Hwaro Hwekare Hwegadziriro Yakafanira

Mabumbiro emitemo ekare - kare anozivisa kuti kunyange kare, nzanga dzakaziva kudikanwa kwemitoo yakarongeka, inofanoziviswa pakushandisa ruramisiro. Muitiro wakafanira hauna kuumbwa zvizere; panzvimbo pezvo, wakabuda pashoma napashoma sezvo kushambadza kwakabva mumutemo woutongi woutongi wakavakirwa pautongi.

Bumbiro Remitemo raHammurabi (chirca 1754 BCE)

Dare raHammurabi, rimwe ramanyoro akarangarirwa karesa ourefu hunokosha, rakavamba gadziriro yemitemo yakanyorwa iyo yaishanda kuvagari vose vakasununguka veBhabhironi. Nepo zvirango kazhinji kazhinji zvaiva zvehasha uye zvakavakirwa paboka, bumbiro rakatangwa kuvamba mativi anoverengeka emhosva: vapomeri vaifanira kuunza pomero dzakananga, ufakazi hwakarangarirwa, uye vatongi vaitarisirwa kushandisa mutemo nguva dzose. Mashoko akakurumbira “ziso nokuda kweziso” aimirira chaizvoizvo chimiro chapakuvamba chokuenzana, kuchiganhurira kuukombiso yemhosva yacho panzvimbo pokubvumira chirango chisina kufanira. Uyu murangariro [[FLT:]] protiationity uye mipimo yakanyorwa yapamutemo akaisa nheyo yapamutemo yapamhiko.

Mutemo weRoma Nematafura Gumi Neviri (chirca 450 BCE)

Roman Republic yakabudisa Twelve Tables, bumbiro remitemo rakavimbisa mugari wemo ari wose maruramiro okuziva mitemo yavakatongwa nayo. VaRoma vakanyandurawo pfungwa yokumirira pamutemo: mukwirirwi aigona kutaura mudziviriro yake amene kana kuti kupinza mutsigiri. Nheyo ye idiaudiaformemum partem [“kunzwa rumwe rutivi] [] [] [“ kunzwa rutivi])) rwakasimbiswa muRoma, achivimbisa kuti hapana rutongeso rungagona kupiwa pasina kunzwika navose vari vaviri. Gare gare gare gare Distian Code code cod codroit pasina kurangwa pasina rutongeso rwakarurama, nheyo yaipesvedzera zvakananga miitiro yemitemo yeEurope yapakati nhambo yapakati-pakati. Iyi mipiro yeRoma ndiyo [FL.2]

Kufambira Mberi KweMiddle Ages: Magna Carta uye Mutemo Wavose

Nguva dzeMiddle Ages dzakaona kuchinja kwaifanira kuitwa kubva papfungwa dzouzivi kuva kodzero dzepamutemo dzinoshandiswa, kunyanya muEngland.Nguva mbiri dzinokosha — Magna Carta nokukura kwemutemo wevose — kwakachinja mashandisirwe aiitwa ruramisiro.

Magna Carta (1215)

Zvichida chinyorwa chimwe chemifananidzo mizhinjisa munhau yomuitiro wakafanira, Magna Carta yakamanikidzirwa paMambo John namabhiro anopandukira. Chitsauko 39 chechata yapakuvamba chakazivisa, kuti: “Hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa, kuiswa mutorongo, kudzingwa, kudzingwa, kana kuti kuparadzwa munzira ipi neipi, kana kuti hatizomuroverera, kunze kwechisarudzo chapamutemo chevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Chitsama ichi, “nomutemo wenyika,” ndiwo mukare wakananga weshoko razvino uno“ muitiro womutemo. [nonge zvazvo Magna Carta pakutanga yakashanda bedzi kuvarume (vaduku panguva ino), chakavamba. [FLD: 0]

Mutemo Wavose Nokutonga Zvakaitwa naJuri (Zana Ramakore rechi13)

