Table of Contents

Nheyo Dzoutariri Hwomutemo

Kutarisira kwomutemo muitiro uyo unosarudza masangano anoongorora, kutarira, uye kutarisira kuitwa kwemitemo uye kuitwa kwamasangano ehurumende. Pasina utarisiri hunobudirira, mitemo inozviisa mungozi yokuva tsamba dzakafa kana kuti zvishandiso zvokukuvadza kusingakarirwa. Iri basa ibwe rekona rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga, kuva nechokwadi chokuti bazu guru rinoramba richizvidavirira kuvanhu kupfurikidza navamiriri varo. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji rinooneka zvishoma kupfuura kuzvigadzira kumene mutemo, kutarisira kunokosha zvakaenzana nokuda kwokuchengeta kudavira, kuomesa, uye kugona kushanda kwehurumende.

Kudzora kunoshanda pamwero mizhinji: kunogona kuva kwakadzikama, zvakadai sokuhwirudzura mitemo inokarakadzwa isati yatanga kushanda, kana kuti kuita chiito, kunzvera kundikano pashure pokunge yaitika. Kunovambirawo panhambo yose youpenyu yomutemo (kubva pakuvamba kwawo kwokutanga kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwenguva refu. Uku kunzvera kunopfuurira kunobetsera masangano emitemo akarurama, kuvhara, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kuzvinetso izvo vagadziri vemitemo vaisagona kuve vakakarira mukati megadziriro yokunyora.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwetsika Dzokutonga

Kutarisira kwomutemo kwazvino uno kune mavambo makuru enhau, kubva pakubvunza kwekare kweparamende muEngland kusvikira kugadziriro dzamadare dzine udzame dzinowanikwa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzapanguva imwe cheteyo. Kushandisa kweDare reBritain kunzvera matare akasarudzwa kuongorora kudzorwa kwehurumende nenhau dzavose kwakagadzwa muenzaniso wapakuvamba wokuhwirudzura. MuUnited States, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa simba reCongregation, uye kunzvera kwokutanga kwakaitika muna 1792 kupinda muboka rine ngwavaira reSt. Clair, kuratidzira kuti tarisiro yakanga iri madikanwa kubva pakutangwa kwenyika.

Muzana remakore rechi20 rose, tarisiro yakava yakaumbwa zvikuru. Dare reUnited States rakagadza matare anogara amire nevhosvo ane chiremera panzvimbo dzakati dzemitemo, uye Office yeHurumende yeMasaibhukwana (GAO) yakaumbwa muna 1921 kuti ipedze kuongorora nokuongorora kwazvimirira. Zviitiko zvakafanana zvakaitika munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, hofisi yePalamende yeFrance yeStateart of the Registation yakavambwa muna 1983, uye UK’s National Accument Office inotangira muna 1983, kunyange zvazvo midzi yayo iripo pakuvamba zvikuru. Masangano aya anotarisira, anobva pahod kubvunzurudzo anopfuurira, shoo youfakazi.

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, utariri hwakakura kubatanidza kuhwirudzurwa kwemiuyo, zvitsauko zvokunyura kwezuva zvinoda kunyorwazve kwamasangano panhambo nenhambo, uye bhajeti yakavakirwa pamari yakarongwa. Kukwira kwamasangano amarudzi ose akadai se Open Government Partership[ yakasimudzirawo kuoneka nokuzvidavirira semipimo yenyika yose, kunokurudzira matare emitemo kuti atange miitiro yakanakisisa mukutarisira.

Mitemo inoshandisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana - siyana kuti itarisire. Kusarudzwa kwomutoo kunowanzotsamira pakuoma kunzwisisa kwechinyorwa chacho, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye zviwanikwa zvinowanika. Pasi apa pane mapoka anozivikanwa zvikurusa, ane tsananguro dzine udzame pamusoro penzira iyo mabasa mamwe namamwe anoshanda nayo.

Zvikamu Zvedare Zvinotonga

Kunzwa ndiwo matarisiro anooneka zvikurusa. Matare anokoka vakuru vemasangano, nyanzvi, uye vatarisiri kuti vapupurire mumhiko pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemitemo. Marusando aya anobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda: anounganidza mashoko, anopa pachena, uye masangano anodzvinyirira kuti aruramise kupere. Somuenzaniso, Dare reHurumende reMari rinotonga mari rinogarotonga mari paMedicare naMedicaid kuti rione ndyiko, kunaka, uye kudzivirira kwokunyengera. Kunzwa kunogona kuva muitiro kana kuti mativi makuru, akadai seavo vanonzvera mhinduro yengwavaira yomusikirwo kana kuti kambani yema.

