Nheyo Dzinovamba: Muitiro Wamaune Wokudzora Kubata Kwomumwe Nomumwe

Nheyo yechekedzo nedzikamo dzinoiswa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. senzira yokudzivisa bazu rimwe rehurumende rehurumende kuti risawane chiremera chisingadzorwi. Vavambi vaMadzibaba, vachinyora pauzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweMontesquieu neruzivo rwavo rwakananga neparamende yeBritain inonyengera, yakagadzira gadziriro inodzorwa nerakatanuro yakaumbwa neLegislative (Consternerative), Gurust (Prent), uye Judhiocment (Supment Court), mapartment. Bazi rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiana nemitoro, asi rimwe nerimwe rinewo zvishandiso zvakananga zvokudzivisa, kana kuti rikunde zviito zvezvimwe. Jakobho akatsinhira zvakakurumbira muna [FLD:] No.[51]

Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti hakuna bazi rinogona kuita pasina mwero wakati woutariri kana kuti kudzivisa. Congress inonyora mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuipinza; Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi, asi Dare rinovasimbisa; Dare Gurusa rinodudzira mitemo, asi Dare rinogona kuigadzirisa kana kuti kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Iyi tsika haina kugadzirirwa kuita zvakanaka asi kuti idzivirirwe rusununguko. Kunzwisisa kuti kuwirirana uku kunoshanda sei munjodzi chaidzo nehondo dzemitemo kunokosha kunokosha kunokosha mukunzwisisa kugadziriswa uye kuva nesimba rehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica.

Muenzaniso 1: Kugadza Judicial Review – Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Nepo isingabudi murwisano yakananga pakati pamapazu avakuru vakuru nemitemo, Dare rakatanhamara [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison [1] muenzaniso wehwaro hwecheki nedzinoyera nemhaka yokuti rakatanga nheyo yehwirudzuro ye yedare remitemo. Iyi mhaka yakapa nzvero yayo ine simba zvikurusa pazvose zviri zviviri Koromendi naPresidente: simba rokuzivisa murairo usati uri wogaro.

Gakava racho rakabva kuna Purezidhendi John Adams kugadza kwamaminitsi kwokupedzisira kwavatongi veFederalist. Kuuya kwehurumende kwaThomas Jefferson kwakaramba kupa mamwe eaya mabasa, kwakasunda William Marbury kukwidza munyori weHurumende James Madison. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akatarisana nechinetso: kana akaraira kuti basa ripiwe, vatarisiri veJefferson vangazvifuratira, vachinetesa chiremera cheDare; kana akaramba kunzwa nhau yacho, akabvuma kuti Dare raisagona kunzvera mukuru.

Chigadzikiso choungwaru chaMarshall chakanga chiri chokuzivisa kuti chikamu cheMutemo weJudiciary wa 1789 unobvumira Marbury kukwidza zvakananga kuDare Rapamusorosoro chakanga chisati chiri chibvumirano. Kupfurikidza nokuparadza mutemo wakapiwa neCongress, Dare rakasimbisa simba raro rokududzira Bumbiro remitemo somutemo mukurusa wenyika.

Kutapura Gadziriro Yemakeki Nedzikamo

Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa zvechigarire dare redare sebazu rakaenzana rinokwanisa kuputsa mabasa eDare kana kuti Purezidhendi anodarika miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Chinoramba chiri chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa icho judia ine kunzvera mamwe mapazu. Pasina ] Marbury v. Madison, Dare rapamusoro ringashaiwa chiremera chokusarudza zviitiko zvakaita se United States v. Nixon kana [FT:] FB] kana kuti [[FLT:]. Selius [mius]

Sungiriro yokunze: [[FLT: 0] National Archives – Marbury v. Madison (103)

Muenzaniso 2: Kudzidza kwaAndrew Johnson (1868)

Kutevedzerwa kwokutanga kwapurezidhendi akagara weU.S. kwakaratidza rwisano yakananga pakati pebazu romutemo navakuru vakuru. Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Mutevedzeri weDzoroma weMadokotsi uyo akatsiva Abraham Lincoln, akabonderana adzorwazve neRepublican Congress inodzorwa pamusoro pomutemo wokugadziridza. Kugamuchira kwaJohnson kwaaiita nyika dzekare dzeConfederatete negweta dzake dzemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo zvakashatiza.

