United States inoshanda mugadziriro yechienzi yokutonga inozivikanwa sehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, iyo inoratidzirwa nedzikamo yamasimba pakati pamapazu ayo matatu: chigaro, mutungamiriri, uye mapazu okutonga. Iyi purogiramu yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuti risawane simba rakawanda zvikuru uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinodzivirirwa. Murangariro wokuparadzana kwemasimba, wakatanga kuziviswa nomuzivi weFrance Montesquieu, wakasimbiswa noune urongwa hweU.S. Bumbiro remitemo rinoumbwa naMadziro naMadzibaba kuti vadzivise udzvinyiriri hwava nehurumende yavakawana muBritain. Mumazana maviri amakore, iyi yakabvumikisa zvose zviri zviviri kuva nesimba uye kuchinjika, yakaumba upenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica uye inoshanda somuenzaniso wehurumende munyika yose. Kunzwisisa kuti kuganhurirwa kwamasimba anoshanda muhurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga.

Mavambo Enhau Edzikamo Yesimba

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakaungana muPhiladelphia muna 1787 vane nharidzano yakajeka: kugadzira hurumende yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru ichiri kuchengetedza rusununguko rwomunhu. Vachishandisa uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakajekeswa nezvinoitika zvavo vamene zvokudzorwa, vakaramba zvose zviri zviviri kuiswa kwesimba mumutongi mumwe uye utera hweMitemo yeConfederation. James Madison, kazhinji kazhinji inonzi Baba weBumbiro reMitemo, anokakavadzana muFederalist No. 51 kuti " chirangano chinofanira kuitwa kuti chikurirei chiremera. Iyi yakava inheyo yenheyo yetsika yose: kupfurikidza nokukamura pakati pamapazu matatu anodzikana uye kupa bazi rimwe nerimwe nzira yokudzivisa kuvhozhotera vamwe, hurumende yaizoramba kuganhurirwa uye kuzvidavirira.

Bumbiro reMitemo rakavapo, rakabvumirwa muna 1788, rakaumba republic yehurumende ine paradzano yemasimba yakanga isina kumboitika panguva yacho. Kusafanana nemiitiro yeparamende umo mukuru mukuru anobuda muimba yomutemo, Purezidhendi weU. unosarudza nokuzvimirira uye anobatira nhambo yakatsiga. judiary, inogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, inoshanda kunze kwedzvinyiriro yakananga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora vamwe, uye muitiro iwoyo unoitwa kupfurikidza nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kunzvera kwesangano.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kunzwisisa dzikamo yemasimba kunotanga nokuziva mabasa akasiyana ebazi rimwe nerimwe rehurumende. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yaro rimene namasimba, izvo zvakarongwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., zvikurukuru muZvikamu I, II, uye II. Bazu romutemo rinoumba mitemo, bazi rinotungamirira rinoigombedzera, uye bazi rinotonga rinoidudzira. Uku kukamukana kwemabasa kunodzivisa kuunganidzwa kwechiremera chikuru zvikuru mugadziriro ipi neipi yemaoko.

  • [ Dare reSangano: Iro rinopa mutoro wokuita mitemo. Congress ibhimeral, inoumbwa neDare neImba yavamiriri.
  • [[[FT:0] Bazu rePurezimendi: mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo. Kutungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, achitsigirwa naPuerreaicier neCabinet.
  • [[FUD] Jodicial Bazu: Mutoro wemitemo yokududzira. Yakaumbwa neDare rapamusoro-soro nematare ehurumende akaderera akaumbwa neCongress.

Bazu Romutemo: Simba Rokuita Mutemo

Bazu remitemo rinoumbwa nedzimba mbiri: Dare neImba yavamiririri. Pamwe chete, vanoumba United States Congress. Iri bazi rine simba rokuita mutemo, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika, mari, uye kudzora mari yehurumende. Dare rinewo simba rechikwama, kureva kuti rinodzora kugoverwa kwemitero nendyiko dzemari dzehurumende. Mukuwirirana neCongregational Researcher, Congress rinosuma zviuru zvezvikwereti, kunyange zvazvo chikamu chiduku chiduku chichiva mutemo, kuratidzira mugariro wamaune uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji wokuita mutemo.

