Utsotsi hwechinyakare hwazova chinhu chikuru chinonetsa hurumende munyika yose. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchifambira mberi, ndizvo zvinoitawo mamwe matsotsi epaIndaneti. Rimwe remazano anokosha muutsotsi hweIndaneti nderokushandiswa kwenheyo yakapetwa kaviri. Iyi nheyo inodzivisa munhu kuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, asi kuishandisa mumiganhu yepaIndaneti kunopa zvinetso zvechienzi izvo zvinoedza miganhu yedzidziso dzapamutemo dzakatangwa kwenguva refu. Mamirire azvo, navanyajambwa vakawanda, uye mitemo yeutsotsi inopfuudzira, matare nemitemo youtsotsi kuti zvirangarirezve icho chinoumba "mhosva yakafanana" mumugariro mumwe chete umo mhaka dzechipomero dzechipomedzo dzinogona kubudisa miuyo yakawanda yezvipomedzo yakasiana - pamutemo.

Kunzwisisa Ngozi Huviri

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri idzidziso yapamutemo yakavakirwa mumiitiro yemitemo mizhinji, kubatanidza United States, umo inoiswa muFindromendi Yechipiri kuBumbiro reMitemo. Inodzivirira vanhu pakutongwa kakawanda nokuda kwoutsotsi humwe chetehwo, ichivimbisa kururama uye ichidzivisa hurumende kutambudzazve mukwiridziridziri nomutongo wakawanda. Nheyo yacho inowanwawo mumagamuchidzanwa omutemo anozivikanwa navose uye mugadziriro dzapamutemo dzedzimwe nyika dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo mwero wayo wakarurama uchisiyana.

Mufungo uri seri kwengozi mbiri une mhatsa dzakawanda. Inodzivisa nyika kushandisa pfuma yayo huru kuderedza mupomerwi, inodzivirira mugumo wechisarudzo, uye inotsigira perero yetsika yeruramisiro kupfurikidza nokudzivisa miuyo isingawirirani. Pakati payo, dzidziso yacho inoratidzira ruremekedzo rukuru nokuda kworusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye chitendero chokuti kana munhu angova mungozi yokupwiswa nechirango, havafaniri kurarama murutyo rusingagumi rwokumutsidzirwa nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo unofungidzirwa.

Kuedza Kunoita Ruramisiro

MuUnited States, muedzo unokosha zvikurusa wokusarudza kana mhaka mbiri dzichiumba mhaka imwe cheteyo nokuda kwamadonzo maviri ndi muedzo wetsono , wakatangwa mu . United States[FLT]] [1932]. Muiyi muedzo, kana kukanganisa kumwe nokumwe kuchida chibvumikiso cheidi rokuti mumwe haasati, zvinorangarirwa kuva mhaka dzakasiana uye ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri hadzisati dzichivadzivisi. Zvisinei, apo mufambiro mumwe unoputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wehurumende nemitemo, dzidziso inopesana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobvumira kurovererwa nemhaka yokuti zviremera zviviri zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinopesana.

Kusiyana Kwetsika Dzakasiyana - siyana

Dziviriro dzakapetwa kaviri dzinosiyana munyika dzakawanda. MuUnited Kingdom, nheyo yacho yakanga yakakwana, asi kutevera profile arvosts muzviitiko zvakakomba, kusasarura kwakatangwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakati apo ufakazi hutsva nohunogombedzera hunooneka (g., Criminal Justice Act 2003). MuCanada, R. v. Kienapple[ murairo weChikamu] chinopesana nezvibvumikiso zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. MuEurope Union, mitemo yengozi yenyika inofanira kuraviwa muchiedza che mabhine muIS[FLT] Chikamu 50 cheChikamu cheRekoti reRekodzi, icho chinoshanda mukudarika kwemitemo inoto yokupedzisira.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwoutsotsi Huviri Nehwapamberi

Utsotsi hweCyber hunobatanidza mhatsa huru yemibato isiri yapamutemo, kubatanidza kucheka, kuba kuzivisa, denho dzerudzikinuro, kuputsa mashoko, kubiridzira paIndaneti, uye kuputsa zvinhu kwenyanzvi. Idzi mhaka dzinowanzobatanidza vanyajambwa vakawanda, dzinoita masimba apamutemo akawanda, uye dzinogona kutongwa mumhatsa yemirau inowirirana yemitemo yakasiyana - siyana (jekiseni) kubva kunyengera kwekombiyuta kusvika kutsotsiro yewaya. Uku kurova kwapamutemo kunoitika chaizvoizvo zvinetso zvakapetwa kaviri.

