Kushanda Nesimba Zvishoma

Munhau yose, ukama pakati pehurumende nevanodzorwa hwakarondedzerwa nokusagadzikana kwenguva dzose: kudikanwa kwechiremera chokuchengeta nhevedzano muwirirano nengozi yokuti chiremera chichawedzera kupfuura miganhu yapamutemo. Apo hurumende dzinopfuura masimba adzo, miuyo inokwira munzanga, pane dzimwe nguva kwezvizvarwa. Kuderera kwechivimbo, kudzvinyirirwa kwekodzero, uye kudzorwa kwamazano echisimba zvinobatira senyevero dzakajeka. Kunzwisisa aya masimba hakusi kungoshandiswawo zvako kwedzidzo yedzidzo yehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu.

Nyaya ino inoongorora mienzaniso yezvakaitika kare uye yepanguva iyoyo yehurumende yakakorovherwa, ichibudisa pachena kukundikana kwegadziriro dzinoita kuti zvinhu zvishatiswe, uye inotaura nzira idzo vagari vemo nemasangano vanogona kushandisa kuti vagadzirise kugadzikana.

Chikonzero Nei Dzinoganhurirwa Pasimba reHurumende Dzichikosha

Murangariro wehurumende yakaganhurirwa unodzokera shure kuMagna Carta (1215), iyo yakasimbisa kuti mambo akanga asina kupfuura mutemo. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hwazvino uno hunotsamira panheyo yokuti simba rinofanira kuparadzirwa, kuongororwa, uye kuzvidavirira. Pasina idzi dziviriro, kunyange hurumende dzakasanosanopinzwa dzinogona kudzokera kuudzvinyiriri. MaFramers eUnited States Constitution, somuenzaniso, akaumba namaune tsika yemasimba akaparadzana, chibvumirano chemitemo, chirevo chedare, chekudzivisa bazu ripi neripi neripi neripi kudzora.

Apo kutya, njodzi, kana kuti kunyanyisa kwechinzvimbo zvinopesana nemitemo yemitemo, vatsoropodzi vanowanzotevera. Denho ndeyokuramba vakangwarira kunyange apo hurumende inoratidzika kuva inoita seinoita zvinofarirwa navanhu.Nhoroondo inoratidza kuti masimba ekurumidziro, angopiwa, haawanzopiwi nokuzvidira.

Mapoka Emhaka Okupinda Nehurumende

Kutonga Kwemagandanga: Chidzidzo Chokufungidzira Chinobvisa zvitendero muRmmustruction France (1793-1794)

Chinjo yeFrance yakavimbisa rusununguko, uenzani, uye uhama, asi pakasvika 1793 hurumende yokumukira yakanga yapinda mumugariro wakaipa. Muutungamiriri hweCommittee of Public Safety, yakatungamirirwa naMaximilialien Robespierre, hurumende yakagadza Mutemo weSuspects, ichibvumira kusungwa kwomunhu upi noupi akarangarirwa kuva tyisidziro yechinjo. Pakati pamavambo 1793 naJuly 17944, vanofungidzirwa kuva 6 000 kuvanhu vakaurawa nomuromo, kazhinji kazhinji pashure pemiedzo. Kutyo kwakava chiratidzo chehurumende iyo yakanga yava muvengi wayo imene.

Mutongi we Terror unoratidzira kuti rucheno rwepfungwa rungava sei ruramiso nokuda kwamasimba masimba makuru. Dare rakanyaradza kusabvumirana, rakabvisa rusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye chiremera chapakati munzira iyo inoratidzira kumukira kumene kwakanga kwaedza kukurira. Robespierre pachako. Kuwira kwa(na) uye kuurawa kwaJuly 1794 kwakaratidzira kuti hakuna mutungamiriri akachengeteka kana mubatanidzwa wetyisidziro watangwa. Chidzidzo chakajeka: apo hurumende inovamba kurondedzera kupukunyuka kwayo imene seyakaenzana nokwerudzi, hapana munhu asingatongofungirirwi.

