Kutanga: Muitiro Wenharo Yehurumende Yokuzvinyima Nhaka

Kurasikirwa nepfuma yavagari vemo igadziriro yapamutemo inobvumira masangano anochengeta mutemo kutora zvinhu($kash, motokari, nzvimbo, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu) zvinonzi zvakabatanidzwa nemubato woutsotsi, pasina kupomera muridzi noutsotsi. Pakutanga kwakadzika midzi mumutemo wemitengi yegungwa uye gare gare yakakudziridzwa mukati mehondo yemirimo, ichi chishandiso chazova chinhu chemibato yamapurisa muUnited States. Zvisinei, kunyoreswa kwacho kwaita kuti kunzvera kwapamutemo uye kuchema kwavose pamusoro pegumi ramakore rapfuura. Vatsoropote zvinotaura kuti kurasikirwa nedziviriro kwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende kuderedza dziviriro kwetsika nehosha dzechipfupitina nevimbiko dzechipfu. Sezvicho masangano ehurumende nematare ehurumende anorwisana nenhamo idzi, nzvimbo yemitemo inoenderera mberi, kukwidza kukwidza kukwidza kukwidza pamusoro pekodzero dzemitemo yehurumende pakati pezvibvumirano zvepamutemo pakati pezvibvumirano zvehurumende nekodzero zvechipoteshi.

Muitiro unosiana zvikuru nokurasikirwa neutsotsi, uko kunoitika bedzi pashure pokunge kutenderwa kwavagari vemo. Mukurasikirwa kwavagari vemo. Mukurasikirwa, nzvimbo imene inorangarirwa kuva mukwiridziridzirwo(chisipo chapamutemo) chinozivikanwa se munzvero. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende inogona kutora zvinhu kunyange kana muridzi asingatongopiwi mhaka, kupiwa mhaka ipi neipi. Mutoro wechiratidzo unowanzova pamuridzi wacho kuti uwanikwe nenzira yapamutemo, kubva chose chose chose kubva panhau dzouori dzinodzora utsotsi. Ikoku kudzodzodzo yakaita kuti dare rikunjedzedzei denho dzinokura dzepamutemo, chinjo dzomutemo, uye zvisarudzo zvedare izvo zviri kushata.

Kunzwisisa Basa Repamutemo Rokuzvinyima Kwomunyika

Mavambo Nemhindumupindu Yomutemo Wokutsiva

Kurasikirwa nepfuma yavagari vemo kunonongedzera mavambo ayo kumutemo weEngland napamutemo wechiNgezi, umo ngarava nemutoro zvinoshandiswa mukunyengetedza zvingagona kubatwa pasina kupinza mutongo muridzi. United States yakagamuchira idzi nheyo muzana ramakore rechi18 nerechi 19, dzichidzishandisa zvikurukuru kukuputswa kwetsika neshambidzo. Zvisinei, nguva yazvino uno yokurasikirwa yakavamba neComprensive Crimessive Control ya1950 uye Anti-Drug Act yeAct yemusbese ya1986, iyo yakakudza masimba enyika anorashikirwa nehurumende yependice uye kutora rutivi rwomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza ne [[FLT:]]. Muiyi purogiramu, mapurisa anogona kubatira pamwe namasangano okutora zvinhu ndokuchengeta mari yemitemo inopfuura 80, kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwomutemo unodzorwa kworumanomano.

Pamwero wehurumende, mitemo yokurasikirwa inosiana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda maruramiro outsotsi zvinhu zvisati zvagona kuraswa, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira nhunzi dzakavakirwa pahwaro hwapamberi chaipo hwoufakazi(zvinoreva kuti hurumende inoda bedzi kuratidza kuti sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti zvinhu zvabatanidzwa nomubato usiri wapamutemo. Mupimo wakaderera zvikuru wave uri pfundo guru redenho dzapamutemo, sezvo inochinja murangariro wokusasarura uye inoisa mutoro unodhura uye wakaoma zvikuru pamuridzi wezvinhu kuti urerutsidze zvinhu zvavo.

Kufambira mberi kwe [[FT: 0] MuRem[[FLT]

Munhau yavagari vemo inotapurwa, hurumende inofanira kuisa mhaka mudare mukurwisana nenzvimbo imene (muchib., United States v. $500 000 muU.S. Mari). Nzvimbo inobatwa ndokuchengetwa. Muridzi anofanira kuisa mhaka ndokubvumikisa kuva kwavo voga uye manyuko opamutemo emari. Iyi mitoo inogona kuva inorema nokuda kwavanhu vasina kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo, zvikurukuru apo ukoshi hwepfuma yakabatwa hunenge huri hushoma kupfuura mutengo wemari. Kushaikwa kwezano rapamutemo rakagadzwa[[FLT]] muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo zvinoparira kushayisa simba. Somuuyo, vatengi vazhinji vanongorasikirwa nemhoshore, vanongorasikirwa netsoro panzvimbo pekurwisa nokuda kwechishuvoro che "FLT]

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo: Rechina, Rechishanu, uye Rechisere Refutunuko

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvakurudza Nokunyengedza Kusina Mwero

Gene Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Zvisinei, kurasikirwa navanhu kunoshanda mutsika yakasiana pane kunzvera kwoutsotsi. Mapurisa anowanzotora zvinhu zvakavakirwa pachisakiso chingabvira chokuti chinhu chacho chine chokuita noutsotsi, asi kubatwa kwokutanga kungaitika pasina mvumo. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokumira kwemotokari, mukuru mukuru angatora mari inowanwa mumotokari kana ichisangana nezviratidziro zvakati zvokutengesa mirimo, zvakadai semasangano makuru, makamuri akavigwa, kana kuti nhau dzisinganzwisisiki. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti muitiro uyu unoguma nokubvuta kusina mufungo nemhaka yokuti unodenha zvinhu panzvimbo pevanhu uye unoshaiwa dziviriro dzetsoropotera.

