yamuro yokumwe yakagadziridza zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu outano hwavanhu vose munharaunda yeSaharan Africa. Mumakumi matatu amakore apfuura, kudirana kukuru kwezviwanikwa kubva kuvapi vemigodhi, masangano akasiana - siana, uye masangano ezvemari, uye mavoreki avanhu vakaderedza zvikuru kufa nokurwara kubva kutatu dzehosha dzekondinendi dzakauraya zvikuru: HIV/AIDS, marariya, uye tibhii. Mwero wemari yave iripo wave wenhau. Mitengo yakafanana nePresidhendi yeCheatement yeAIDS Purezidhendi yeFreance (PEFAR) uye Ndyi yeNyika yose yokurwisa AIDS, Tibhiriyoni neMara yakapinza murakota yemabhiriyoni emadhora okurapa, kudzivirira, uye ugwinyi. Migumisiro yacho yakaponesa upenyu. Upenyu hunodzodzo dzakaderera zvikuru munyika dza 1990, zvakadzorwazve.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi budiriro inoshamisa, basa reyamuro yokumwe muutano hweAfrica harina kusimbwa kana kuti rinochengetwa munyika yose. Kusikwa kwegadziriro huru, dzehosha dzakananga kwakatanga mapurogiramu akaoma, anowanzonongedzerwa kwaari se "yakananga inopesana nokuyera". Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuyamura kukuru kunogona kuparira kutsamira pamunhu, kushatisa zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo, uye kusekesa gadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu dzisina kusimba dzinoda kutsigira. Zvinetso zvouori, udzori husina simba, uye zvipingamupinyi zvoga zvoupenyu hwokusvika vanhu vari kure zvakaganhurira pesvedzero yeyamuro yemari. Sezvo nzanga yenyika yose inotarika kunguva yemberi, ngwariro inochinja kubva kumuenzaniso womutsa womutsa kukubatsira vamwe, kutsigira, kutsigirana, uye kuva muridzi womunzvimbomo. Kurwisana nehosha kunopomeranwa muAfrica inhau yemhindumupi, uye kupfuurira kurapa munyika yose.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kubva kuAlma Ata Kusvika Kunjodzi yeAIDS

Nguva yazvino uno yeyamuro youtano yepasi pose muAfrica yakavamba kuva yakananga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20. 1978 Alma Ata Declaration, iyo yakagadza nharidzano ine chinzvimbo ye "Upenyu hwavose pagore ra 2000," yakatanga kutarisirwa kwoutano hwapakuvamba segadziriro huru. Zvisinei, njodzi dzemari negadziriro dzokugadziridza zvivako zvema 1980 na 1990 zvakanetesa zvakakomba gadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu munyika yose. Hurumende dzakamanikidzirwa kuderedza kuderera kudyira panzvimbo dzoutano, rovedzo, uye mibhadharo, kugadzira nzvimbo inosiya gadziriro dzoutano dzisina dziviriro uye pasi pedzi.

Kuputika kwedenda reHIV/AIDS muma1990 kwakafumura uku kuora mwoyo kwakazara. Munyika dzakadai seBotswana, Zimbabwe, uye South Africa, nduramo yakaderera namakore 20 kana kuti kupfuura. Njodzi yomunhu nezvemari yakanga ine ngwavaira. Mwero wenjodzi yacho wakakurira zvirongwa zvoutano zvakaneta. Kwakanga kusina mishonga inorwisa utachiona yaishandura AIDS kuva mutongo worufu mukuva hosha isingarapiki muMadokero yakanga isingasviki kudarika mutengo mukuru wehurumende nevarwere veAfrica.

Kupindura kunjodzi yeAIDS kwakaratidzira kuchinjwa kwemari yemari yakasiyana- siyana nokuda kwoutano. Muna 2001, United Nations General Assembly yakaita Session Special paHIV/AIDS (UNGASS), ichizivisa denda renyika yose. Muna 2002, Global Fund yakatangwa segadziriro yemari yemari yakasiyana - siyana yakagadzirirwa kuti ipedze mari inogadzirirwa kuunganidza uye kuitungamirira kurwisana neAIDS, TB, uye marariya. Ipapo muna 2003, Purezidhendi George W. Bush akazivisa kuti pakanga pakanga pakanga paine mabhiriyoni 5,5, makore mashanu, chirongwa choutano chikurusaremunhau yakaitwa kuti ive zvirwere. Izvi hazvina kungogadzira masangano matsva okushandisa zvinodhaka, uye kuparadzira mishonga, uye kuparadzira kurapa kupfumbava, uye kupfudza kupfudza kupfudza kupfudza kunoitwa nehurumende.