Mishumo, Mishumo, uye Kuongorora Basa

Matare emitemo anowanzoda masangano kuti ape mishumo yenhambo nenhambo yemigumisiro yepurogiramu inodonongodza, ndyiko, uye kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo. Mitengo inoongorora ruzhinji .Indaneti . yakafanana nejaO muU.S., Office yePicial in the UK, kana kuti Dare reEurope rePurcedissions //Publish mentans autscatective kuti vazivise mashandisiro evaramisiti kuti vazivise tsvina, kunyengera, kana kuti kupfuudza. Kuongorora kunodarika kunzvera mari kugona kuyera kana mapurogiramu akarongwa akarongwa. Somuenzaniso, GAO akakwirira nero ipurogiramu dzehurumende dzinosimbisa kushatadzira kushata, chiito chokukoshatisa.

Kuongorora uye Kubvunza Chaiko

Apo kupomera kwokusazvibata, kuputswa kwomutemo kunomuka, kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka kwakakomba, masangano emitemo angatanga kunzvera kwakarongwa. Izvozvi zvinogona kubatanidza masimba echiputu, zvitsama, uye chiremera chokumanikidza magwaro. Nzvero dzinowanzotungamirira kukuchinja kwemitemo kana kuti kunyange kudzorwa kwamatsotsi. Mienzaniso inosanozivikanwa inobatanidza Dare reChechi ra1970 pamusoro pokushatadzira kwouchenjeri, uko kwakatungamirira kuExtrandical Surveillance Act, uye 9/11 Commission ongororo idzo dzakaumbazve nzanga yeU.

Kupa Zvokudya Zvinovaka Muviri Nokunzvera Kwavose

Vatongi vanotsamirawo pamirayiridzo yakananga inobva kuvagari vemo kuti vaone kuti mitemo inotapura nzanga sei. Dzimba dzetaundi, tsinhiro dzavose, uye mahotera anogamuchirwa paIndaneti zvinobvumira vanhu kugoverana zvakaitika uye kumutsa zvinetso. Kunyange zvazvo iri revo iri shoma pane kuongororwa, inogovera mashoko chaiwoiwo uye inobetsera kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha pakutanga. Dzimwe matare okugadza mitemo, akadai seGerman Bundestag, anoshandisa matare okukumbira kuhwirudzura zvichemo zvevagari vemo uye anonongedzera kumitumbi yedare yakabatana.

Kubuda Kwezuva Refutunuro Nokugoverwazve Kwavakagoverwa

Mimwe mitemo inobatanidza misi yokupera inongoerekana yavapo, ichida kuti chirongwa chemitemo chitenderedze kunyorwazve. Iyi “kuisa mativi” egadziriro dzemiitiro yenhambo nenhambo. Somuenzaniso, Chibvumikiso cheU.S. chokushandisa kwaMasimba eMikhosi ehondo (AMF) chakakurukurwa kwamakumi amakore, nokuteerera kwoutariri kuchinzvera kudikanwa kwacho kunopfuurira. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika zhinji dzinoda masangano anodzokororwa kuti awane hwirudzuro dzenguva nenguva, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo yakareruka ibviswe kana kuti igadziridzwe.

Zvinetso Nevanorambidzwa Kutarisira Zvinobudirira

Pasinei nokuti urongwa hwehurumende hunokosha, kuhunzwisisa kunokosha chaizvo kuti vachinji varambe vachizvidavirira.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokupinda Munzvimbo Yechikamu

Pakudzorwa nebato revoruzhinji, kungaitirwa zvombo pabazu guru kana kuti, nenzira yakapesana, kunoshandiswa kudzivirira vatsigiri kuti vasanzvere. Mumhoteredzo dzakaparadzana zvikuru, matare angaronda nzvero nokuda kwebetsero yeboka panzvimbo poutariri hwechokwadi. Uku kunzvera kunosarudza kunogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu. Somuenzaniso, Dare reHouse Andersadenting reU. rakashorwa nokuda kwokutanga kunzvera kunoitwa nevavariro dzinoratidzika kuva dzinoda kugadziridzwa panzvimbo pokuvandudza. Bipartisan.

Kutadza Kuwana Mari Nokukwanisa Kushandisa Zvinhu Zvikuru

Kutarisira kunobudirira kunoda vashandi vane unyanzvi, zvishandiso zvemichina, uye nguva. Masangano mazhinji edzimba, zvikurukuru munyika dzichiri kusimukira, haana mahofisi okunzvera kana kuti okunzvera. Kunyange mudzimba dzemitemo dzakasanorongwa, vabati vedare vangakurirwa nemitemo nemirongwa kuti vatarisire. 2018 vanodzidza neWorld Bank vakawana kuti 40% bedzi yeparamende munyika dzinosvika dzine dare rakazvitsaurira rine zvinhu zvakakwana. Sayenzi inogona kubatsira, asi mashandisiro emichina okuongorora mashoko ehurumende achiri pasi pezvirongwa zvakawanda zvemitemo.