American Internation yeJapan: Wartime Hysteria and rhandivaration (1942 - 1946)

Pashure pedenho paPearl Harbor, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akabudisa Urange Udzo Udzori Udzori 906, achibvumidza kuchinjika kwokumanikidzirwa kweinenge vaJapan 120 000, vaviri vavo vakanga vari vagari vemo veU. Ivo vakaendeswa kumisasa isina chinhu yakapoteredzwa newaya ine minzwa, kazhinji kazhinji ichirasikirwa nemisha, mabhizimisi, uye zvokurarama nazvo. Mutengo wakataurwa kuti mauto (w) gare gare wakaziviswa kuva usingaregirwi noufakazi; hakuna muJapan akambowanirwa mhaka yezvidzoresori kana kuti kuparadzwa mukati mehondo.

Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kubatirana mu Korendatsu v. United States (1944), chisarudzo icho chisati chamboshurikidzwa zvikuru. Muna 1988, hurumende yeU.S. yakakumbira ruregerero nenzira yapamutemo ndokuripirazve kuwiriraniswa kwe $200,000 kumupukunyuki mumwe nomumwe. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti kutya kunogona sei kukunda dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo, uye kuti mutongi anogona sei kukundikana kuita senzvero apo mirangariro yakakurumbira inotendera voruzhinji. Inosimbisawo ngozi yemapoka anodenha akavakirwa padzinza kana kuti rudzi panzvimbo pomufambiro womunhu oga.

Stalin’s Great Comping: The State Consuming Ityen (1936-1938)

Joseph Stalin’s Great Coffset yakanga iri mumwe wemienzaniso yakarongwa zvikurusa yehurumende inopandukira vanhu vayo imene(*) uye midziyo yayo imene. Mukati menhambo ino, mapurisa epachivande eSoviet (NKVD) akasungwa, akatambudza, uye akauraya mamiriyoni evainzi "vavengi vavanhu." Nhevedzo dzaibatanidza vakuru vakuru veuto, vakuru vakuru vebato, vazivi, uye vagariwo zvavo. Kuratidza kutongwa kwakarongwa, kureurura kwakabviswa pasi pezvisungo, uye mapoka ose edzinza akadzingwa.

Kuchenesa kwacho hakuna kusundwa netyisidziro dzechokwadi asi nechishuvo chaStalin chokubvisa chinobvira chipi nechipi kana kuti chikakavadza. Kudzora kwehurumende masimba masimba namashoko kwakaita kuti kusabvire. Mwero wokudzvinyirira(kuenzanisa 600 000 kusvikira ku 1,2,000 000) kuurawa kwemamiriyoni(madhimoni anoderedza zvinoitika apo kunzvera nokudzikamiswa kunenge kusipo chose chose. Chidzidzo ndechokuti hurumende dzine chiremera chinodzvinyirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinozvishandisa dzimene; rutyo pakupedzisira runosvika kunyange vakavimbika vaibetsera kuushandisa.

Nazi Germany: Systemitic Democracy (1933 -1945)

Kukwidziridzwa kwoutongi kwaAdolf Hitler kwakanga kusati kuri kubvuta kwechimbichimbi asi kuderera kwapashoma napashoma kwetsika dzehurumende yehurumende. Pashure peReichstag Fire muna 1933, Enaignick Act yakapa Hitler masimba oudzvinyiriri, ichimisa nenzira inobudirira Bumbiro reMitemo reWeimar. Hurumende ipapo yakabvisa chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika, yakaita kuti mapurisa ave pakati pemisasa yavasungwa. Mitemo yedzinza yakabvisa vaJudha navamwe vashomanene vedzinza, pakupedzisira kutungamirira kuKuparadza kukuru kwavaJudha.

Muenzaniso weNazi unozivisa kuti miitiro yapamutemo inogona sei kushandiswa kuparadza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mukati. hurumende yakachengeta chitarisiko chapamberi chetsika nepo ichiparadza nzanga yavagari vemo nenzira ine nhevedzano. Chidzidzo ndechokuti bumbiro remitemo rakasimba bedzi sokutsigira kunoita vanhu namasangano anodisa kuidzivirira. Kana kutonga kwomutemo kwangoiswa pasi pechido chomutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti mubato, nzira yokutonga kwoudzvinyiriri ipfupi.

