Chitanga: Kukakavadzana Kunoitwa Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende dzehurumende dzeUnited States ndichimwe chinhu chinozivisa gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richibvisa masimba pakati pezviremera zvorudzi nehurumende, nenzira isingadzivisiki rinosiya nzvimbo nokuda kwerwisano, kududzira, uye rwisano chaidzoidzo. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo(matunhu), uye mabhii echikoro (8) kazhinji kazhinji dzinozviwana dzimene dzinowanwa pakati pezvirevo zvehurumende dzadzo nenhungamiro dzesangano rehurumende. Uku kurwisana uku hakungorinawo rondedzerowo zvayo; kunoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo, pesvedzero murairo wavose, uye kuedza miganhuro yemitemo yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa migariro umo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzokorodzano comubatanidzwa kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi vanobatanidzwa muvagari vemo vagari vemo, mavambo enhau, migumisiro, nemiitiro yadzoro yadzo kurumwero kurupi.

Nhoroondo: Nhaka Yokupikisana

Kuti anzwisise simba rerwisano dzazvino uno, munhu anofanira kutanga kuziva kuti kusawirirana pakati pemwero yehurumende kwakare serechipabhuriki. Chitendero cheConstitution chaClaus chinogadza mutemo wehurumende somutemo mukurusa wenyika, asi Hurumende yeTenteth Amendment [ masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Uku kuoma kwakaparira gakava kwakabva kunyika yapakuvamba zvikuru.

Dambudziko Rokuderedza Kutambura Nehondo Yevagari Vomunyika

Muma1830, kuedza kweSouth Carolina kubvisa zvibvumirano zvehurumende kwakasvitsa nyika kumugumo wekuderera. Njodzi yacho yakaratidzira kuti hurumende yaigona sei kudenha zvakananga chiremera chehurumende, ichigadza muenzaniso nokuda kwerwisano dzapashure. Hondo yeCivil pachayo yakanga iri mhatsa huru huru, uchangamire hwehurumende hwaidzora maruramiro enyika okuchengeta uranda. Izvi zvakasimbisa kuti nepo hurumende dzaigona kudzivisa, hurumende yehurumende yaigona kuva nezvose zviri zviviri ukuru hwepamutemo nehondo.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kudzivisa Kushanda Kwemasangano Okushandira Kumwe

Rinopfuura zana ramakore gare gare, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakadzivisa zvakare chiremera chehurumende chapamutemo.Nguva ino yapamberi penzvimbo. Muma 1950 nama 1960, maguta okuMaodzanyemba uye hurumende dzakazvidza kutonga kweDare Gurusa nemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Gavhuna vakamira mumasuo eimba yechikoro, uye mapurisa omunzvimbomo akamanikidzira kubvisa maruramiro ehurumende pasinei zvapo nemirairo yehurumende. Rwisano yacho yakatungamirira kukuiswa kwamauto ehurumende nekudzikamiswa kwechibvumirano. Iyi nhambo yakaratidzira kuti kudzivisa kwomunzvimbomo kungagona kuva nesimba asi pakupedzisira kutera kuukuru hwehurumende apo kodzero dzemitemo dzemitemo dzinoiswa mungozi.

Kumuka Kwemaguta Anogara Nzvimbo Tsvene

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, chimiro chitsva cherwisano chakatanga panzvimbo dzinochengetwa vatamiswi. Maguta echiSanctuary "muniphalitiotitis anoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokupinda nokupinda kwavanhu zvehurumende . Uku kurwisana kwazova nzvimbo dzinooneka. Zvinowanzova kukura apo kutungamirira kwapurezidhendi kunochinja zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokutungamirira Trump, tyisidziro yokurega mari yehurumende panzvimbo tsvene yakatungamirira kuhondo dzemitemo pamusoro penzvimbo dzinoshandiswa dzehurumende. [[FLTLT:0] Brenan Center yeRumano eChirati yeRumbidzo [[FLTLT:1]] yakatsinga iyi rwisano inopfuurira, kwete kuti kudzodzo dzomunzvimbomo pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokushanda nokuchengeteka zvavose uye chengeteko yavose inorwisana nenharidzano dzehurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Nzvero Dzenhau Murwisano YeContemporary