Kudzivisa Kwevaongorori uye Kunzwisisa Mashoko

Masangano anodzora kazhinji kazhinji anodzora mashoko nounyanzvi izvo vaiti vemitemo vanoda kutungamirira. Kuedza kunganonozetsa mhinduro, kugovera mashoko asina kukwana, kana kuti kuisa magwaro seanotapurika. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, masangano angadzivisa nenzira yokushingaira nzvero. Dare reUnited States panhambo nenhambo rakazvidza vakuru vakuru vesangano nokuda kwokuramba kugovera magwaro. Kukunda aya masimba akasimba echipopo, vazivi vakazvimirira, uye tsika yokuoneka zvakanaka mukati mebasa rehurumende.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kunoita Mitemo Yemazuva Ano

Mitemo yanhasi inowanzova yeunyanzvi, ichiita kuti zviuru zvemapeji ane mirayiridzo yakaoma.

Maonero Anoita Vanhu: Kukunda Masangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuongorora zvinhu kunosiyana - siyana zvichienderana nokuti nyika yacho inoshanda sei kana iri pasi pedare rehurumende, reparamende, kana kuti mubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

Masangano Avakuru Vehurumende: Muenzaniso weU.S.

MuUnited States, kuparadzana kwemasimba kunopa Congress zvishandiso zvakasimba zvokuzvimirira. Matare anogona kubudisa zvipupupu, kudzorwa, uye kunongedzera nhau nokuda kwokuroverera mhaka. GAO, CBO, uye vaongorori vakuru mukati mamasangano vanopa tsereso dzisingapiwi. Zvisinei, gadziriro yacho inokombamira kukura zvikuru uye kurwisana. Impeachment, chishandiso chikurusa, hachiwanzoshandiswa uye chinodzorwa zvikuru.

Miitiro Yeparamende: Westminster uye Kupfuura

Mumiitiro yeparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva mudare remitemo, achiparira kubatanidzwa kwamasimba. Kudzora kunowanzoitika munhambo dzemibvunzo, matare anosarudza, uye basa rechishoro se “hurumende ine mumvuri.” Dare reUK House of Commons rakasarudzwa, somuenzaniso, rinozivikanwa nokuda kwemibvunzo yaro youkuru, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kubudisa mishumo inochinja mutemo. Matare eparamende eCanada anoitisa nenzira yakafanana hwirudzurawo yemitemo nendyiko. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti hurumende inodzora chaizvoizvo miganhuro yeChibvumirano chemitemo, kutarisira kunogona kuva kuderera apo boka gurusa rinova rinowirirana.

Kuchinja Kunoita Uhwana uye Kusanganisa Madhimoni

Nyika dzakafanana neFrance neBrazil dzinobatanidza masangano emiitiro yose iri miviri. Dare reConstitution reFrance rinohwirudzura mitemo nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo, nepo Communité Nationale inoshandisa matare nemabasa okunzvera. Congress Inquireal Inquirery Commissions yeBrazil ine masimba akasimba okunzvera, akafanana nematare eU. Mumasangano matsva eDzimo rehurumende, utarisiri hunowanzodzorwa namasangano ane simba ne kuzvimirira kwakaganhurirwa kwemitumbi inonzvera. Internationalpotement Institute for Democracy and Eltal ISCIF [IFM] inogovera nhungamiro pakusimbisa kufambira mberi kwemitemo.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kushanda Kwoutungamiriri

Kuongorora nyaya dzepasi pano kunoratidza kuti kutarisira kungabudirira sei — kana kuti kukundikana).

Kuongorora kweWatergate (1992 - 1974)

Kutonga kweDare reSamende Watergate ichiratidzo chetsika mutarisiro yemitemo.

Afford Care Act Iment Explorence (200-10-Presente)

Pashure pokunge ACA yaitwa, Congress yaita mirau yakawanda pakuitwa kwayo. Kuvhura kwapazarukira pawebsite yezveutano.gov kuvhura, kuwedzera, uye kutora rutivi kwemishuwarenzi. Vaiti vemitemo vakashandisa mashoko aya kupfuudza rondedzero dzemichina uye, gare gare, kudzosa murairo womunhu oga. Zvisinei, utariri hwechikwata chacho hwakaitikawo, nokunzwa kwakashorwa senzverwa kwenzvimbo yezvokuyera. ACA’s shoo inoratidzira kuti kutarisira kunogona kuvandudza zvose zviri zviviri mitemo uye kuva chishandiso chokuvanza.

