Sumo

Gadziriro yeChina yeMitemo kuUnited States ndiimwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa dzorusununguko rwomunhu muBill of Rights. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, inodzivirira vagari vemo pakunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari nepfari dzehurumende. Nepo mashoko ayo achiratidzika kuva akananga, kugadziridzwa kwakaparira mazana amakore erondedzero, kududzira, uye kuchinjirwa kuruzivo rutsva rwezvigadzirwa. Kunzwisisa Republic yeChina inokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo asiwo nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anokoshesa kuva oga. Nyaya inopa kupfupikiswa kwakakwana kwemavambo enhau yeChina yeRendementation, dzidziso huru dzemitemo, nhau dzedare repamusorosoro, dzidzo yetsika dzazvinonyorwa, uye zviitiko zvinoshanda nokuda kwedzidzo nebvumirano zvehurumende.

Mavambo Enhau E Amendedzero Yechina

Miitiro Yokutonga Kwenyika Dzake NeyokuBritain

Gadziriro yeChina yeFimendi yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuushati hwezviremera zveBritain muAmerica. Mumutemo weEngland, zvibvumikiso zvehurumende nemhindu zvakabvumira vakuru vakuru kunzvera misha, mabhizimisi, uye vanhu pasina chisakiso chaicho. Vakuru vakuru vaigona kupinda munzvimbo ipi neipi, kutora zvinhu, uye kusunga munhu upi noupi akavakirwa panyumwiro isina kujeka. Yaizivikanwa zvikuru yaiva ushingi yebetsero, iyo isina kupera uye yaigona kuchinjirwa kune vamwe. VaKolonist vakafanana naJames Otis vaipikisa zvikuru iyi mipimo, vachivadana kuti “chishandiso chakaipisisa chesimba risinganzwisisiki.” Mhindu yeAmerica yaidzongonyengedzerwa uye yakaumbwa nehurumende kuganhurira hurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Nokurasa

Apo vagadziri vamafomu vakanyoresa Bill of Rights, James Madison akakarakadza kugadziridzwa kwaizozova pakupedzisira Gemeterment yeChina. Mutauro wacho wakaratidza kupesana pakati pedikanwo yokuchengetwa kwemitemo inobudirira nekodzero huru yokuchengetedzwa mumunhu, musha, uye zvinhu. Chinodikanwa chokuti zvibvumikiso zvitsigirwe nechinenge chiri chisakiso uye kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa nezvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa chakanga chiri chinjo. Wakatsiva gadziriro yeBritain yechiremera chakazarukira nechekero yomutemo yakakomba. Marangemunisiro yakatenderwa muna 1791 serutivi rwaBill of Rights, asi nokuda kwezana ramakore, zvinodzivirira zvayo zvakashanda bedzi kumabasa ehurumende, kwete hurumende.

Dziviriro Dzamakonzo Nedzidziso Dzapamutemo

Chinodikanwa Chinodzivisa uye Chisakiso Chinowirirana

Gadziriro yeChina ine zvitsama zviviri zvikuru: Murairo Claus neWarrants Clause. Murangariro waClaus unorambidza “kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari.” Warrants Clause anojekesa kuti hapana murairo uchavapo kutoti wakavakirwa pachinhu chinobvira, chinotsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti ushingi, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo navanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Chisakiso chinovapo apo mutevedzeri womutemo une maidi akakwana okutungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti utsotsi hwakaitwa kana kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa. Uyu mupimo wakaderera kupfuura chibvumikiso chine mufungo asi chikuru. Chiratidzo chinotemwa chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti mutongi, kwete mutungamiriri mumunda, anoita chisarudzo chakakodzera.