Mubvunzo mukuru ndeuyu: apo munhu anopa mhosva paIndaneti anenge achiita chimwe chinhu, zvakadai sokuputsa kadhi rechikwereti uye kuba mashoko ekadhi rechikwereti, anogona kuedzwa nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho mumativi akasiyana - siyana kana kuti achipomerwa zvakasiyana - siyana asingakanganisi ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri? Mhinduro yacho haibvi padivi. Nyika imwe neimwe, hurumende, kana kuti kunyange ruwa rweruwa rungarondedzera kuti "mhaka yacho yose" yakasiyana, uye chiito chimwe chetecho chinogona kuratidzwa munzira dzakawanda zvichitsamira pamagiramu epamutemo.

Matambudziko Anokosha

Kushora Kwakawanda Noumambo Hwakawanda

Mhosva dzeCyber hadziwanzoremekedza miganhu. MuNyika A angabvumiranisa zvisarudzo kuvarevi muNyika B ndokuba mashoko kuvanyajambwa muNyika C, D, uye E. Mudzidziso mbiri dzoumbogaro, chigaro chimwe nechimwe(country) kana kuti hurumende(is) inorangarirwa kuva chinhu chakaparadzana nokuda kwemadonzo ane ngozi mbiri. Ikoku kunoreva mukwiridziridziridziridzo angagona kutopomerwa nemhaka yomufambiro mumwe chetewo pasi pomubatanidzwa mumwe cheteyo mumasimba makuru pasina kuputsanyanisa njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, nemhaka yokuti "mhaka yacho" inorondedzerwa kuteverwa kwemitemo yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga. Ikoku kunoparira ngozi yengozi inodzokororokororokoroko dzapamutemo nokuda kwetsorori dzekombiyuta idzo dzingatotoiswa pasi pedzosero yomuraudzori munyika imwe cheteyo munyika, kungotarisana bedzi nokuda kwechiitowo.

Somuenzaniso, nyaya yakakurumbira yenyanzvi yokugadzira mvura yakaremadza gadziriro yemvura yeguta yaigona kupomerwa mumutemo wehurumende weUnited States nokuda kwokubiridzira nokukuvadza kwekombiyuta, pasi pomutemo wehurumende nokuda kwezvakaipa zvoutsotsi, uye mumutemo weimwe nyika umo vanyajambwa vanogara nenhevedzano imwe chete yehosha. Dare rakarwisana kana kupomera mhaka kwakawanda kwakadaro kunoreva kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwegadziriro, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoramba kuti kupesana nemitemo kunofanira kushandiswa zvishoma mumugariro weutsotsi wepasi pose.

Mitongo Yakasiana - siana Yakatorwa Mumufambiro Wakafanana

Vachuchisi vanowanzova nemhosho dzinowanika dzinofukidza mufambiro mumwe chetewo weutsotsi hwepaIndaneti. Somuenzaniso, chinoitika chimwe chete chokuba magwaro okupinda mumugwagwa chingatongwa sechisina kukodzera kupiwa mvumo (Computer Facer and Abuse Act), kuba kuzivikanwa, kubiridzira kwapawaya, uye kubheja kwakawedzera kuzivikanwa. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichimuka kubva pamaidi mamwe chetewo, kuongorora Blockburger kungazvibata semhosva dzakaparadzana nemhaka yokuti chimwe nechimwe chinoda ufakazi hwechinhu chisina kunzi nevamwe (g.g., kuba kwapa zita kunoda kuzivikanwa kuratidzwa munhu wacho munhu chaiye, nepo kunoda kukurukurirana mubhizimisi renyika inosarira mumiedzo inoverengeka.). Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kutongwa kakawanda mumuedzo mumwe chete.