Chimuchimbiso chapakarepo chakanga chiri kuputswa kwaJohnson kwe Treact yeOffice (1867], iyo yaida tendero yeDare purezidhendi asati agona kubvisa vamwe vamiriri vebasa. Johnson akaramba Munyori weWar Edwin M. Stanton, mutsivi weRepublic reconsbylcan, uye akaedza kumutsiva pasina dare. Imba yaVamiririri yakavhotera kudzora kudzosa Johnson pamusoro penyaya gumi nerimwe, zvikurukuru yakawirirana nokuputsa uku.

Basa Redare Sechenjedzo

Dare ipapo rakatonga. Mubumbiro reMitemo, Dare roga rine simba rokuwanira mhaka ndokubvisa purezidhendi. Johnson akapukunyuka nevhoti imwe – 35 kusava nemhaka ye 19, imwe pfupi yezvinodikanwa zviviri nezvitatu. Uku kurambwa kwakaratidzira kuti kunyengera chishandiso chezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete muitiro woutsotsi, uye kuti nzvero yeDare pamusoro pomutendi iri mukuva nenharo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chinoitika chakatungamirirawo kukuderera kwesimba rapurezidhendi mumakumi amakore anoverengeka anotevera.

Muenzaniso 3: Watergate Scandal ne United States v. Nixon (1974])

Zvichida muenzaniso wazvino uno uno zvikurusa wechekedzo nedzikamo wakaoneka mukati mechinyatiso cheWatergate. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akapinda munhevedzano yokushatiswa, kubatanidza kuputsika kwa1972 padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee uye jira rakatevera. Apo Congress akatanga kunzvera, Nixon akaedza kushandisa ropafadzo yomukuru yokudzivisa makaseti ekurukurirano dzake kupfurikidza navaongorori nomuchuri.

Nhau yacho yakasvika Dare Rapamusorosoro mu .[FLT] United States v. Nixton. Boka rapamutemo rakataura kuti purezidhendi akanga ane ropafadzo yakakwana yechiremera uye kuti tepi dzakadzivirirwa. Dare rakaramba kutaura uku, richitonga kuti apo ropafadzo yechiremera iripo, haisati iri yakakwana uye inofanira kupa zvinodikanwa zvepamutemo zvegadziriro yeruramisiro. Mukuru weSahlulero Warren Burger akanyora kuti "haidziwo dzidziso yeparadzano yamasimba, kana kuti kudikanwa kwechiziviso chekurukurirano dzakakwirira, inogona kutsigira ropafadzo yakakwana, purezidhendi wemiteo yokutonga mumibato yose mumigariro yose."

Kushanda Kwakaita Makemikari Pano

Congress yakashandisa simba rayo rokunzvera ndokubudisa mapeya. Mutongi akamanikidza vapurisa ivavo, achigadza muganhu paropafadzo inodzorwa. Purezidhendi akateerera murairo weDare, achibudisa matepi ayo pakupedzisira aizivisa kubatanidzwa kwake mubutiro. Kutarisana nechinhu chakajeka uye kubviswa, Nixon akabvisa purezidhendi wokutanga kuita kudaro. Iyi nhevedzano inobvumikisa kuti tsika inogona kuva nomutarisiri ane simba apo mapazu ose anoshanda mukati memabasa awo emitemo.

Sungiriro yokunze: [[FLT]Oyez – United States v. Nixon (1974)

Muenzaniso 4: Afford Care Act and Jugaial Review – [[FLT: 0]NFIB v. Sebelius (202)

Pakapfuvura Dare Patient Protection and Affordble Care Act (ACA) muna 2010, raimirira kukura kukuru kwesimba rehurumende pakutarisira utano. Mutemo waibatanidza murairo mumwe nomumwe unoda kuti vaAmerica vazhinji vatenge inishuware kana kuti vabhadhare chirango. Vashori vakapikisa kuti Congress yakanga isina chiremera chemitemo pasi peChemmission Clausce kuti imanique kumanikidza vanhu kupinda mubhizimisi. Mhaka yacho .]

Dare rapamusoro, muchisarudzo cha5-4, rakatsigira murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe asi kwete muZasi Claus. Panzvimbo pezvo, Mutongi Mukuru John Roberts akanyora kuti murairo ungagona kururamiswa somutero musimba reBhunga raMakurukota rinotera. Dare rakaputsawo gadziriro yaizodai rakabvumira hurumende kunyima mari yose yeMedicaid kubva kuhurumende yairamba kuwedzera kubhadharwa – cheki inokosha pamusoro pesimba rokushandisa reHurumende.