Tariro Ine Mwero Yokuva Woga

Kwemakumi amakore, dziviriro yeFreeter yaibatanidzwa nomutemo wezvinhu. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu Katz v. United States (1967,) chakarega kuisa ngwariro kuva voga. Mu Katz , Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende ipedzei tabhegi remagetsi paimba yavose nemhaka yokuti mukurukuri akanga ane kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga, kunyange zvazvo runhare rwakanga rwasvikirika kuvanhu vose. Chirevoti chaMado chiPregimedzo chePrectly Harlan chinosimbisa kuedzwa kwemativi maviri: (1) munhu anofanira kuva akaratidzira kumirira chakavanzika chakavanzika chapachena, uye (2) kunofanira kuva kuzivikanwa nenzanga kunofanira kuva kuzivikanwa sechinhu chine mufungo. Chikamu chitsva chinonzvera chinenge chagara kuongorora.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Repamusorosoro rakaona kuti pane zvakawanda zvaisadiwa.

  • Conice Suption: Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana bviro kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira chinodikanwa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Murangariro uPlain Doctrine: Vatungamiriri vangawana ufakazi mumurangariro wakajeka kana varipo nenzira yapamutemo.
  • [ Kutsvaka Chinoitika Chokusungwa: Varwi vangatsvaka munhu akasungwa nenharaunda iri muudzori hwavo hwapakarepo kuti vave nechokwadi chokukotsekana ndokudzivisa kuparadzwa kwoufakazi.
  • Migariro yakananga: Hurumende dzakadai sokurondwa kukuru, kuparadzwa kwoufakazi kwaswedera pedyo, kana kuti tyisidziro kuupenyu inoruramisa kunzvera kusina kufanira.
  • Mota Inoshanda Yakatsauka: Vehicles dzinganzverwa pasina judha kana pachibvira pachiine chikonzero chokudavira kuti dzine ufakazi hwoutsotsi, nemhaka yokufamba kwavo uye kuderera kwekariro dzavo dzechivande.
  • Kumira na Frisk ([[FLT: 1] Terry v. Ohio): Varwi vangatambira munhu kwechinguvana ndokumuisa pasi kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yemubato woutsotsi uye vanodavira kuti munhu wacho akashongedzwa nezvombo.
  • Kunzvera: Mapurisa angatsvaka motokari dzakavharwa kuchengetedza nzvimbo yacho ndokudzivirira pakutaura kwokuba.

Kungwarira paunenge uine njodzi kunoramba kuchiedzwa.

Chiratidzo Chechina cheEdzi Mhosva Dzapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zana Remakore Rechimakumi Maviri Rapakuvamba: Kutonga Kwokugumisa uye Kushandisa Kwehurumende

Nhau ye . Weeks v. United States[FLT] (14]) yakatanga mutemo wokubvisa, unorambidza kushandiswa kwoufakazi hunowanikwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kubatwa mudare rehurumende. Dare rakarangarira kuti pasina mutemo wakadaro, Pendement yechina haisati yaizoshanda kumatare kutozosvikira [FLT]] [FLT:].[5] Mapp v. Ohio[FL:]][FL:] [196] [196], iyo yakabatanidza mutemo unorwisana namaGarangeridhi kupfurikidza neGenetic Programme Meement Exption. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbiswa zvikuru munyika ino Mberi.

Pakati-pamberi: Mira-naFrisk uye Michina

Mu [FLT][FLT]] .OO [[FLT]] [1968], Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti mukuru mukuru wemapurisa angamira ndokumira kana kuti frask munhu kana mukuru mukuru wacho ane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti munhu anobatanidzwa mumubato woutsotsi uye angave akashongedzwa. [[FLT] (19]), izvi “mira nefrisk" zvinosiyanisa chiyero chechivande chevakuru vakuru nechakavanzika. [[FLT:][FLT]][5]. United States[FLT:][FLT:] [19] [19], Dare rakaziva , kubvumira kunzvera kwemotokari, kubvumira mativi anenge.[5]