Kutama uye Kuchenesa

Maguta okuzvinatsa akadai seSan Francisco, New York, uye Chicago akagadza mitemo inorambidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo kubvunza pamusoro pomugariro wokutama kana kuti kuvharira vanhu munzvimbo dzinogara munyika. Iyi mirau inovakirwa muchitendero chokuti mapurisa omunzvimbomo anofanira kuchengeta chivimbo nenzanga dzavatami kuti arwise utsotsi nenzira inobudirira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mitemo yakadaro inosekesa mutemo wehurumende uye dziviriro yavanhu vangave ine ngozi. Hondo dzemitemo dzakavamiririri vehurumende dzakavatami dzakavamba kuti mitemo yomunzvimbomo ipedze mitemo yomunzvimbomo, uye kana hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inogona kushandisa ganhuriro yemitezo yomunzvimbomo. Muuyo ibasa rokurwisa mhaka, nedzimwe matare anotsigira kuvadzivisira yomunzvimbomo uye vamwe vanhu vanotonga kuti hurumende ine chiremera chikuru chokutama.

2. Kunyoreswa kweMarjuana Mumutemo Nokutongwa Nedare

Gakava reColumbia rinomirira imwe yerwisano yazvino uno zvikurusa. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende inodzorwa neGuiced Substances Act ichibatanidza mbanje sechinodhaka cheScheme I, nyika dzinopfuura 20 neGwati reColumbia zvakanyoresa kushandiswa kwadzo nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokurapa kana kuti zvenhandaro. Hurumende dzomunharaunda dziri mukati menyika idzodzo dzinofanira kushandisa zvimbambaira zvapamutemo: mutemo wehurumende unobvumidza kutengeswa nokurimwa, asi vamiriri vehurumende vanochengeta chiremera chokuvhozhozhokera nokupa uye vapa vezvokubvunzurudza. Vatarisiri veObamamo vakabudisa nhungamiro depritoritissssss, mabhizimisi anodzorwa ehurumende negadziriro inodzoresa, asi vadzoresa mutemo wehurumende yomunzvimbomo ndokuramba vachidzorwa nemitemo yehurumende yomunzvimbomo. [FLT.]

3. Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Nokuvandudzwa Kwomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji dzinotsvaka kuita dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinopfuura mipimo yehurumende, zvikurukuru apo hurumende yehurumende inodzosa mitemo yomunzvimbomo. California, somuenzaniso, yakashandisa kwenguva refu chiremera chayo pasi peCeake Air Act kugadza mipimo yemotokari yakakomba zvikuru, mamwe maguta anogamuchira kunyange mipimo yorumano yomunzvimbomo. Iyi miitiro inogona kunyandura denho dzapamutemo kumapoka ebhizimisi namasangano ehurumende anoramba kuti Deac Air Act anoputsa mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, maguta akafanana nePortland neNew York akarambidza kubatana kwegasi romusikirwo muzvivako zvitsva kuderedza kubudisa magetsi anodziyisa magetsi anopisa, kutotarisana bedzi netsoropoka kwega yega yegasi. Bonderano pano inobatanidza kwete bedzi chiremera chapamutemo asiwo nheyo yokuti nyika dzinogona kushanda se “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu voruzhinji” apo mipimo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inodzose.

4. Kudzora Pfuti

Dare reMirimo inodzora njodzi iri mudariro rimwe rerwisano inopfuurira. Chino. Chechipiri Amendment, sezvinotsanangurwa neDare Rapamusoro mu Divolder of Columbia v. Heller (2008) uye ] Mcdald v. Chicago[] [202010], inodzivirira munhu mumwe nomumwe kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo. Zvisinei, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakaedza kuita zvitedzo zvechimbichimbichi kupfuura mutemo unobvumira pamutemo kurambidza denho yezvombo, magazini akakwirira, kana kuti anoda nguva yokumirira. Munzvimbo zhinji, kubvisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo inorambidza mirairo yepfuti dzomunzvimbomo. Apo guta rinobvisa zvombo, kazhinjikazviwana mudare rehurumende romunzvimbomo kana kuti ridzose simba rehurumende romunzvimbomo.