Vadziviriri vakapikisa pasina maturo kuti pomero dzakadaro dzinopfuudza dzinoputsa mudzimu wengozi mbiri nemhaka yokuti dzose dzakadzikwa mu “kuchinja. ” Asi matare anowanzorangarira kuti kana gadziriro imwe neimwe yomutemo ikabvumira chirango chakasiana uye zvinhu zvinokosha, hapana kuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunoitika. Muuyo ndowokuti tsotsi rekombiyuta nekombiyuta ringaiswa kuchiverengero chinokatyamadza chepomero nokuda kwechinoitika chimwe chikuru, nebviro yetongero dzinowedzera dzinopfuura zvikuru chirango chaichoicho nokuda kwemhosva imwe.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokutsanangura Kwepamutemo

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchichinja, nzira itsva dzokurwisa paIndaneti dzinotanga, dzichitungamirira kurondedzero itsva dzepamutemo dzingasawirirana zvakanaka nedzakwegura. Somuenzaniso, kukwira kwenzvimbo inobudisirwa rudzikinuro (8) apo nyanzvi inoisa mashoko okusaidza inoda kubhadharwa (hwunogona kutongwa sougororo, kukuvara kwekombiyuta, kana kuti kunyange kubiridzira kwapawa. Asi kana mukwiridzirirwo akambonzi anzi haana mhosva yeugororo hwechiito chimwe chetecho, angazozotongwa kuti akuvadzwe here? Dare rinofanira kusarudza kana kunzi “hashati" kana kuti kukanganisa zvawo.

Chinetso chakafanana ndechechinhu chenguva [. Utsotsi hweCyber hunowanzobatanidza mufambiro unopfuurira: mufekitari angachengeta kusvika kutsika kunopfuurira kwemwedzi, kuendesa mashoko munguva. Ko chiito chimwe nechimwe chitsva chokupinda chinoumba mhaka, kana kuti rutivi rwenzira inopfuurira yomufambiro inofanira kubatwa semhosva imwe? Mhinduro inogona kusarudza kana kudzorwa kwakawanda kwakabvumirwa. Mu United States v. Gaglidi , nharaunda yeChikamu chechipiri inorwisana namabasa akawanda okuwana kukusatenderwa kumirirwa kwemimwe mwedzi mizhinji yakaparadzana kana kuti kutyorotswa kunopfuurira. dare racho rinoshandisa hwerengero ye [[FT]

Vanyajambwa Vakawanda ne "Chinetso Chokuchinja ”

Chinoitika chimwe chete cheIndaneti chinogona kutapura zviuru kana kuti kunyange mamirioni avanyajambwa. Munzvero yegamuchidzanwa yenjodzi yakapetwa kaviri, nhamba yavanyajambwa haisati ichiparira hayo mizhinji "kurova". Nhamba iri pachiito chinorambidzwa, kwete nhamba yavagamuchiri vanokuvadza. Zvisinei, mirau yakawanda yekombiyuta inorondedzera mhaka kupfurikidza nenongedzero kumunhu akawirwa muropa (g.g., "kudzosa kombiyuta pasina mvumo yomuridzi woga woga anotapurwa"). Ikoku kunozarura suo rokupomera kuti anowandira nyajambwa mumwe nomumwe, kunotungamirira kukupokanidzira kunokarirwa. Varevereri vanopikisa kuti iyi inovatsidzira kane kane kanei vomufambiro mumwe nomumwe, nepo varoverera murovereri kuti bhiro kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe anomirira kuputswa kwakasiana kwakasiana kwomutemo.

Nhau Dzapamutemo Nedzinocherechedzwa

Nyaya dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti zvinhu izvi zvinonetsa uye dzinopa nhungamiro, kunyange zvazvo nguva dzose dzichitadza kuwirirana, uye dzinoratidza kuti matare anoshandisa sei ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri pamhosva dzinoitwa paIndaneti.

United States v. Miller (9th Kir. 2021]

Munhau iyi, mukwiridziri akapindwa mudare akapinzwa mumitemo yeyunivhesiti ndokuba mashoko okunzvera. Iye akatanga kupiwa mhaka mumutemo wehurumende nokuda kwokudarika kwekombiyuta uye gare gare akapomerwa mhaka nehurumende nokuda kwokubiridzira magetsi uye kuba zvakavanzika zvezvokutengeserana. dare reruwa rakaramba kupomera mhaka dzehurumende panzvimbo dzine ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, asi vashori veNYN Trans vakachinja. Yakati hurumende nemiraudzo yehurumende yaiva nezvinhu zvakasiyana, uye kuti matsotsi maviri ehurumende aidzorwa nedzidziso dzakafanana. dare rakasimbisa kuti kuvadziko kuyunivhesiti (pomero yezvipfura) uye kuvadziko kuvatsigiri vezvokunzvera kwakanga kwakasiana. Vatsoropotetezo chisa.