Matambudziko Okuva Woga Mazuva Ano

[FLT][FLT] KATH v. United States (67) yakachinja kunzvera kweChinai Amendramende kupfurikidza nokuchinja kubva panzvimbo kunzvimbo yakavanzika. Mu [FLT]] United States] v. Jones[FLT]] [[FLT]] [20:], Dare rakatonga kuti mukwarasi wemotokari kumotokari ndokuchengeta mafambiro ayo pasi peSund reFivern nokuti yakavhooka. Dare raicherekedzawo kuti nguva refu inodzoka mutezotezo. Mune mamiriro enhau echikamu chechitatu aidzokero yenhau dzinotomutomuro.] Maza anoshandisa mamiriro enhau enguva dzose dzenguva dzose dzenguva dzose.[FFF]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina Muzera Rechidhina

Purogiramu Dzezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Chifo chekudenha kwe11 September, hurumende yeU.S. yakakudza mano ayo okunzvera. Dare reUSA PATRIOTT ra2001 rakapa chiremera chokutarisira mutemo nesangano rezvenjere kuunganidza mashoko, kubatanidza mabhii ebhizimisi, metameter, uye ungwaru hwokumwe. Foreign Trentelligence Surveillance Act (FASA) uye kusikwa kweInternational Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) zvakapangwarate yapamutemo nokuda kwokuongorora kwakavanzika. Zvakazarurwa naEdwarald Show Showden muna 2013 pamusoro pemitcheo yemillime reNational Security Agency yeMitem yenhaume yehurumende inosimudzira dare rehurumende. Hurumende yeUSAUSA Act ye 2015 yakagumisa kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemichina yemichina yemite yemite yemite yeStomu, iyo inosaidzwa nedare remitemo rezvokudzo inopfumishoni yenhau yenhau dzinodzorwa na 2015.

Kuongorora Zvibvumikiso Zvemakombiyuta uye Foni Yemasero

California yakajekeswa kuti foni dzeserura hadzisi kufanana nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuongororwa kuti dzisungwe. Dare rakasimbisa kuti ufakazi hwemichina hahugoni kuparadzwa nemitoo yokunyama uye kuti zvinangwa zvechivande muserura zvakakura. Kudzika mutemo unofanira zvino kuwana pamutemo wokutsvaka runhare, kana kuti kukurumidza kuvapo. Zvisinei, chisarudzo hachisi kutaura nezvezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nemagetsi zvakadai semarekodhiramu, mahwendefa, mahwendefa, uye mabhii enyasitiki akashandiswa . Kunyorwa kwemajeko emashoko kubva pamashandiro anoshandiswa sematurusiti akafanana neCelbricrie sy. Kufambira mberi kwemikoro yemite yemite yemiteo yebasa rekugadzirwa nejeri pakati pekuvhove.

Nheyo Dzenzvimbo Nedzidziso Yechitatu Yechikamu

Dzidziso yechitatu, yakagadzwa muzvinoitika zvakafanana Smith v. Maryland (1979] uye United States v. Miller, yakarangarira kuti vanhu havana tariro yakakwana yamashoko avanogoverana nokuzvidira nepatipati, zvakadai senhamba dzefoni dzakanamirwa kana kuti zvinyorwa zvebhangi. [FLT:] Carplatent v. United States[FLT:]] yakapaza iyi dzidziso nokuda kwenzvimbo yemajeri, iyo inogovera chiverengero chenguva dzose chamanyuko. Dare rakakurumbira rakatara nzvimbo yakasiana nenzvimbo yakasiana neya. Manyoro, anotara mamiriro ezvinhu akasiana namamwe mashoko.

Matepi Ane Mavanga Anenge Akabatana: A, IoT, Magirazi

Internet of Things (IoT). (Iot). Kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu kuti vaongorore mativi ezviito zvepamusha, vagadziri vemotokari, vanoisa mashoko anoramba achiwanika mumhiko dzemhiko dzinotemwa nomutemo. Mapurisa akatokumbira mashoko kubva kuAmazon Echo, Fitbit, uye majekiseni okuongorora utsotsi. Kushandiswa kwounyanzvi hwokugadzira kuti vaongorore, kufanoongorora utsotsi hunopisa, kana kuti kuongorora mumapoka anosimudzira zvinhu zvine chokuita nePurindivara rechina. Mitemo yezvina, kubatanidza mafiti, mifananidzo yechiso, neDNA, zvinounganidzwa nokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Matare anofanira kutanga mitemo yakajeka apo hurumende inofanira kuwana maruramiro okuwana maidi eIOT, Auceratic, kana kuti matura ezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kugadzirwa kwechine kudzokororomedzorwa kwemite yezvigadzirwa kwemitemo kunofanira kuiswa mumakumi amakumi amakore.