Hosha Huru, Kuchengetesa Zvikuru: Kutapura Kweyamuro

Kuwanda kweyamuro youtano yokumwe kuAfrica kwakaendeswa kuhosha nhatu huru dzinotapukira.

HIV/AIDS: Kubva pakuuraya vanhu vakawanda kusvika Pakuva Mumiriro Wezvinhu Usina Kuoma

Pakanyanya kupararira denda racho, njodzi yeHIV/AIDS muAfrica iri kumaodzanyemba kweSaharan yakarondedzerwa seyakaparadza vanhu. Muna 2003, vanhu vasingasviki 50 000 munyika yacho vaigona kurapwa neutachiona (ART). Pakazopera 2022, nemhaka yebasa rePEPFAR neGlobal Fund, vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 20 vakanga vava kurapwa zvinoponesa upenyu.

Simba reiyi nhambo yokurapa riri rinoshamisa. Zvirongwa zveAIDS zvinowirirana nenyuchichetura yeAfrica zvakaderera ne60% chifo chapamusoro muna 2004. Zvirwere zvitsva zveHIV zvaderera neanopfuura 50% munhambo imwe cheteyo. Kutanga kwokudzivirira kwaAmai kukwira kumwana (PMTCT) purogiramu dzave dziri imwe yekukunda kukuru kweutano hwapachena, kuderedza kutapurisa kutsva pakati pavana pa 80%. UNAIDS "95-95-95" nharidzano kuva nechokwadi chokuti 95% yavanhu vanorarama neHIV vanoziva mugariro wavo, 95% yaavo vanobatwa navanobatwa napondwa.

Miitiro inotsigirwa neyamuro dzokunze yave iri chinhu chikuru kuiyi budiriro. Kuparadzirwa kwerudzingiswa rwevarume, kunoderedza kupfuudzwa kweHIV kusvikira ku 60%, kwakawedzerwa zvikuru munyika dzakakwirira. Zvirongwa zvokusvika vanhu vanokosha, zvakadai savashandi vevatano, varume vane vatano navarume, uye vanhu vanopinza mirimo yemadhiragi, zvava vanowedzera kuoma. Pasinei zvapo neiyi fambiro mberi, zvinetso zvinokosha zvinosara. Mwero inotengwa pakati pavasikana navakadzi vaduku muSouthern Africa inoramba iri yakakwirira zvikuru. Stigma uye rusaruro runopfuurira kuvharo rwokuwana mabasa makuru avanhu. Uye kune ngozi inokura yokuneta senhambo yengozi yechinetso chenguva refu, kudzoresa.

Marariya: Kurwisa Kwenguva Refu Muurayi Wekare

Marariya inoramba iri chimwe chezvisakiso zvikuru zverufu nokuda kwavana vari pasi pemakore mashanu muAfrica. Kwemakumi amakore, kurwisana nehosha yacho kwakanga kwave kusingadzoreki zvikuru. Kutanga kwebatira pamwe weRolck Back Malaria muna 1998 uye kuumbwa kweGlobal Fund neU.S. Malaria Expression (PMI) yakachinja zvikuru kuiswa kwemari yapasi pose mudzoro wemarariya. Kushandiswa kwemari yapasi yose mukudzora marariya kwakaponesa upenyu hunofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 11.7 kubva muna 2000.

[[FLT:] Kupindira kukuru kunotsigirwa neyamuro dzokunze kunoitwa zvakanaka uye kunoshanda zvikuru.

