvikamu zvekusawirirana; havagoni kusuma gadziriro itsva munzvimbo dzose dziri &82; shanduro.

Mushumo wemusangano (kubvumirana kwokupedzisira) ipapo unoiswa kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwokuvhota. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri akabvumirwa. Kana mushumo wacho ubvumira mushumo wedare, mutongo unoenda kuna Purezidhendi. Kana imwe kamuri rakaramba, mutezo ungadzokera kumusangano, ungagadziriswazve, kana kuti kufa. Mienzaniso isingacherechedzwi inobatanidza 2017 Tax Cuts neJobs Act, izvo zvakayananisa misiyano mikuru pakati peshanduro dzeimba neDare kupfurikidza nedare redare.

Mamwe mabhii anofamba padare kupfurikidza nomuitiro wamasanga unonzi “ kuisa-pong, ̵ umo imwe kamuri inobvumirana neimwe ’ michinjiro. Zvisinei, musangano wakarongwa unoramba uri mutoo wegamuchidzanwa wemitemo mikuru.

Kutenderwa Kwokupedzisira

Pashure pomushumo wemusangano (kana kuti shanduro imwe chete yakagadziridzwa ’) inotenderwa, rugwaro runonyorwa / runodhindwa paganda(uye runosainwa nomuSheak weImba uye Purezidhendi pro rePresident reDare. Iri pepa rakanyoreswa rinoendeswa ipapo kuWhite House. Pachikamu chino, muromo wacho uri muchimiro chawo chakakwana, uye Purezidhendi bedzi anogona kuchinja jambwa rawo.

Chiito Chine Chiremera

Purezidhendi ane mazuva gumi (anopfuura maSvondo) okuita chiito pabhiri rinopiwa kuWhite House. kubvira kuna kuripo:

  • Chiratidzo chemutengo: Mutengo unova mutemo nokukurumidza kana kuti pamusi wawo wakataurwa unobudirira.
  • Mutezo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anodzorera mutongo kuCongress neshoko revhato rinotsanangura zvirambidzo. Congress ipapo inogona kuedza kudzosa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Pocket vento: Kana Hurumende ichiswedera munhambo yemazuva gumi uye Purezidhendi asingasaitiki mutengo, haisati iri mutemo. Ikoku kunoitika bedzi mukati mechitsivo.
  • Tsai gwaro pasina siginicha: Kana Congress iri murusando uye Purezidhendi asingaiti chiito mukati mamazuva gumi, mutemo unova mutemo woga.

Mutungamiriri wehurumende vhatoes anogona kuva akaderera (mutsetse wechinhu vhato) mune dzimwe nyika uye pamwero wehurumende nokuda kwokushandisa zvikwereti? Mutsetse wemubatanidzwa-tein vhato waitongwa pasina wirirano mu Clinton v. Guta reNew York , asi magavhuna mazhinji anaro. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogonawo kubudisa kusaina kutaura kunoratidzira kududzira kana kuti kusava nebvumirano, kunyange zvazvo ivava vasina simba rapamutemo.

Kuva Mutemo

Kana rangosainwa (kana kuti ratoitwa pasinei zvapo neveto), pamutemo unogamuchira Nhamba yoMutemo waVose (muremut., Pub. L. 118-50) uye unobudiswa mu Sarudzo paInig [. Mutemo unova unoshanda pamusi wokuitwa kwedare kana kuti pamusi unodudzwa murugwaro rwawo. Kupa mutezo ipapo kunowira kumasangano ebazu makuru, itsana mirau, inhungamiro, uye miraudzo. Muitiro weChibvumirano haugumi nokugadza; mitemo inogona kugadziriswa, kunyorwazve, kana kuti kudenhwa mudare.