Dare

Dare rinoumbwa nemitezo 100, nehurumende imwe neimwe inomirirwa navatendi vaviri, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Senator dzinobatira zvibvumirano zvegore matanhatu, netatu imwe yeDare rinosimudzirwa nokuda kwechisarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Iri sangano rinodzedzereka rinogovera kupfuurira uye rinokurudzira kurangarira. Dare rine masimba akasiana, kubatanidza chiremera chokubvumira zvibvumirano kupfurikidza navamiriri vaviri vezvitatu voupurezidhendi uye kusimbisa kugadzwa kwavakuru vakadai savatongi vehurumende, mabhinyabhineja, uye nhume. Dare rinoitisawo mufambiro wokusarutsira pashure pemiedzo yapamba kuti ipedze, richida mavhoti maviri namatatu kuti varonge vatongi.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yeVamiririri inoumbwa nemitezo inovhota 435, nenhamba inobva munyika imwe neimwe yakavakirwa pachiverengero chayo chavagari vemo seyakasarudzwa nechiverengero chavagari vemo chegore negore. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, vachiaita kuti azvidavirire zvakananga zvikuru kuvavhoti. Imba ine simba rimwe rokutanga mabhiri emari (mari inokwidza mari kupfurikidza nemitero kana kuti mapurisa) uye kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi. Nemhaka youkuru hwayo nouzhinji hwezvisaru, Imba yacho inowanzoonwa seyakagamuchira zvikuru kumurangariro wavose, kunyange zvazvo iri pasi pedzvinyiriro huru zvikuru.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Simba Rinomanikidza

Bazu guru rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira shoko ramakore mana uye anosarudzwa neElectoral College. Purezidhendi ane mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende, achiitisa mirau yokumwe, uye achibatira seMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Bazu romukuru mukuru rinobatanidzawo Purezidhendi wePrezidhendi, Madhipatimendi eKibino (zvakadai seHurumende, Defense, Treasurence, uye Justice), uye masangano ehurumende akawanda namasangano ehurumende.

Masimba aPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi ane masimba makuru anoverengeka anokwanisa kudzora zvinobudirira, asi rimwe nerimwe rinodzorwa nokunzvera namamwe mapazu:

  • Simba reVETO: Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudzira mutemo neCongress. Congress inogona kudzora vhato nevoruzhinji vane matatu maviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri.
  • Mirairo yapanguva dzose: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa nhungamiro dzinotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yomubatanidzwa. Nepo kusati kuri mutemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru ine simba romutemo kutoti yarohwa nematare kana kuti yabviswa nomutsivi.
  • Simba Rokugadza: Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, mitezo yeCabinet, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza, vanopiwa simbiso yeDare.
  • masimba emitemo echiIsratio: Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinoda tendero yeDare), anoziva hurumende dzokumwe, uye zviito somutungamiriri weChirevo.
  • Simba rePurezidhendi: Mutungamiriri anogona kupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, kunze kwemuzvinoitika zvokusabvumirana.

Bazu Rokutonga: Simba Rokududzira

Bazu redare rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka. Iro rinoumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro uye matare ehurumende akaderera akatangwa neCongress, kubatanidza Dare reZvikumbiro neDare Roruwa. Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, uye vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka. Uku kuzvimirira kunovadzivirira pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunovabvumira kuita rutongeso rusingasaruri rwakavakirwa paBumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika uye rine chiremera chokuhwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo /a simba rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro hwedare, rakatangwa muchinyorwa cha 1803 Marbury v. Madison. Dare rinotonga kukwirira kumatare ehurumende akaderera uye matare makuru ehurumende pamusoro penhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinobatira pamamwe matare ose uye zvinogadza muenzaniso nokuda kwenhau dzomunguva yemberi. Dare rapamusoro-soro rine simba ku:

  • Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo ndokusarudza revo yomutemo wemitemo.
  • Mitemo yokuchinja yakapfuurwa neDare kana kuti masangano ehurumende anoputsa Bumbiro Remitemo.
  • Cherechedza kusawirirana kwehurumende uye kwehurumende.