5 Utano Hwavose Hunoitika Mukati meCovid - 19 Pandemic

HONDO yeCHOVAD-19 yakaparira kusawirirana kusingaenzaniswi pakati penhungamiro yehurumende nemirairo yomunzvimbomo. Pakuvamba munjodzi, hurumende yehurumende yakabudisa rumbidzo dzisingamanikidzi, nepo nyika namasangano outano zvakatanga kuisa zvibvumikiso, zvifukidzo, uye kuvharwa kwebhizimisi. Makakatanwa akavapo apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakapokanidza pachena zvitadzo zvoutano zvomunharaunda, uye apo hurumende dzakaedza kudzivirira maguta kuti asaite mitemo inodzora pamutemo neyapakurumakurukota kuti zvive zvose zviri zviviri simba. Iyi [FLT] Congational Researcher Ression Services pamis ounzanga napavhuro youtano] inosimbisa kuti mubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemitengo neyamuro yemitengo yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo ivepote yesimba nesimba renyika yose iri yogaro.

Kugadzirwa Kwemakakatanwa Echibvumirano Chomutemo Nechinotevedzerwa

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei rwisano dzomunzvimbomo dzichimuka kunoda kunzvera nheyo dzapakati dzebumbiro remitemo. Supremacy Claus (Article VI) inosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unokunda hurumende inorwisana kana kuti mutemo womunzvimbomo, asi apo bedzi Congress inoshanda mumasimba ayo anorongwa. ]] inotonga apo mutemo wehurumende unobvisa Hurumende kana kuti muganhu womunzvimbomo. Kubvisa kunogona kuratidzwa (Conrever directed revo yawo) kana kuti kurehwa (mutemo wedare unorevesaidzorwa kwazvo zvokuti hausi nzvimbo yomutemo womutemo unorwisana zvomenemene nenharidzano dzomubatanidzwa). Zvisinei, Hurumende yegumi yetemendemu uye nheyo dzehurumende dzinoumba muganhu dzinoparira simba rehurumende, zvikurukuru apo kuedza kutungamirira hurumende kana kuti purogiramu kwomutemo womunzvimbomo.

Dzidziso Inorwisana Nemirayiro

Chidziviriro chapamutemo chehurumende dzomunzvimbomo idzidziso inorwisana nemirairo. Iyi yakawanwa munhau dzakafanana ne Printz v. United States (1997). Dare Gurusa rehurumende rakaramba kuti hurumende irege kumanikidza hurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo kutungamirira gadziriro dzehurumende. Iyi yave iri pakati penhau dzamataundi anoyera, apo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoramba kumanikidzirwa kuisa mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano akadzivisa nenzira inobudirira kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende pasi peBrady Act. Dhinti-commandi inogovera nheyo yapamutemo yapamutemo nokuda kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo, asi haisati ichidzivisa hurumende yehurumende kuti isaita mamiriro adzo kana kuti izviito zvayo.

Zvipo Nemamiriro Ezvinhu

Chimwe chinhu chikuru chepesvedzero yehurumende kushandisa simba. Hurumende yehurumende inogona kuisa migariro pazvipo kunyika nenharaunda, ichigombedzera nenzira inobudirira kuwirirana nemitemo yehurumende .Ipo migariro iri pachena uye ine chokuita nedonzo rechipo. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa kumanikidza mitemo yokunwa (South Dakota v. Dole) uye kudzvinyirira zviremera zvenzvimbo tsvene. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakaisawo miganhu pamigariro yekodzero, sezvinoonekwa mu NFIB v. Selius[[FLT:] [20], apo Dare rakarova tyisidziro kubvisa tyisidziro yose yeMidhikidhiyo kubva kunyika dzinoramba kufutunurwa. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinofanira kutenderera idzi migariro inopesana, kutsvaka kubvumira kubvumira mari iri madikanwa.