Zviratidzo Zvizhinji Zvinoongorora Mumitambo

Nyaya iyi inoratidzira kuti Dare Gurusa rinonzvera sei Dare riri rose (kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura mutemo webumbiro remitemo) nebazu rinodzorwa (kupfurikidza nokuganhurira kuti Department of Health and Human Services yakaita sei mutemo). Inoratidzawo kuti Dare harisati richingova risingangovi nerabha kana kuti richibvisa mutemo; rinogona kutsigira mutemo pazvikonzero zvakasiana kupfuura izvo zvakarongwa neCongress, nokudaro muitiro unoumba. ACA akapukunyuka, asi donzo raro rakarondedzerwa nejambwa nedare remitemo, kwete chete nedare rehurumende kana kuti purezidhendi.

Muenzaniso 5: Purezidhendi Vetoes neCongressonal Zvinoshatisa

Simba reveto nderimwe renzvero dzakananga zvikurusa Purezidhendi anoshandisa paCongress.Chikamu I, Chikamu 7 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa Purezidhendi mazuva gumi kusaina kana kuti kunyora mutezo. Kana chaiswa, mutengo unodzokera kuCongress, unogona kukunda chiverengero chamatatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Iri simba rinovanza kurukurirano uye rinovimbisa kuti mitemo ine tsigiro yakafara.

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara wazvino uno wakaitika muna 2015 apo Purezidhendi Barack Obama akaedza kukunda vhato, asi Imba yakakosha matunhu maviri aidikanwa (vhoti yakanga iri 241-186). Vhoti yaizomira, ichichengeta mutemo wezvoutano weObama's Hutter.

Mamwe Majekiseni Anocherechedzeka

Pakuvamba munhau yeU.S., Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akabatanidza nokuzivikanwa kuuraya kweSecond Bank yeUnited States muna 1832, achisimbisa nzvero huru yavakuru vakuru pamuitiro wezvemari. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Purezidhendi Donald Trump akabudisa zvikamu zvizhinji zvezvikwereti, kubatanidza mutezo webhiparti unovhara mhindu yehondo kuSaudi Arabia pakuuraya, uko Congress yakanga isingakwanisi kudzora. Chinongei chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira kuti veto hachisi hachisi hachisi chete tsika yetsika yetsika asi nzve yapashure penyika inogona kudzosera dare revo apo Purezidhendi neCongresscea asingabvumirani.

Muenzaniso 6: Chisarudzo Chesimba Rehondo uye Kurwa

Chisarudzo cheHondo cheGavhura ra 1973 (kupfuura Purezidhendi Nixon's vento) kwakanga kuri kuedza kweDare kutora chiremera charo chebumbiro remitemo kuti rizivise hondo pashure perwisano dzakarebesa muKorea neVietnam. Chisarudzo chinoda Purezidhendi kuti azivise Congress mukati maawa 48 okuisa mauto ane zvombo kurwisana uye kubvisa masimba mukati mamazuva 60 kutoti Dare rinobvumira kufutunura. Uyu mutemo ichekerwa zvakananga pamasimba aPumeridhente somutungamiriri wehurumende.

Mubasa, chisarudzo chacho chave chichimutsa nharo. Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri anowanzotaura kuti chinodzongonyedza chiremera chehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji vakaisa mauto pasina kutsvaka mvumo yedare risati raitwa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama's 2011 kupindira kwemauto muLibya kwakaenderera mberi kupfuura muganhu wemazuva 60 pasina mvumo yedare, zvichitungamirira kuzvinetso zvepamutemo. dare reruwa rakazotonga kuti hurumende yakanga isina kuputsa chibvumirano cheHondo cheHondo nemhaka yokuti mabasa acho haana kuumba "kudzorwa" mupfungwa yepamutemo - dudziro redare rinobvumira mukuru mukuru wacho kutamba muganhu womutemo.

Kunetseka Kunoramba Kuchienderera

Kunyange zvakadaro, Mapazu ose emitemo neokutonga paanozengurira kudenha zvakasimba chiito chehondo chehurumende, gadziriro yacho inogona kuva isina kudzikamiswa.