Vachitevera Magna Carta, vatongi veEngland vakavamba kuvamba mutemo wavose .Nyau yemitemo yakavakirwa pamavambo iyo yakadzivirira maruramiro omunhu mumwe nomumwe. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 13, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera dare radare yakanga yachinja kubva kuboka rezvapupu zvomunzvimbomo kuva muboka risina rusaruro rakasarudza mibvunzo yeidi. Kodzero kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera dare rakava dziviriro huru mukurwisana nedzvinyiriro yehurumende. Vanyori vemitemo veMiddle Ages vakaita saHen de Bracton vakataura kuti chiremera chamambo chakanga chakaganhurirwa netsika nemutemo, zvichipfuurirazve kurangarira mirangariro yomuitiro yakafanira. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutemo wavose wakapa maruramiro akananga kukodzero dzoutongi: kodzero dzokuziva kutendeka kutendeka kwehurumende, maruramiro ekodzero dzokutarisana nezvipupuriro dzechokwadi, uye kuufakazi hwakarurama hwapanguva ino.

Uzivi Hwekujekeswa uye Kuchinja Kwepamutemo

Mazana emakore echi17 ne18 akaona muitiro wakafanira uchichinjwa nevafungi vokuvhenekerwa avo vakataura kuti vanhu vaiva nekodzero dzomusikirwo idzo hurumende dzisingagoni kuputsa pasina miitiro yakanaka.

John Locke Nekodzero Dzevanhu (Zana Rechi17)

John Locke’s Treases mbiri dzeHurumende [1689] dzakataura kuti vanhu vose vanoberekwa vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Hurumende dzinowana maruramiro avo mumvumo yemvumo yemitemo inodzorwa uye dzinofanira kuita mukuwirirana nemitemo yakagadzwa, kwete mitemo inofungwa. Chibvumirano chaLocke chaidavira kuti apo hurumende inoputsa idzi kodzero, chinorasikirwa nechiremera chayo. Mifungo yake yakava chiteshi chemipimo chemiitiro yakafanira muAmerica. Locke akasimbisa kuti “panogumira mutemo, udzvinyiriri, mavambo, udzorongerwo.

Bhuku rekuEngland rinonzi Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu (1689)

Pashure peGlorious Revolution, Paramende yakagadza Bill of Rights, iyo yakabatanidza dziviriro dzinoverengeka dzakakodzera: bhero rakawandisa nechirango choutsinye uye chechienzi zvakarambidzwa; vatongi vaifanira kuiswa panzvimbo yapamutemo nenzira yakafanira ndokudzorerwa; uye kutendera kweParamende kwakadikanwa nokuda kwokumisa mitemo. Ichi chinyorwa chakabatanidza Magna Carta nomutemo wavose, kuumba gadziriro yamaruramiro apamutemo aigona kukumbirwa kurwisana noHutu. Yakavimbisawo maruramiro okukumbira mambo namaruramiro okutakura zvombo nokuda kwesimba romunhu amene, zvose zviri zviviri zvine pesvedzero dzakakodzera.

Chinjo yeAmerica Nevimbiso Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Vagari vomuAmerica, vakanyura mumagamuchidzanwa apamutemo eEngland nomufungo wokuvhenekerwa, vakaita muitiro wakafanira chinodikanwa chikuru mukurwisa kwavo kuzvitonga.

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. (1787)

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba raiva nedziviriro shomanene dzakafanira nomutoo, asi gadziriro yaro yakaratidzira nheyo dzomuitiro wakafanira: bazu remitemo raisagona kupfuudza zvikwereti zvemutengi (zvisarudzo pasina kutongwa) kana kuti mitemo yapashure; simba rokutonga rakatambanudzwa bedzi kunhau negakava; uye ropafadzo yehabeas corpus haingagoni kumiswa kunze kwokunge mukupandukira kana kuti kuvhozhokera. Iyi dziviriro yegadziriro yehurumende yakanga ichiitirwa kudzivisa chiito chehurumende choutongi.