  • [FLT]]][FLT]] Net (INHATE]] Net (ITN):[[FLT]] Kuparadzirwa kukuru kwemambure ezvipembenene (marefu) kwave kuri ibwe rekona rokudzivirira. Kuongorora kunoratidza kuti dzinopfuura 70% dzemhuri musubzi-Saharfa zvino pari imwe, zvinova zviri pachena kubva pa 2000, [FTFFT:6] [FT] [FF] : [5] [FT] [5] , yawanda mishonga inopfuvuka zvikuru.[12]

    Miuyo yave iri inokosha. World Malariya Report inofungidzira kuti mwero yokufa nemarariya muAfrica yaderera ne50% kubvira muna 2000, nyika dzinoverengeka dziri padokubviswa. Zvisinei, fambiro mberi yave iripo mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Kubuda nokuparadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa utachiona muumhutu nokudzivisa mirimo muutachiona ityisidzirwa zvakakomba. Muna 2021, WHO yakatendera mushonga wemarariya wokutanga, RTS, S/AS01, uye zvino iri kupetwa munyika dzinotyaira. Mushonga mishonga yakaderera, R1/Matrix-M, yakatenderwawo. Kuyera uku kumativi ose, pamwe chete nokudzivirira, zvishandiso zvinotevera, zvichava denho youtano.

    Tibhii: Chirwere chePandemic chekare zvikuru uye Dambudziko reMDR-TB

    TB ihosha inotapukira inouraya vanhu vakawanda kupfuura dzimwe dzose munyika, inouraya vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1,5 gore negore.

    yamuro yeSupy yave iri yakakomba kukunda TB muAfrica. Mari yeGlobal yemari ihombesa yokunze yepurogiramu dzeTB, ichigovera mari yakawanda zvikurusa yemari yemarudzi ose nokuda kwokunzvera, kurapa, uye kudzivisa. World Health Organization’s Directive Declaption trapy, Short-course (DOTS), uye mutsivi wayo, Stop TB Strategy, inogovera gadziriro yemichina yetsika yenyika. Mwero mukuru weFireso yeFirection, inogona kunzvera TB uye kunzvera kurasika mukati mamaawa maviri, yave iri nhambo huru, yakatsigirwa zvikurukuru neyamuro.

    Denho hurusa mumhinduro yeTB kukwira kweMiltial-Drug Divitant TB. Kurapa kweMDR-TB kwakareba, kunodhura, uye kune chepfu, kunoda mwedzi yejekiseni rezuva nezuva nemirimo mizhinji. Kusvikira nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kurapa kweMDR-TB kwakanga kwaderera zvikuru. Kutanga nokutangwa kwemishonga yemirimo mipfupi yose, seBPAL Ramatomu, kunochinja, asi kukwanisa kurapa mishonga mitsva uku kunoramba kuri kuganhurirwa munyika dzakawanda dzeAfrica nemhaka yokushambadzwa nokushaikwa kwechira. Mukahanza mukuru pakati pavanhu vanowedzera TB nenhamba inorapwa uye vanorapwa chimwe chinetso chikuru. Chirweretso chinoda kupfuutsa chipfurira kupfurira kupfurira kupfura.

    Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa: Rumwe Rutivi Rweyamuro

    Nokuda kwebudiriro dzayo dzose, muenzaniso mukuru weyamuro yokumwe yehosha dzinotapukira muAfrica wakatarisana nokutsoropodzwa kwakakomba uye kunopfuurira.

    Comment=Mazita Akakwirira.

    Chinonyanya kukosha chine chokuita nezvirongwa zvoutano munyika yose. "Mapurogiramu akakwirira" akadai sePEPFAR neGlobal Fund ihosha yakajeka, ine hova dzakatsaurirwa nemari, inogovera maketani, uye zvivako zvokutarisira. "Tsvene" purogiramu dzinovavarira kusimbisa gadziriro dzose dzoutano. Vatsoropodzi, kubatanidza nhamba dzoutano dzakakurumbira dzakadai saLaurie Garrett, vakataura kuti mapurogiramu makuru anosvika pakudzika anogona kukanganisa zvinhu zvenyika uye kugadzira gadziriro dzinobudisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakutarisira utano. Vatsigiri vanoramba kuti mapurogiramu anosvika pakusimba anosvitsa zvinangwa, migumisiro inokurumidza uye kuti anogona, kutaura kuti, zvinosimbisa masangano outano kupfurikidza nokuvaka uye kurovedza vashandi. Zvomene imhaka. Chiri chirongwa chakaoma kugadzira kuti zviitwe nemaune urongwa.