State Capture Inquiry (206 - 2022) yeSouth Africa

Kutevera pomero dzouori pasi paMutungamiriri weHurumende Jacob Zuma, Paramende yeSouth Africa yakagadza basa rokutonga rokunzvera. Kutonga kwehurumende kwakaratidzira kubatwa kwehurumende kwakapararira nefariro dzomunhu oga. Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho wakatungamirirwa nomutongi, utarisiri hwemitemo hwakaita basa guru: matare eparamende akapa ufakazi ndokudzvinyirirwa nokuda kwechiito. Kunzvera kwakatungamirira kukupa chirevo, pomero dzoutsotsi, uye chinjo kukuita kuti pave nemitemo.

Basa Renzanga Yevagari Vemo Nevanobudisa Nhau Mukutarisira Kunokudzwa

Kutarisira kwapamutemo hakushandi pasina chinhu. Masangano enzanga yavagari vemo, vatori venhau vanofeyafeya, uye vanzveri vedzidzo kazhinji kazhinji anopa ufakazi hwokutanga hunoparira utariri hwetsika. Mibayiro yakafanana ne Ombudsman Watch inoona kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, nepo vanobudisa nhau vachichera kuva vasashandiswa zvakanaka kwemasangano. Vacheri venhau vanoitawo basa rakakomba, vachiunza mashoko kuchiedza. Maregislature anozarurira kupfurikidza nomugariro wokunzeve wezvo. Dzimwe paramendemu dzakatanga mahofisi akatsauriro akazvitsaurira kuti agamuchire zvichemo zvapachena uye tsinhirano namapoka anoona.

Kuvandudza Nenguva Yemberi Yokutarisira Kwomutemo

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano uye kudzora zvazvinoita, ndizvo zvinofanirawo kuitwa nemabasa okutarisira.

Kuongorora uye Kufarira Kutarisira

Mitemo iri kutanga kushandisa mashoko makuru noungwaru hwokugadzira kuti ione kushandiswa kwehurumende, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye migumisiro. Somuenzaniso, Office yeHurumende yeHurumende yeUnited States yokuzvidavirira inoshandisa michina kudzidza kuziva mari isina kufanira muMedicare. Maturusi akafanana angagona kubetsera maparamende munyika dziri kubudirira kunzvera kubhadharwa kwemari munguva chaiyoiyo. Zvisinei, itiro hanya dzetsika pamusoro peshambidziko yemitemo nechivandika zvinofanira kukurukurwa.

E- Particiation uye Boka Rakatsigirwa

Zviteshi zvemichina zvinobvumira vagari vemo kushuma zvakananga zvinetso nemibato yavose, uori hwemireza, kana kuti kukarakadza misoro yokutarisira. Vagari vemo veBrazil vanopa mifungo nokuda kwemibvunzo yedare. Website yezvikumbiro yeUK Paramende yakatanga kunzvera nhau dzakadai seutsotsi hwebanga uye mari yeNHS. Izvi zvokushandisa kudzora asi zvinoda kuva nomwero wokungwarira kuti zvisimbise kunaka nokudzivisa kushandiswa kwetsvina.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwenyika Yose Nokuhwirudzura Vaenzani

Nhau dzemichero yemichero yakadai sokusatora mitero, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye mhinduro dzedenda dzinoda kutarisirwa kupfuura masangano ehurumende. Inter-paraliament seInter-Parliament Union (IPU) dzinoyamura kuchinjana kwemiitiro yakanakisisa. Dzimwe nyika dzakasaina zvibvumirano kuti dzigoverane zviwanwa zvokunzvera kana kuti kuongorora pamwe chete masangano ebhizimisi. International yeANjantial-CORRUPT Profes (IACA) inotsigira kutarisira kwemitengo dzemitemo yezvouorivhi inofukidza miganhu.

Kupedzisa: Kuvaka Tsika Yokutarisira Kunoramba Kuchienderera

Kutarisira kwomutemo hakusati kuri chinoitika chimwe asi musengwa unopfuurira. Kunoda nzvimbo yesangano, kuda zvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Apo mibato youtariri inosimbisa utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inobatira donzo rayo, mari yomutero inopedzerwa nokuchenjera, uye hurumende inoramba ine mutoro. Zvinetso //kubva kuhrongedzero zvokuva nezviteshi, asi hazvina kukurira. Nokushandisa masangano anotarisira, kuumba ruzivo, uye kusimudzira ukama nenzanga, vagadzi vemitemo vanogona kuchinjika kunguva dzavo dzokuchinja uye kutsigira basa ravo remitemo sezvinorinda vanhu.