Kudzidzisa Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Dzidzo Nechibvumirano Chokubatana

Zvirongwa Zvekirasi

Vadzidzisi vanoita basa rinokosha mukubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwokudzidza: Vadzidzi vaverenga nokukurukura zvinoitika zvechiratidzo se Map[, Katz[[[[FLT:]], [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FOLT]] [[12]]] na [FFOLT Izikororoma reGenetic formationstionstion Institute [FFFT]]
  • Zvirongwa zvinodzorwa: Kushandura muitiro wokuwana rugwaro rwokutsvaka. Vadzidzi vanoshanda savakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanonyora mapepa navatongi vachinzvera chisakiso chinobvira. Uku kushandisa maoko kujekesera chinodikanwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Anotaura pamusoro peruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye zvokuva woga: Anofanira kuronga nharo pamusoro pemisoro yakadai sokuti “mapurisa anofanira kubvumirwa kunzvera runhare rweanonyumwirwa pasina mvumo here?” kana kuti “Ko kushandisa kwehurumende kuziva chiso kunoputsa Gadziriro Yechina yemitemo nemuenzaniso here?”
  • C Zvinoitika zvazvino: Vadzidzi vanotsvaka ndokunzvera nhau dzenhau dzinobatanidza nhau dzeGadziro Yechina, dzakadai semitemo yekamera yomumuviri, kunzvera muganhu kwemidziyo yemagetsi, kana kuti ufakazi hwakachenjera hwevakurukuri mudare.
  • Mutemo woruwa: Kurukurai kuti dzimwe nyika dzinodzikamisa sei kuvanzika nechengeteko. Ikoku kunobetsera vadzidzi kuona Gadziriro yechina mumashoko akapoteredza enyika yose.

Kubatanidzwa Nezvinoitika Zvazvino

Vadzidzi nhasi vanorarama munyika umo zvikamu zvesocial network zvinogarotaurirwa. Zvikamu zvesocial internetic, gadziriro dzezvokuongorora chikoro, uye makombiyuta omunhu oga zvinobudisa mashoko angawanwa nezviremera. Kudzidzisa Fourth Amendment kunopa vadzidzi simba rokutsoropodza simba rehurumende uye kutsigira kodzero dzavo. Nharo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi (yakadai sokushandisa FBI kuongorora runhare muna Jan. 6 kurukurirano pamusoro pokutaura mashoko ezvokuchengetedzwa uye kuchengeteka kwevanhu vose, uye mitemo yehurumende inodzora kushandiswa kwezviso zvezviso zvekirasi zvine simba kuongorora simba rekukurukurirana zviitiko zvekodzero dzenyika, vadzidzi vanogona kukurudzira uye kuudza vagari vomunyika vanonzwisisa kurwisa kudzivirira kuva voga voga voga voga munzanga yakasununguka.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yeChina yeFizirefu inoramba iri chinyorwa chipenyu, chakakodzera nhasi sepaya pachakatenderwa. Chipikirwa chayo chikuru chanzi “vanhu vachadzivirirwa pakunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha dzehosha dzinoitika. ” Kuvambira pakududzirwa kwedzoro rehurumende kuti dzisave nemirairo yetsika yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga, kugadziriswa kwashanduka kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare, mibato, uye zviito zvavose. Kunzwisisa nhau yazvo, dzidziso dzapakuvamba, uye nhau dzehwaro kunokosha kunokosha kupfuurira kuvhara miganhuro yezvigaro zvechigaro chenyika, Hurumende, uye miganhuro yehurumende. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo zvakafanana vanofanira kugara vachiziviswa nokuchengetwa kuti vachengetedzere mavambo ezvizvarwa zvose.