Kunetsa Kwehurumende Kurwisana Kwenzanga Nehurumende

Migumisiro yerwisano dzomunzvimbomo inotambanukira kure kupfuura madare. Chokutanga, kusagadzikana kwemitemo [ inoparira mhoteredzo yakaoma nokuda kwamabhizimisi, vanhu, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Kana guta rikapfuudza mutemo ungapfuudzwa nehurumende kana kuti nehurumende, vatengi vemari uye vagari vemo havagoni kuvimba nokutsiga kwaro. Somuenzaniso, mari inotengeswa yembanje munyika umo kurambidza kwehurumende kunopfuurira kushanda munzvimbo yachena, kazhinji kazhinji kacho kutadza kuwana mitero inobhangirwa kana kuti mitero yemitero yavose.

Chechipiri, recureur recure inhau inokosha. Mativi ose ari maviri anopedzera mamirioni paripi, achitsausa mari kubva mumabasa makuru sedzidzo, chengeteko yavose, uye zvirongwa. Mayar hofisi anofanira kuhaya mapoka epamutemo kudzivirira mitemo yomunzvimbomo, nepo masangano ehurumende anogovera zviwiro zvokudenha nyika nezvirongwa zvomunzvimbomo.

Chechitatu, vhiringidziko yavose[[FLT: 1] inobvisa chivimbo muhurumende. Apo vagari vanoona meya wavo achizvidza sangano rehurumende, kana kuti hurumende yehurumende ichityisidzira kunyima mari yomumugwagwa mukuru pamurairo wokuzvimirira womunzvimbomo, vangasava vaseki pamusoro pomutemo. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza kuwirirana nemirau yose ndokunetesa kuva pamutemo wedemocracy.

Chechina, kurwisana kunogona kutungamirira ku ganhuriro. Mukushaikwa kwemipimo yenyika yakafanana, basa rakaganhurana remitemo yomunzvimbomo rinooneka, kugadzira inciciencies. Bhizimisi rinoshanda mumitemo mizhinji rinofanira kushandisa mitemo mizhinji yakasiana-- siyana pachinhu chiri chose kubva pamubhadharo muduku kusvikira kumiraniso yepurasitiki. Nepo vamwe vachipikisa iyi mhatsa inokurudzira kuvandudziko, inoparirawo mitwa.

Pakupedzisira, kurwisana kunowanzomutsa [[FLT: 0] kutsikirira kwechikamu cheRevolution . Mitemo ingapfuura mitemo yokudzikunura chiremera chomunzvimbomo kuganhurira mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya pamusoro pemari shoma inobhadharwa, inobhadharwa, uye miraudzo inopesana. Mukuwirirana ne Conference yeNational of State Legislatures[ mipfupidhiro inopfuura, mazana ezvikwereti zveparation yave yave yatangwa gore negore, zvichiratidzira kuoma kwekusangova pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzenyika, asi mukati moukama hwehurumende imene.

Zvirongwa Zvokusarudza uye Kushandira Pamwe

Pasinei zvapo norudzi rwokuwedzera rwerwisano dzakawanda, kune gadziriro dzakabvumikiswa dzokuderedza rwisano nebatira pamwe inokurudzira pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende.

Kusvika Kwakarongwa uye Kwepamutemo

Imwe nzira ndeyokujekesa miganhu yemitemo kupfurikidza nomutemo. Dare rinogona kupfuudza mitemo inorondedzera zvakajeka mwero wekusunungurwa kwehurumende, kusiyira nzvimbo mitsva yomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, chikarakadzo chinokarakadzwa Marijuana Freedom neOpportunity Act chingabvisa chikanzuru muGuered Substances Act, kubvisa rwisano yapamutemo pakati pehurumende nomutemo wehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, kuchinja kwakawanda kwokubuda munyika kunogona kugadza mipimo yakajeka iyo inoderedza kudikanwa kwemitemo yeguta tsvene.