Mhaka Dzazvino Uno Zvikuru: Chile neVenezuela

Muna 1973, Mutungamiriri Augusto Pinochet akakurira hurumende yakasarudzwa yeCIA yakasarudzwa nedemokrasi yeChile murukudzo rwechimurenga. Utongi hwake hwakarembedza Congress, hwakarambidza masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye hwakatambudza zviuru zvavashori. Bumbiro remitemo rePinochet, rakanyorwa muna 1980, rakarongedzerwa kupesvedzera kwehondo kunyange pashure pokudzokera kuhurumende yavarwi. Kwakatora makumi amakore uye kutongwa kwechiito chakatanhamara (kubatanidza chikumbiro chokuwedzera chakabva kuSpain) kuti zvimutsigire mhaka.

MuVenezuela, Purezidhendi Nicolás Maduro akaputsa zvirongwa zvehurumende yedemokrasi kubvira muna 2013. Gungano reHurumende reNyika rakashorwa rakabviswa simba, Dare rePamusorosoro rakarongerwa nevezvokutsigira, uye Sarudzo dzakashandiswa. Kuwedzera kwapasi uye kuperevedza kukuru zvakaparira njodzi yomutsa, nepo hurumende ichishandisa simba kudzvinyirira kupesana. Chinoitika cheVenezuela chinoratidza kuti munyengeri haaganhurirwi kunhau ye(ichityisidziro inopfuurira.)

Kukundikana Kuvaka Kunoita Kuti Vakwanise Kubudirira

Kunzwisisa kukanganisa uku kunobatsira kuona zviratidzo zvokukurumidza kunyevera.

Makemikari Asina Simba Kana Kuti Akashatiswa

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoshanda kunoda bazi rimwe nerimwe (kuparadza, kutonga, kutonga) kuva nezvose zviri zviviri mano okuzvimirira nokutarisira. Apo chigaro chinenge chinenge chirembiso cherabha nokuda kwomutungamiriri, kana kuti apo matare akazadzwa navatongi vanotsiva, tsika inorega kuva inoruramisa. Somuenzaniso, muHungary pasi paViktor Orbán, kugadziriswa kwemitemo nedzoreso dzezvinobudisa nhau zvakaparadzazve zvichemo zvedemo yedemocracy kubvira muna 2010. Europe Union yakatsoropodza yatsoropodzazve zviito izvi, asi mishonga yomumba yakaganhurirwa.

Kupiwa Mutemo Mumamiriro Ezvinhu Akaipa

Hurumende dzinowanzodudza migariro inokurumidzira(nzi njodzi, nhenda, kuputsika kwemari (*tokururamisa masimba echienzi. USA PARITIOTT Act (2001) masimba akawedzerwa okunzvera nokupfigirana muzita rougandanga. Mukati mede reCHOVAD-19, nyika dzakawanda dzakaisa miganhu nokunyora mirariro yemichina yemichina. Nepo dzimwe nhano dzakanga dziri madikanwa, ngozi ndeyokuti masimba ekurumidziro anopfuurira kwenguva refu pashure pokupera kwenjodzi. Mumarudzi anoverengeka, hurumende dzakashandisa mirairo youtano yavose kudzvinyirira kana kuti kudzosa vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuwa Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo Nokuwanda Kwakawanda

Ruzivo rwazvino uno runogonesa mano okunzvera asina muenzaniso. Kuunganidzwa kwemashoko ehondo, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, uye mapurisa anodeya kutaura kushatiswa kwemapoka avanhu vashoma. MuChina, gadziriro yechikwereti chenzanga inobatanidza kuongororwa kwehurumende nezvirango zvemari nenzanga, kuranga nenzira inobudirira avo vanotsauka pamufambiro unotenderwa nehurumende. Nepo yakagadzirwa sechishandiso chokutarisira vanhu, inoumba mutoo une simba wokudzora unogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira nehurumende dzomunguva yemberi.