Makero Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Kunoita Mapazu Mumwe Nomumwe

Humwe hwemativi makuru ehurumende yeU.S. igadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinova nesimba zvikuru kupfurikidza nokubvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira masimba amamwe. Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchirondedzera mabasa akasiyana, kunzvera uye ganhuriro zvinoparira chiremera chinobvumira mauto kubatira pamwe nokuzvidavirira. Bumbiro remitemo rinogovera maturusi akawanda kuti ritsigire shure kurwisana navatsoropodzwa navamwe.

Mienzaniso Yemienzaniso Nedzikamo

  • Carever anonzvera Purezidhendi:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri; rinogona kudzosa ndokubvisa Purezidhendi; rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano zveraunity; uye rinodzora kutsigira mari yehurumende kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekuronga.
  • Nzvero dzapabudisi: Mutungamiriri anogona kukumbira mari dzechikwereti dzinotenderwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri; Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kudana kuti Congress ipinde murusando chairwo; uye Purezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inotungamirira kumanikidzirwa kwemitemo.
  • Coreg anonzvera Judiciary:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti riputse rutongeso rweDare Gurusa; rinogona kubvisa ndokubvisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa; rinogadza chiverengero chevatongi veDare Gurusa navatongi vedare rakaderera; uye rinodzora dare rehurumende.
  • Nzvero dzedare rePurezidhendi: Dare Gurusa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri yehurumende (hwirudzuro yemitemo); inogona kuparadza zviito zvechiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo; uye vatongi vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, pasina dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Presidenti anonzvera Judia: Mutungamiriri wenyika anonatsa vatongi, achiumba kunyorwa kwedare rejaji kwamakore anouya.

Zvishandiso Zvenyika Chaiyoiyo Zvecheki Nedzikamo

Mienzaniso yenhau inoratidzira kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda sei mukushanda. Muna 1937, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akakarakadza "kurongedza" kuwedzera vatongi pashure pokunge Dare Gurusa raparadza purogiramu dzakawanda dzeNew Deal. Congress yakaramba gadziriro, uye gare gare Dare rakatsigira zvikamu zvikuru zveNew Deal , ratidziro yemitemo yePucial. Muna 1974, Supreme Court yakarayira Purezidenti Richard Nixon kuti asunungure tepikie yeWatergate, inotungamirira kukurega kwake. Muna 2020, Dare Rapamusoro reAffordcable Care Act padenho, rinoratidzira kuti kunyange mitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika inogona kupukunyuka kuongororwa kwedare. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Congress Congration Recurence Act kushatements counts county yedzoltics dzakabudiswa naDhaxhecrations.

Chikonzero Nei Dzikamo Yesimba Iri Nani Nokuda Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Dzikamo yamasimba inokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inodzivirira pakudzvinyirira nokushandisa zvisina kufanira simba, ichivimbisa kuti vagari vemo vane inzwi muudzori hwavo. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera mumasangano akaparadzana nezvinopesana, gadziriro inodzikamisa nhano dzechinjo namasimba anofunga. Ikoku hakusati kuri pasina mutengo: giraplock inogona kuvhiringidza zviito zvakakurumbira uye kunonozeka kunodikanwa. Bva vagadziri vemiitiro inoita kuti ive yakaoma, chaizvoizvo kudzivirira pazvishuvo zvechinguvana zvingaparadza maruramiro makuru.