    Kuvimbika uye Kuchengetedza

    Rutyo runopfuurira ndirwo urwo yamuro yokumwe runoparira kutsamira. Chii chinoitika apo mirau yePEPFAR kana kuti Global Fund inotsigira tsigiro yayo? Mari yomumusha nokuda kwoutano munyika dzakawanda dzeAfrica inoramba yakaderera, iri pasi zvikuru pechipfuro cheAbuja Declaration ye15% yeGDP. Dzimwe hurumende dzave dzichinonoka kutora ndyiko dzepurogiramu, dzichikarira vapi kuti vapfuurire nokusingagumi. Kuchinja kunodzorwa nokubetsera kubva kukuva muridzi weimba kwakaoma, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kusapedzwa, denho. Murangariro we "Ounicarity," nheyo huru yeChiziviso cheParis on Ince Effectivetion, kazhinji yakabvumikisa kuva kwakaoma kushandisa mukushanda apo vapi vanochengeta kudzo huru pamusoro pokutsigira mari uye zvinokosha.

    Kutonga Nouori

    Zvitsama zvikuru zvemari zvinopinzwa mumasangano ane utarisiro hushomanene igadziriro yokushandisa tsvina nouori. Kwave kune mhaka dzakasanonyorwa dzeuori muGlobal Fund yemipiro yemari nedzimwe gadziriro dzeyamuro, umo mirimo yakabiwa, vashandi vezvipopo vakabhadharwa, uye zvibvumirano zvakapiwa kusonganiro zvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo zvose zviri zviviri PEPFAR neGlobal Fund zvakasimbisa utarisiri hwavo negadziriro dzokuzvidavirira, ushatiso hunoramba huri mhinganidzo huru kukuva nechokwadi chokuti dora riri rose rinosvika vatengi vanoshuwa. Zvirongwa zvoutano zvisina simba uye kugovera mibato yemitengwaro yemitengwa munyika dzakawandawo inotungamirira kumibato inokosha yemirimo yemirimo yemari nemishonga inopera mishonga yapera nguva dzose.

    Zvinhu Zvinowanikwa Nemishonga

    Ndyiko huru yemirimo yakanyoreswa yakanga iri nhau huru munjodzi yeAIDS. Kugadzirwa kweGlobal Fund kwakanga kuri chimwe chezvinodikanwa zvokugovera mishonga inobhadharika inodzivirira utachiona. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yakajairika, kwakadzorwa ne2001 Doha Declaration paTRIPS Active and Public Health, yakaderedza zvikuru kurapa kubva pa $100,000 pagore kumurwere woga woga woga kusvika pa $100. Hondo iyi inopfuurira nhasi pamishonga mitsva yeMDR-TB nehepatitis C, pamwe chete nokushandiswa kweTHP, uye kurapa kwechiuto reCHOVID. Kurwira kuwana mishonga inodhuroma. Kuwana mishonga inodhura kunoramba kuri basa guru reyamuyamuro kunze kwemari uye utano hwenyika nyika yose.

    Nguva Yemberi yeAid: Kuchinja, Kukwana, uye Kuva Mushandi

    Kuchinja kweutano munyika yose kuri kuchinja nokukurumidza. Dambudziko reCOVID-19 rinobudisa pachena kuderera kwemasangano outano kwose kwose uye rinosimbisa kusaruramisira kukuru mukukwanisa kuwana nhomba, kuongorora, uye kurapa. Ruyamuro rutsva rwokumwe ruri kutanga, runosimbisa kusimba, kugadzira, uye mari inotsigirwa.

    Kuvaka Magadziriro Outano Akanaka Uye Akaenzana

    Pane bvumirano yakafara yokuti kunangidzira ngwariro bedzi pahosha dzakati. Nguva yemberi yeyamuro yokumwe haina kukwana mukusimbisa zvigadziko zvegadziriro dzoutano: mari, vashandi, gadziriro dzamashoko, ungetani, uye kupiwa kwebasa. Kukatyamadzwa kwokuitika kweEbola muWest Africa (204-2016) uye denda reCHOVAD yakawedzera ichi. World Bank’s Pandemic Fund, yatangwa muna 2022, inzira itsva yemari inoshandiswa namarudzi akawanda yakatsaurirwa kusimbisa kudzivirira, kugadzirira, uye mhinduro (PPR) mibato munyika dzakaderera nedzinosvika.