[[FOL:0]R. v. Vail (Dare reArizona reKukwirira, 2019)

Pano, mukwiridzirwi akapomerwa mhaka yokuwana (kuverenga kumwe kusiri kwepamutemo) uye gare gare nokunyengera kwekombiyuta (kumwe kunyorwa) kunomuka muchinoitika chimwe chetecho chokupinda. dare rakashandisa KIENApple[ nheyo (yakaenzana nengozi dzakapamhikana dzakapetwa kaviri) uye yaidavira kuti tsoropodzo dzacho mbiri dzaiva dze "CM) nemhaka yokuti kupomera kwokunyengera kwakanga kuri kuduku kupiwa kwemhosva yokupinda. Mhaka yacho inoratidza chinetso chokusiyanisa pakati pemapepa akasiyana- siyana epareji yekombiyuta uye kudikanwa kwokududzira nokungwarira.

State v. Johnson (New Jersey, 2020)

Mukwirirwi akabudisa rudzikinuro rwakaita kuti vashandisi 3 000. Vachuchisi vakamupomera pasi pomutemo wehurumende wemhosva dzehurumende (kuverenga kupesana nokuda kwomunyajambwa mumwe nomumwe) nemitemo yeugororo. Pashure pekupwiswa kwehurumende, hurumende yakatsvaka kumukwirirazve nokuda kwedenho imwe cheteyo yerudzikinuro. dare rakaramba kupomerwa kwehurumende, richitonga kuti hurumende nemhosva dzehurumende zvakanga zvakavakirwa pa "chiitiko choutsotsi" chimwe chetecho uye kuti kubvumira kutongwa kwechipiri kuputsa kodzero yomukwirirwi kuti asunungurwe panjodzi mbiri mbiri. Mhaka yacho inomira semuganhu usingawanzoitiki pamhosva mbirisadzo, asi yakatoshandiswa zvakaganhurirwa.

Zviitiko Zvenyika Yose

MuEuropean Union, bis muIS, nheyo yakaedzwa mumitemo yekombiyuta yakachinjika muFrance nhau dzebumbiro rekomfa. Somuenzaniso, mu Goti v. Spain [ [[FLT]] (Dare reEurope reRuramisiko reRuramisiko, 2017]), mukwiri akanga asunungurwa pakombiyuta yaiputsa muFrance yakaiswa mhaka gare gare gare nokuda kwomufambiro wakafanana unobatanidza gadziriro imwe cheteyo yekombiyuta. Dare rakatonga kuti kupomera mhaka yeSpain kudzorwa kwakaputsa [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] 2017:] [5] nemhaka yokuti zvinhu zvakanga zvisina kuenzana nepo neSpania zvakanga zvisina kuvakirwa pauchapupuriro itsva. Ikoku uku kusimbisa kudzivirira kupfurikidza napamutemo.

Mhinduro Nekukurudzira Kuchinja Zvinhu

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokugadzirisa matambudziko aya.

Kutsinhiranisa Mitemo Yamarudzi Ose

Humwe hwenzira dzinovimbisa zvikurusa kutangwa kwezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinobatanidza rondedzero nemitoo ine chokuita nemhosva dzeIndaneti. Dare reBhudapest paCybercrime (Kutonga kweEurope, 2001) kunotogovera gadziriro yomutemo wetsotsi retsotsi renyika dzose nemidziyo yemiitiro yemiitiro yetsika, asi haigoni kutaura nengozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Tsitsi kana kuti chibvumirano chitsva chingagona kutanga nheyo ye "postrice, mhosva imwe" nokuda kwezviito zvakawanda zvokusainwa. Ikoku kungada kuti marudzi azive rutongeso rumwe norumwe rwezvimwe zvisarudzo uye kuro nokuda kwamaidi mamwe cheteyo [FLD:] bim mumic.[3]

Mipimo yemitemo yakajeka nokuda kwe "Kugumbuka"