Mushumo wa2023 unobva ku Internationalpotein Institute for Democracy and Electoral helper wakatanhamara United States mukuita kwedemokrasi kwe25 munyika yose, uchiratidza simba mukunzvera nokudzikamisa asi utera muperero inosarudzwa nokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunosimbisa kuti tsika yakasimba bedzi savanhu vanoichengeta. Vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana- siyana, kubatanidza:

  • Kuzivisa musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende.
  • Kukurukura nevanhu uye kuvaka dzimba dzomumaguta.
  • Kuonana nevamiririri vakasarudzwa kuti vataure pfungwa pamutemo waizoitwa.
  • Kumhanya kuti utsvake hofisi kana kuti vanotsigira vanotsigira tsika dzinosarudzwa nevanhu.
  • Kugara uchiziviswa kupfurikidza namanyuko enhau akavimbika uye zvikuva zvedzidzo yavagari vemo zvakadai se USA.gov.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Pakudzikamisa Simba

Nepo gadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo ichiripo, zana ramakore rechi 21 rakaunza dzvinyiriro itsva pakuparadzana kwamasimba. Kukwidziridza kwemirairo yavakuru nechiito chesangano rokudzora zvakakudza simba rapurezidhendi kupfuura izvo vavambi vakafungidzira. Dare filbuster, rakambova chishandiso chisingawanzowanika, zvino rinoda 60-vara rinorema kupfuura pamutemo wakawanda, zvichitungamirira kukushandisa mari yokuyananisa kana kuti chiito chehurumende. Chijudiary chazova chitsikinyiso chakawedzera zvikuru, nehondo dzinoratidzira mapoka makuru. [[FT: 0] Pew Research Center yeD , ruvimbo rwavose mumapazu ose matatu rwakaderera zvikuru mumakumi maviri amakore akapfuura.

Bva gadziriro yaratidza kusimba. Congress yadzorera chiremera chayo kupfurikidza nokutonga nokunzvera. matare eFederal akadzorera kudzorwa netsoropodzo yavakuru vakuru, somunhau ya2018 Trump v. Hawaii (kurambidza) uye miraudzo inotevera pakuderedza kuzviisa pasi kwesangano. Hurumende nenzanga yavagari vemo zvinopfuurira kuita basa rinokosha mukunzvera simba rehurumende, nemhoshoro nemhoshoro dzinogovera zvikamu zvokuwedzera zvokuzvidavirira.

Basa Revenhau Nevanhu Vari Muhurumende

Vatori venhau namapoka evafundisi vanoita se "bazu rechina" rehurumende, kufumura nokuzivisa shatiso. Invetation vitory, tangi dzendangariro dzakazvimirira, uye masangano anotarisira asingashandisi purofiti (zvakadai se ] ACLU uye Center yeRuramisiti yeRuramisiro[[[FLT]]])) inogovera utariri hunonetsa hunovarira hwakakomba hunovanza kuvaka muBumbiro remitemo. Muchina wapachena unodzivirirwa zvakajeka neFost Amejimetic, uye Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa wasimbisazve basa raro mukuva nomurooridziro wehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwesimba

Dzikamo yemasimba muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeU.S. inheyo inokosha inovimbisa kuti hurumende icharamba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu. Nokunzwisisa mabasa nemitoro yebazu rimwe nerimwe, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani ukoshi hwokutora rutivi kwavo mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Sangano harina kukwana; kazhinji kazhinji rinoshatisa, rinononoka, uye rinodzorwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Asi sezvo Mutongi weDare Gurusa reSamende Louis Brandeis akambocherekedzwa, kuparadzanisa masimba hakuna kurongedzerwa kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka asi kubvisa kushandiswa kwesimba risingafungidziri. Munhambo yezvinetso zvenyika yose, kubva kuchinjo yemamiriro okunze ezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mano ehurumende yeU. U.S. anobvumirana namaune, uye anoramba kuwirirana nouchenjeri hwokugadzira. Mugari wemo ari wose anovhotera, anotaura, kana kuti anobatsira muupenyu hwevo.