Mutezo Wechishanu (1791)

Gadziriro yeFinhla kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inotaura zvakajeka, kuti: “Hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Chikamu ichi, pamwe chete nedziviriro pachako nengozi mbiri, zvakatanga mupimo wenyika nokuda kwemitemo inoyera. Mashoko okuti “muitiro wekare womutemo” wakatorwa zvakananga kubva kumirau yeChirungu idudzira Magna Carta. Gamendement inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, uye kwamakore 80, wakanga uri mutoo bedzi unovimbisa muBumbiro remitemo. Nhau dzapakuvamba, dzakadai se [[FGUPUPU:] Murray] Hokenbo & derciation. [F:]

American Standard Version ya1868)

Pashure peHondo yeChiviko, Iwenath Amendment yakatambanudza gadziriro inodzivirira kumabasa anoitwa nehurumende. Izvo Gungano rapaAccount Procession Claus rinorambidza hurumende ipi neipi kunyima “munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Iyi gadziridzo yakava chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwekodzero dzechimuko, ichigonesa Dare rapamusoro kuputsa mitemo yehurumende inoputsa mutemo mukuru. Pakutanga, Dare rakashandisa muitiro wakafanira mumitemo yemari (anodanwa kuti “Lochner zera”), asi pakasvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, razova chishandiso chemotokari chokudzivirira chisaririra chikurusa maruramiro enyika pamashoko. Iyi dzidziso ye [[FLT:] [FF1] yakaita kuti, wechine, chishanu, uye kupfuumba kwoutsotsi zvikuru, kukwira kwechisere, kukwira kwechirevo.

Kuwedzera Kwezana Remakore Rechi19 Nerechi20

Muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20, muitiro waifanira kuchinjwa kubva padzidziso isina kuzara kuva dzidziso yakakura yaibatanidzawo kodzero dzehurumende. Dare nematare okugadza pamutemo akawedzera zvinoreva “kusununguka” uye “kunaka” uye zvaida kuti pave nemaitiro akanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

Kugadzirira Kunoita Kusvika Pari Kukwana (Rate 19/Pree - preadyonal Zana Remakore rechi20)

Sezvo masangano ehurumende akakura, zviziviso zvakafanira zvakamuka mumiitiro yokutonga. Londoner v. Guta reDenver (1908), Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti vananimari vezvinhu vakanga vane kodzero yokucherekedza nokunzwa mitero isati yaongororwa. Gare gare, Goldberg v. Kelly [1970]) akatonga kuti vagamuchiri vefaro havagoni kugumisa betsero dzavo pasina kunzwa kwezviri pachena, vachitambanurira muitiro unoda kutongwa nemitero. Nhasi, procedcual commentation inoda ziziviso, mukana wokunzwiwa, kutongwa, mugadziri asingasarumbidzo, uye muchisarudzo chipi nechipi chehurumende chinodzo, kana kuti chive chinhu chisarumbidzwe.

Muitiro Wakakomba Wava Kuitwa (Zana Remakore Rechi20)

Dare Gurusa rakakudziridzawo dzidziso yomuitiro wakafanira, unotaura kuti maruramiro makuru akati anokosha kwazvo zvokuti hakuna hurumende ([FLT:]2] Roe v. Mu]Griswold v. Connecticut[[[FLT1]]] [1965], Dare rakaziva maruramiro echivande cheroorano; [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Roev. Wade [] [73])) inotambanurira ikoku kurudyi rwomukadzi kusarudza kubvisa mimba; uye [[FLT:] [5]. Hogfells [F] v[FFF] [5] [5]

Dare reWarren and Criminal Procedure (50s-1960s)

Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren’s Court akashandura muitiro weutsotsi wakafanira. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) akashandisa mutemo wokuparadzanisa nyika, kutora zvisiri pamutemo ufakazi. Gideon v. [[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT]6] [1963]] [marutongeso akachinjwa) akavimbisa maruramiro epangiro nokuda kwevakwiridhesi mumiitiro dzefelon.] [[FLT]] [FLT] Mirnda v. Arizona[FLT:] [5] [196] mapurisa aidikadikanwa kuzivisa kodzero dzavo dzokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva mumiririri. Izvi zvinodarowo. Makuru aipo aiwo akashandura [FF]

Kududzira Kwemazuva Ano uye Kuona Nyika Yose Semaonero Anoita Vanhu

Muzana remakore rechi21, maitiro akakodzera anoramba achichinja sezvo matare anorwisana noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuchengeteka kwenyika, uye kodzero dzevanhu vemarudzi ose.