Kuchinja kunogona kurayira kuti mhosva dzepaIndaneti dzive dzakavakirwa pamabasa akasiyana - siyana kana kuti pane vanhu vakapara mhosva dzakafanana. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unogona kurayira kuti apo chiitiko chimwe chete chokupinda pasina mvumo chingatungamirira kuvanyajambwa vakawanda, mupomerwi angatongerwa kutyora mutemo mumwe chete chete kutoti muchuchisi wacho achiratidza kuti nyajambwa mumwe nomumwe anenge aita chinhu chakaparadzana, asingangobvumirwi kuti aidzore chiito chimwe chete.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwesayenzi Neufakazi Hwemichina

Kushandira pamwe pakati pemibatanidzwa yezvokushandira pamwe kunonetsa. Zvibvumirano zveyamuro yepamutemo (MLAT) nezvikwata zvokuongorora zvinobatana zvinogona kubetsera kutsinhiranisa kukwikwidza mhaka kuitira kuti utsotsi hweIndaneti huidzwe kamwe chete, mumhosho dzakakodzera zvikuru, kana mhosva dzasimbiswa. Miitiro yakanakisisa mumitemo yematcamendics. Yakadai semichina yemichina yekutindiro nemitengo yemitengo yekombiyuta zvinobatsirawo vachuchisi kuti vabvumiri vemhosva varatidze kuti mabasa akasiyana - siyana ndematongo akanyatsoparadzaniswa, kuderedza kusawirirana. Masangano enyika ose akafanana neITPOL neUROP ari kutongesa panhungamiro yemhosva dzinodzosera njodzi.

Mitemo Yezvokugadzira Zvinhu Nemaseti aClaus

Kupedza chinetso choruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, masangano emitemo anogona kunyora mitemo mumutauro wemichina. Panzvimbo pokuronga mitoo chaiyo (zvichinje, "kubiridzira" nechepakati pezvikamu zvakwo zvenyika), anogona kurondedzera mhosva dzakavakirwa pamugumisiro unokuvadza (zvichibve, "kudzongonyedza kusingatenderwi negadziriro yekombiyuta inoparira kurasikirwa nepfuma"). Tsananguro dzakadaro dzingava shomanene kupedza nguva sezvizvarwa zvitsva zvokudenha zvinobuda, uye dzingaderedza kuwedzera kwemhosva. Mukuwedzera, zvitsauko zvezuva zvinoda kuhwirudzurwa kwepara utsotsi hwepambu yepambuko dzekombiyuta zvingagona kubetsera kuva zviwiso zvemotokari zvokushorwa kwakawanda zvinopinda mungozi.

mhedziso

Utsotsi hwemakombiyuta hunopfuurira kushanduka - chinja pawirirano, uye zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvinofanira kupfuurira. Kushandiswa kwengozi yakapetwa kaviri kumhosva dzeIndaneti ndiimwe yenhau dzakaoma zvikurusa dzakatarisana nehuramende dzazvino uno. Kudzikamisa nheyo dzeruramisiro nemhesano neidi dzeutsotsi hwemichina ibasa rakaoma asi rinokosha nokuda kwemiitiro yemitemo munyika yose. Nepo kudzivirira kuviri kwematunhu epakombiyuta uye kuedzwa kwaBlockburger kunopa nhungamiro, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinova dzinotadza kukwanisa kubata utsotsi hwenyika yose, mizhinji, mamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa pamusoro penhau dzeIndaneti. Ngozi dzekurovererwa kwemitemo, pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemitemo, pamusoro pezviwitsigiri, uye kuvhokamuranisa pamutemo zvinotyisidzira dziviriro zvakaumbwa nekaviri zvakagadzirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti njodzi.

Fambiro mberi ichada nhamburiko yakabatira pamwe: kutsinhiranisa miitiro yamarudzi ose, kunatsa mitemo yapamusha, uye kusimudzira batira pamwe huru pakati pavachuchisi. Tinogona bedzi ipapo kuva nechokwadi chokuti avo vanoita utsotsi hwepaIndaneti vanozvidavirira pasina kurasikirwa nenheyo huru yokuti hapana munhu anofanira kuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwechakaipa chimwe chetecho. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runosunda miganhu yezvinobvira, mutemo unofanira kuchinjira kuchengetedza dziviriro dzinonzimbe dzvaira dzinorondedzera nzanga yakarurama.