Chimwe chigadzikiso ndechokusimbisa miitiro yetsinhirano yehurumende.Masangano eFederal anogona kupa vadzivisi kana kuti kupinda mukushandisa nzwisiso nehurumende dzehurumende nedzomunzvimbomo, achibvumira kuitwa kwakarongeka kwegadziriro dzehurumende dzehurumende.

Kudzora Kwekurukurirano Nekushanda Kwazvo

Kurukurirano yapachena pakati pavakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo nehurumende inokosha. Misangano yemisangano yenguva dzose, mauto ebasa akabatana, uye miitiro yokunzvera yakarongwa zvinogona kudzivisa kusanzwisisana ndokuvaka chivimbo. Apo utarisiri hutsva hunotora nzvimbo, kutanga kukwidza kuvakuru vakuru veruwa kunogona kupfavisa. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCOVID19, dare raBiden rakatanga shanyo dzenguva dzose namagavhuna kuti risarudze kurukurirano youtano hwavanhu vose, kuchideredza rwisano yakatanhamara.

Dzidzo Yavose Negoverano Yechibvumirano

Vagari vanonzwisisa unani hwehurumende vanokwanisa kutsigira zviri nani zvigadzikiso zvine musoro. Zvikoro, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano ehurumende zvinogona kusimudzira zivo yokuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende dzinoshandira pamwe sei. Vagari pavanoziva kuti kushambadza kunobatanidzwa nejeri rokushandira pamwe chete kwehurumende kunoitwa nejeri renyika dzinoda kutsigira. Vatungamiriri vehurumende pavanotsanangura zvikonzero zvemagariro anogona kupedza kusawirirana uye kuita kuti vanhu vatsigire nzanga.

Kudzivisa Kuparidzwa Kupfurikidza Nokusarudza Kunotsiva

Hakusi kusawirirana kwose kunoda kuguma mudare. Kurwisana nokurangana zvinogona kupedza rwisano pamusoro pokupa migariro, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye zvokutanga zvokuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe. Dzimwe nyika dzakatanga zvirongwa zvegakava pakati pehurumende izvo zvinobatanidza masangano omunzvimbomo nehurumende. Kutambanudzira mienzaniso yakadaro kurwisano dzenyika dzenzvimbo dzinogona kuderedza mhepo yepasi ndokuparira miuyo yakawanda yokugadzira zvinhu.

Mugumisiro: Kuongorora Kuoma Kunzwisisa KweFederalism Yazvino Uno

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende dzehurumende dzenyika hunokosha. Kusabvumirana hakusati kuri zviratidzo zvegadziriro yakaputsika asi panzvimbo pezvo ratidziro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mumarudzi akawanda umo manzwi akawanda anokwikwidzana nokuda kwepesvedzero. Nzvero dzakanzvera(kubva kumaguta matsvene kusvikira kukuwanwa pamutemo kwembanje, kubva kukutangwazve kwemhoteredzo kusvikira kumhinduro yakapararira (hwukushata hunowanzomuka kubva kumipimo yakadzika midzi: udzori hwehurumende yomunzvimbomo, ukurumbidziko yomunzvimbomo, maruramiro omunhu oga, uye chengeteko yenzanga. Rwisano rumwe norumwe runoedza kuva negadziriro yemitemo yemitemo uye, muzvinoitika zvakawanda, runotungamirira kukujekerwa kwapamutemo uko kunodzora munguva yemberi.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, izvi zvinoitika zvinopa mikana mikuru yokunzvera nheyo dzehurumende, ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende, uye ukoshi hwekuvimbisana kwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa midzi yenhau, gadziriro dzapamutemo, uye revo dzinoshanda dzebonde romunzvimbomo, vadzidzi vanogona kuva vapindi vakaziva zvikuru mubasa rinopfuurira rokuzvitonga. Pakupedzisira, nharidzano haisati iri yokupedza rwisano yehurumende, ndiko kuitarisira nenzira inovaka, kuvimbisa kuti zvose zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nefariro dzorudzi zvinobatira neruramisiro nokubudirira.