    Kugadzira Munzvimbo Dzomunharaunda uye Muitiro Mutsva Woutano Hwavose weAfrica

    Chimwe chezvinoitwa zvinokosha zvikuru kuitirwa kwezvoutano muAfrica. Kondinendi inopinza kunze kunopfuura 70% yemishonga yayo uye 99% yemishonga yayo yokudzivirira. African Union yakagadza vavariro ine simba yokuita 60% yemishonga yokudzivirira inodikanwa pakondinendi panosvika 2040. Zvigadzikiso zvakafanana neScerverine shafts dzeAfrican Vaccine Manufactring (PAVM) uye kugadzirwa kwemichina yemuRNA inotamisa muSouth Africa matanho chaiwo kukuderedza kutsamira kwavagadzirisisiri vezvokumwe nyika uye kuvaka simba resayenzi romunzvimbomo.

    Utano Hwemadhigirii Nemashandiro Enzanga

    Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwuri kuchinja kugadzirwa kwezvoutano. Kupfuudza kwemotokari kunoitwa nekampani (mHealth) zvinoshandisa SMS neserura kutumira zviyeuchidzo zvokurapa, mashoko anomirira murwere, uye kugovera dzidzo youtano. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) nePEPFAR yakaisa mari yakawanda muutano hwemichina. Kupfuudza munhu, kwakakurumbira zvikuru nekambani jini HOP, kuri kuunza ropa, majekiseni, uye mishonga kunzvimbo dziri kure muRwanda muRwanda neGhana. Nezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zveutano rwenzanga (CWS) zviri kuzivikanwa senheyo yeItiyopiya, negadziriro yezvoutano, yakaratidza kuti shopu inofambirwa zvakanaka, CHWW inogona kuendesa mabasa akawanda uye kuvandudza utano.

    Kushanda Mudzimba Nokuchinja Kunoitirwa Kunyika

    Nharidzano refu ndeyenyika dzeAfrica kuti dziwanire mari gadziriro dzadzo dzoutano. Ikoku kunoda kukura kwemari, miitiro yemitero inofambira mberi, uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kune simbiso inokura pa "yamuro inopinza mari inoshandiswa mupfuma yemhuri. Global Fund's co-prenam, iyo inoraira kuti nyika dziwedzere mari yadzo dzimene yemhuri pautano, muenzaniso wenzira iyo vapi vanogona nayo kuva nayo muridzi. Kurukurira kubva ku "mubatanidzwa wemari," apo hurumende namasangano zveAfrica zvinotungamirira mukuronga zvinhu uye purogiramu netsigiro inobva kuvakwamarudzi ose.

    mhedziso

    Yamuro yokumwe yave iri chisakiso cheimwe yechinjo huru zvikurusa dzoutano hwavanhu munhau yazvino uno. Kurwisana neHIV/AIDS, marariya, uye tibhii muAfrica kwakaona nyika ichiungana kuti ivake ushamwari husingaenzaniswi, kutsigira mapurogiramu makuru, uye kuponesa makumi amamirioni oupenyu. Nharidzano yokugumisa izvi zvirwere setyisidziro huru dzoutano hwavanhu panosvika 2030, nepo zvichiri denho huru, iri pedyo nechinhu chaichoicho kupfuura nakare kose.

    Nzira inopfuudzira mberi inoda mhindumupindu mumuenzaniso weyamuro yokumwe. Inoda mubatanidzwa mukuru, unowirirana unopfuura kuchinjwa kwamari. Inoda ngwariro pakuvaka zvakasimba, gadziriro dzoutano dzakavakwa imomo dzinogona kubata hosha dzanhasi ndokugadzirira nokuda kwehosha dzamangwana. Chitsauko chinotevera hachisati chiri pamusoro pe "kusiya Africa" kupfurikidza neyamuro yokumwe, asi pamusoro pokuisa mari muchengeteko youtano yenyika yose inogoverwa. Rubudiriro rucharondedzerwa nokuchinja kupfumbira kubva kuhuwa kuyamura kukutsamira pakuva muridziri wemhuri, kubva kugadziriro dzakatembera mberi kugadziriro dzinobatanidza zvinhu, uye kubva kuzvinoiswa nemhengedzero dzomunzvimbomo. Mamirioni oupenyu anoponeswa iwiriranwa kuti asvike kupfurikidza nechiito, asi basa riri kure nokupera.