Kusawana Mashoko Nokudzora Zvinobudisa Nhau

Apo hurumende inodzora kufambiswa kwamashoko, inogona kuumba nzwisiso yavose nokusabvumirana. MuRussia, zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira zvakavharwa nenzira yakarongwa, uye mitemo inorwisana ne "nhau dzinopesana" inoshandiswa kuva vanotsoropodza. Ikoku kunobvumira hurumende kupa shanduro yayo imene yezvokwadi, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti vagari vazive kunyengera. Kuparadzirwa kwemashoko, zvose zviri zviviri echibharo newokumwe, kunoramba kuchideredza nzanga uye kunoderedza chivimbo mumasangano edemocracy.

Zvidzidzo Zvokudzivirira Kukundwa Zvikuru

Nhoroondo dzinopa mirayiridzo yakajeka yokudzivirira kana kuti kudzorera shure hurumende yakorovherwa.

Makemikari Okugadzirwa Kwemasangano

Mitongo inosarudzwa, matare okuisira mitemo akasununguka, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakasimba zvinokosha. Gadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States, somuenzaniso, inoparadzira simba munyika, ichikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti chiremera chikuru chidzore. zvisinei, kunzvera kwakasimba bedzi semipimo inovatsigira. Apo bazi rimwe rinoramba kuwirirana nemirairo yedare kana kuti apo vatungamiriri vanofuratira ganhuriro dzenguva, tsika inopunzika.

Chikwata Chevagari Vemo Chinoshingaira Nemapepanhau Akasununguka

Chaunga chavagari vemo chaishingaira .(masangano ehurumende), mapoka ezvokutengeserana, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye masangano orudzidziso (*) zvinogadzirira chishoro chokunyengera. Sangano reUniterationality muPoland (1980) rakaratidzira kuti masangano avashandi aigona sei kudenha hurumende ine chiremera chehurumende ine simba. Nenzira yakafanana, mapepanhau akasununguka anoshanda sechisarudzo, achifumura kubatwa zvisina kufanira uye achiita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvida vazvidavirire. Masangano akafanana neAmnety International uye chinyorwa chaHumanist Rights Watch Watch

Dzidzo Yomugari Wemo Nokubatanidzwa

Vanhu vakadzidza vanonzwisisa kodzero dzayo sezvingabvira zvishoma kushivirira kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Dzidzo inofanira kubatanidza mienzaniso yenhau yokunyengedzwa, ukoshi hwomuitiro wakafanira, uye nzira dzokutsiva nadzo. Kutora rutivi, basa redare rinobetsera vatongi, uye kutsutsumwa kune rugare inzira dzose vagari vemo vanogona kudzivirira nadzo rusununguko rwavo nokushingaira. Constitution Center namasangano akafanana zvinogovera zviteshi zvokudzidza pamusoro pedziviriro dzemitemo.

Dzvinyiriro Yamarudzi Ose Nokuzvidavirira

Masangano enyika yose nemibatanidzwa zvinogona kubetsera kudzivisa kunyengera. Kutsamira pamitengo nokuda kwemitezo . yakadai sokuda chinjo dzedemokrasi() yakasundira dzimwe nyika kukutonga kuri nani. Sapamubatanidzwa weNyika dzose, sapaDare reNyika Yose reCriminal, vanotonga vatungamiriri nokuda kwemhosva muvanhu. Zvisinei, miitiro yakadaro haina kukwana; marudzi ane simba pane dzimwe nguva anodzivirira vatsigiri mukuzvidavirira. Dare reInternational Agement of Justice[

Miganhu Yebumbiro reMitemo Nehwirudzuro Yenhambo Nenhambo

Mitemo inofanira kubatanidza gadziriro dzakaoma kugadziridza (sokufanana nezvinodikanwa zvekukurumidza kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kunoitwa nehurumende) kudzivisa chinjo dzokukurumidzira idzo dzinopa ngwariro. Kuisa zvitsama pamasimba ekurumidziro kunofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti matanho echinguvana anopera kutoti adzorerwazve nebvumirano yakafara. Nyika dzakadai seSouth Africa neCanada dzakaumba nguva nenguva basa rokuhwirudzura mutemo wekurumidziro uye kurumbidza chinjo.