Muenzaniso 7: Kudzidza kwaBill Clinton (1998 - 1999)

Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akakurirwa muukama hwake neWhite Housenn Monica Lewinsky uye tevere kudzorwa nokudzorwa kwemhosva. Imba yaVamiririri, inodzorwa navaRepublican, yakavhotera kuzvidza Clinton muna December 1998 panyaya mbiri: kujeka pamberi pedare guru rinobetsera dare uye kudzorwa kweruramisiro. Ichi chiito chakaratidzira simba reImba kuunza pomero papurezidhendi akagara nokuda kwokupomerwa kuva asina kururama.

Kutongwa kweDare muna 1999 kwakaguma nokurevererwa, uye vamiririri 50 vavhotera kuva vasungwa papomero uye 50 pamhosho yacho - zvishoma pa 67 zvaidiwa kuti zvibviswe. Mugumisiro wacho wakasimbisa kuti kusateerera kwacho chishandiso chezvamatongerwe enyika sechinobvumirwa nemitemo. Kwakaratidzawo kuti Dare, semutongi weidi mukuru, rinoshanda sechenjedzo inokosha paImba yechipututsi. Clinton akabva pahofisi ine zvibvumiro zvikuru, uye chinoitika chacho hachina kumisa hurumende.

Muenzaniso 8: Dare Gurusa neMirayiro inotungamirirwa – Trump v. Hawaii (2017)

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende pasina mutemo mutsva, asi idzororo redare. Muna 2017, Purezidhendi Donald Trump akabudisa Urairo Udzo Unodzora 13769, unowanzonzi "kurambidza," kuganhurira kupinda munyika zhinjisa. Matare eFederal akakurumidza kuvhara murairo pazvikonzero kuti sezvingabvira wakaputsa Chivako chaClaus kupfurikidza nokubvisa pahwaro hwerudzidziso.

Hurumende yakahwirudzura nhevedzano kakawanda, uye nhau yacho pakupedzisira yakasvika kuDare Rapamusoro-soro se [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii [2017]. Dare rakatsigira shanduro yakadzokororwa yerambidzo yokufamba, kunongedzera kuchiremera chakafara chaPurezidhendi pamusoro pekupinda munyika nokuchengeteka kwenyika. Zvisinei, chinoitika chacho chakaratidzira kuti mutongi anogona kumira ndokuhwirudzura zviito, achimanikidzira mukuru mukuru kuchenesa kuti akwane nemipimo yemitemo. Yakasimbisawo kuti kunzvera kwechidhiary hakuna kukwana; hurumende inogona kubudirira pakupedzisira kana ikataura zviitiko zvedare.

Sungano yokunze: Dare Chimiro cheMurangariro – Trump v. Hawaii (Nha. 17-965)

Kupedzisa: Kusimba uye Kukosha Kwemakeki Nedzikamo

Iyi mienzaniso chaiyoiyo youpenyu yenhau yeU.S. inoratidzira kuti gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri pfungwawo zvayo yefungidziro mubhuku. Igadziriro mhenyu, ine simba iyo inoitika nguva dzose munjodzi, denho dzapamutemo, uye kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvambira pakutangwa kwehwirudzuro yedare muna 1803 kusvikira kurwisano dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pemirairo yavakuru vakuru nerezvoutano, bazi rimwe nerimwe rakaedza masimba aro ndokusindidzira mukurwisana navamwe.

Gadziriro yacho haina kukwana. Mapurezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva akapfuura chiremera chavo; Congress pane dzimwe nguva yakakundikana kunzvera mukuru mukuru anosvika pakakwirira; dare ramajangarijangarive pane dzimwe nguva rave richinonoka kuita chiito. Bva, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakagovera gadziriro dzokururamisa. Impeachment, vaedzo, dare, Powers Resolution yeWar, uye muitiro wokusimbisa zvose zvinobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana nesimba risingadzorwi.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvirongwa kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa chikonzero nei Bumbiro reMitemo re U. rakatsungirira kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Kwakarongedzerwa kusaita kuti hurumende ive iri nyore, asi kuita kuti udzvinyiriri huve hwakaoma. Sezvo rudzi runotarisana nedenho itsva — kubva kumichina yemichina kusvikira kusimba rehurumende muzera rinogarwa namapoka – iyi mienzaniso yenhau inotiyeuchidza kuti dzikamo yesimba inofanira kuchengetwa nokungwarira namapazu ose matatu uye nomuvhiyi anozivikanwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, [[FLT: 0] Maidi eChipokano paminzvero napadziri pa anopa ufakazi hupfupi. chinyorwa chenhau pamusoro pechisaririra chaAndrew Johnson chinogovera mashoko okuwedzera.