Kugadzirwa Kwemakombiyuta, Kuva Woga, uye Kuitwa Kwakakodzera

Unyanzvi hutsva hunotanga kudenha gadziriro dzamaSangano agara achiitwa. RILEY v. California (2014, Dare rapamusoro rakaramba kuti mapurisa aingoda pamutemo wokunzvera mashoko ematanho paserura, achiziva kuti makombiyuta emazuva ano ane mashoko akawanda emunhu oga. ] Carbert v. United States] (2088) akatambanurira kurangarira kuzvinyorwa zvenhau zvenzvimbo yesocidhiyo, kuchida pamutemo nokuda kwokuwana. Zviitiko izvo zvinofanira kuratidzira kuti muitiro unofanira kugadziridza kuva wogariro muzera ramaza. [[FLT:] United States [FLT]

Kodzero Dzevanhu Dzamarudzi Ose Nezvadzinofanira Kuita

Dare reInternational Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), rakagamuchirwa muna 1966 uye rinobudirira kuvambira muna 1976, rinovimbisa zvakajeka maruramiro kutongwa kwakarurama nomuitiro wakafanira muChikamu 14. Kunoda kuti munhu ari wose afanirwe nokutongwa kwapachena nomutemo wapamutemo wapamutemo, wakasununguka, uye usingasaruri; kuti vapomerwi vanzi havana mhaka; uye kuti vane kodzero yokubetsera kwapamutemo, kunzvera zvapupu, uye kukwidziridza mvumo. Marudzi akawanda akabatanidza mipimo iyi mumutemo wavo wemhuri, achiumba mubatanidzwa wenyika yose nokuda kwegadziriro yakafanira yakafanira. Zvisinei, kuisa mutemo kunoramba kuri kusina kufanira, uye masangano ekodzero dzavanhu anopfuurira kuputsa chinyorwa. [[FLT:] Office yeUnited Nations High Commont for Human Rights [FFFF1]

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Gadziriro inotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva mumugariro wechengeteko yenyika, kubuda munyika, uye gadziriro dzokutarisira. USA PARITIOTT Act uye gadziriro dzokunzvere dzakatevera zvakamutsa funganyo pamusoro poufakazi hwechivande uye kushandiswa kwematare ehondo. Zvirongwa zvokudzivisa kazhinji kazhinji hazvishaiwi dziviriro zhinji dzinopiwa mumatare autsotsi, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano pamusoro pekukura kwe “kukurumidza” nokuda kwezvisingachinji. Dare Rapamusoro redare mu . HARMAD v. Rumsteld[FLT:] [2004])

mhedziso

Musiyano wenguva wekufambira mberi kwakafanira unozivisa batano isingachinjiki: kurwisa kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rehurumende rinoshandiswa zvakanaka, sezvinofanotaurwa, uye nokuremekedza chiremera chomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kuvambira pamahwendefa evhu eBhabhironi kusvikira kumaserura anhasi, pfungwa huru inoramba iri imwe cheteyo((munhu upi noupi anofanira kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu chisina mukana une revo wokunzwiwa uye chisarudzo chakavakirwa pamutemo, kwete zvinodavirwa. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nenzanga zvinova zvinowedzera kuva zvinowirirana zvikuru, nheyo dzemuitiro wakafanira dzichapfuurira kuedzwa nokunatswa. Denho yechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe ndecho kukudza nguva yakapfuura apo chinochinjirwa kuidziro inokosha kuzvinhu zvitsva zvokutonga neruramisiro.