Mamwe Mativi Ebhasikoro Roupenyu Rokufamba Namaoko

Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji Nokudzidzisa

Mubhasikoro rose roupenyu, vagari vemo namasangano vanopesvedzera muitiro. Vanopupurira pakunzwa, kuonana navamiriri vavo, nhimbe dzokuronga, uye kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau kuumba murangariro. Varobytes vanogovera mashoko chaiwo asi vanomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pepesvedzero isakafanira. Kunzwisisa nzira yokunyora nayo mutemo uchishandisa Govtrack kana kuti Congress.gov inobvumira vagari vemo kutevera mutemo munguva chaiyoiyo, kuona marusarusando edare, uye verenga mishumo yedare.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari Nekubetsera

Kushandisa mari yezvikwereti kunotevera nzira yakafanana asi yakasiana. Zvinovamba muImba (sezvinodikanwa neBumbiro reMitemo nokuda kwezvikwereti zvemari) uye zviri pasi pemiganhu yemipimo yemari yokushandisa. mumakamuri ose ari maviri anoita basa guru. Zvisarudzo zvinopfuudzira namabhurusi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzivisa miitiro yenguva dzose, kuratidzira kuti kukurumidzira kunogona kudzongonyedza upenyu.

Kusiyana Kwenyika Dzakawanda

Hurumende zvikurukuru dzinoratidzira muenzaniso wehurumende, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vane mitumbi ineuncameral (seNebraska) kana kuti vachibvumira nhano dzavagari vemo namazita. Gadziriro dzeParamende, dzakadai seUK, dzine ukama hwakasiana hwevakuru vakuru, asi nhano dzokutanga kurava, chikamu chedare, shopu inoshuma, uye kurava kwechitatu kusingadzorwi. ChiBadaral mumamwe marudzi angabatanidza kamuri rapamusoro risingapiwiwi (g., Canada ̱ Dare) rine masimba akaganhurirwa.

Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Kurongwa Kwomutemo

Kunzwisisa mutengo wemutengo unoshongedzera vagari vemo kutora rutivi mune revo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunojekesera kuti pfungwa yetsika inova sei mutemo unomanikidzirwa uye inosimbisa nhano dzakawanda, dzamaune dzinodzivisa mutemo wokukurumidzira kana kuti usingafungisirwi. Apo vadzidzi vanodzidza kuronda mutezo wemitemo we’ rwendo, vanova vakagadzirira zviri nani kutsigira nhau, kuyera vamiririri vavo ̱ zviito, uye kunzwisisa kuoma kwekutonga. Uyezve, kunosimbisa kukosha kwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kushivirira mukuita mutemo. (chidzidzo chakakodzera zvikuru munguva dzokuwedzera.)

Kunzwisisa kuti nei zvimwe zvikwereti zvichibudirira asi zvimwe zvichikundikana, kutadza kushandisa matare, kana kuti kutarisana nepurezidhendi angasasvika kumabhuku emitemo.

mhedziso

Rwendo rwechibvumirano kubva kusumo kuenda kumutemo inhevedzano yakagadzirwa nokungwarira yamabanza okunzvera, kurukurirano, uye kunatswa. Nhambo imwe neimwe yedanho. Kupinza, kutanga, kuhwirudzura kwedare, chiito chouriri, chisarudzo chebimear, uye chiratidzo chebumbiso rebumbiro remitemo. Chinobatira donzo rakasiana mumuitiro wedemocracy. Nepo nzira yacho inogona kuva refu uye inodzongonyedza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inodzongonyedza, inovimbisa kuti mitemo inogadzirwa nokunzvera, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, vachinzvera iyi chisaririra chisakiso chine simba mukuita nayo mitemo yehurumende nekurukurirano yavanhu, ichava mitemo inodzora nzanga. Kupfurikidza nokuita purogiramu yemitemo, kwete bedzi inopupurira muchiito chehurumende inosarudzwa, asi kuwanawo matururo ezvishandiro.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera mitemo yapamutemo ye Dare reImba paMitemo kana kuti Sarudza muitiro wemitemo yemitemo [. Kunzwisisa iyi miitiro ndiyo nhano yokutanga kuva mutori wemibato inoziviswa neinoshingaira mubhizimisi rokuita mitemo.