Mitoo Yazvino Uno Yechinetso Chacho

Kushandisa Madhigirii uye Kuva Woga

Hurumende nhasi dzinounganidza mashoko akawanda pavagari vemo, kazhinji pasina mvumo. Kuzivisa muna 2013 kweNSA Snowden kwakaratidza ukuru hwepurogiramu dzokuongorora, dzaisanganisira kuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yemafoni nenhepfenyuro dzepaIndaneti. Kunyange zvazvo masangano ezvenjere achipikisa kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anodzivisa ugandanga, vatsigiri vekodzero dzevanhu vanonyevera nezvezvingaitika zvinovhuvhuvhura kana kuti zvingangoitika pakutaura zvisina kufanira. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regatection (GDPR) inopa muenzaniso wokudzivirira kuva vogate, asi mutemo unoramba uchinetsa.

Kudzora Kwemitemo Nezvavabhiya

Kana hurumende dzikashandisa maarufabheti nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakadai sekusunungurwa, kuchengeteka, kana kuti mapurisa, ngozi yokunyengerwa inowedzera kana gadziriro idzodzo dzikava dzakajeka kana kuti dzakasarura. Maturusi okufungidzira akaratidzwa kunharaunda dzinenge dzichida kuonekwa zvisina kurongwa. Kushaikwa kwokuona zviri pachena mumitemo yemitemo kunoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kudenha migumisiro isina kururama. Kurangarira kuti uchenjeri hwokuzviitikira hunova musero kuutariri hwavanhu uye kuhwirudzura dare idenho yazvino uno inotambudza.

Kushandisa Zvechipoyi uye Kutonga kwoMutemo

Kumuka kwavatungamiriri vehurumende dzinotonga muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kwaedza zvirambidzo zvesangano. Vatungamiriri vakadai saDonald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, naViktor Orbán vakadenha judiary, vanobudisa nhau, uye masangano anozvimirira, kazhinji kazhinji vachivhozhokera denho dzakadai se "kupinda mumadhaka" kana kuti kudzivirira "vanhu chaivoivoivoivo." Kuderera kwemipimo kunogona kuva kune ngozi sekuderera kwemitemo. Apo mutungamiriri anoramba kugamuchira kukundwa kwemuvhiyi, kana kuti kukurudzira masimba masimba mukurwisana navashori, misodzi yedemocracy.

Kukurumidza Kuitika Mumamiriro Okunze uye Kushanda Zvakanaka

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inoparira tyisidziro dzinoda chiito chehurumende chinokurumidza. Asi mabasa avakuru vakuru vehurumende akadai sechinoshatisa kana kuti kurambidza kubudiswa kwemafuta anocherwa muvhu(majeri) zvinodzivisa kurukurirano yemitemo nenzvero yokutonga. Nepo kukurumidzira kuri chaiko, kupfuudza miitiro yedemokrati inogona kuita kuti pave nokudzorwa kwemitemo yedemocracy. Kusvika kuri nani kuparira masangano asingapindiri anodzorwa kudzora ane murairo wakajeka, anodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvinoonekwa mu U.S Envity Protectionalgation Agemental[FFM]

Mugumisiro: Kungwarira Kusingagumi Somutengo Worusununguko

Nzvero yehurumende inonyengerwa inozivisa zvokwadi isingachinjiki: simba rinowanzowedzera kutoti rikapindwa nokushingaira. Kuvambira pamigwagwa yakashatiswa neropa yeParis inopandukira kusvikira kukupesana kwemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muHungary yapanguva imwe cheteyo, mitoo inodzokororwa. Mishonga inosanonzwisiswa(machecks) uye masangano akazvimirira, masangano akasununguka, vagari vemo vakadzidza, uye kuzvidavirira kwamarudzi ose.

Sezvakataurwa naThomas Jefferson, kuti: Mutengo worusununguko ndiko kurinda kusingaperi. Kusvinurira ikoko kunofanira kushandiswa nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe, nokuti miedzo yavane mano inogara iripo; nokudzidza nguva yakapfuura, nokuziva zviratidzo zvokunyevera, nokuzvidzora kwedu, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti masimba atinopa hurumende arambe ari maturusi nokuda kwedziviriro yedu, kwete midziyo yokudzvinyirira kwedu.