Dare rakawanda rehurumende nerehurumende rakanzvera iyi nhumbu. United States v. $24 700 muU.S. Raivo [8th Cir. 2006], dare rakati Dare rinoda kuti kubatwa kweTern Confement kuve kune mufungo, kunyange kana kutadza kupfuurira kuchiva kwechikwata. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Rapamusoro r. Madrid rakasimbisazve kuti kubatwa nepfupfuti kunoitika apo mukuru mukuru anoshandisa simba rinooneka kuzvinhu, kunyange kana muridzi asingatangwi nokukurumidza. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka iyoyo yakataputswa namashoko akasiana, yakadudzwa mukushatanhangana ikoko kugona kuparira kushatsa mari yavanhu vazhinji pasina kukanganisa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakafanira uye Kucherechedzwa

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Imwe itiro hanya yakafanira ndi yekutonga. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira zvinhu kubatwa ndokuitwa kwemwedzi pamberi pehwirudzuro ipi neipi yedare. Dare mu United States v. James Daniel Good Realworation [1993]) rakadavira kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera mashoko nenzwi pamberi pokutora zvinhu chaizvoizvo, asi mutemo wemari nezvinhu zvomunhu oga unoramba wakajeka zvishoma. matare epasi akatsemuka panenge padaidzwa kana pasati pasvika nguva yokutongwa anodiwa, kuchitungamirira kukudzivirira kunopesana nemitemo.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kusere: Kunyanyonwisa

Zvichida kufambira mberi kukuru kwebumbiro remitemo mumakore achangobva kupfuura kwakabva pachisarudzo chakabatana cheDare Gurusa. Mudare renhau rapanzvimbo ino. Indiana [FLT] (2011]). Dare rakaramba kuti Dare raMafai Ehendhedmerment’s Fiference Reconfrence Claus rinoshanda kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo muIndation ye14555. Muchiitiko ichocho, murume aiva ne $42 000 Land Rover pashure pokunge apiwa mhosva yokutengesa heroin. Motokari yacho yaikosheswa kanopfuura kana kuti mari yakaisvonaka nokuda kwoutsotsi. Dare rakatonga kuti kurasikirwa nemhosva yacho kwakanga kwakakomba zvikuru uye naizvozvo kusava kwechiito. [FLT.] [FLT] [FFF3] yakashandiswa kudenha mutemo kuti unoda kuoma kwemhosva pakati pemhosva.

Pasinei zvapo ne maturo, kurwa kwacho kuchiri kure. Nyika zhinji dzichiri kubvumira kuraswa kwezvinhu zvipi nezvipi zvinobatanidzwa nemhosva, pasinei zvapo noukoshi, uye Dare rakasiya mubvunzo wechinoumba "restric" yakaisvonaka. Matare anopfuurira kurwisana nokushandisa mawirirano mumhaka dzinobatanidza mari, idzo dzisina fashoni yemari, dzinopesana nechinhu chaichoicho kana kuti motokari.

Kodzero Dzezvinhu, Muitiro Wakafanira, uye Dziviriro Dzomuridzi Asina Mhaka

Kudzivirira Muridzi Asina Mhaka: Dziviriro Youmbozha Here?

Mutemo weFederal nemirau mizhinjisa yenyika inobatanidza "muridzi weimba" dziviriro, achibvumira muridzi wenzvimbo kuisa zvinhu zvisati zvabvumirwa kana vagona kubvumikisa kuti havana kuziva kana kuti havabvumi kushandiswa kusina pamutemo kwezvinhu zvavo. Somuenzaniso, muridzi wemba angarasikirwa neimba yavo kana muridzi akakura mari mumba mapasi pasina zivo. Kuti akunde, muridzi anofanira kuratidzira kuti vakanga vasingapofuma namaune basa risiri pamutemo. Zvisinei, mutoro wechiratidzo unova nomuridzi, uye kushaiwa pfuma yakawanda yokurwisa nayo. Mushumo we 2019 unobva ku [[FL:] Mutongo weSabata rePUROF:] Unofanira kuonekwa kuti munyika dzakawanda, muridzi asina mhaka anowana budiriro, uye muridzi wezvinhu zvavo anopambadzwa panzvimbo pokurwisa pamutemo. [FFORF]

Cherekedza Namaruramiro Okunzwa Kwokukurumidza

Kunyange kana muridzi asina mhaka aripo, matanda okudzivirira anenge akadzika. Pashure pokubvuta, vatengi venzvimbo vanofanira kuisa mashoko mukati mewindo pfupi. Kazhinji kazhinji 30 mazuva(kana kuti njodzi yokurasikirwa nezvinhu zvavo zvechigarire. Masimba mazhinji anoda kuiswa kwechisungo chakaenzana ne 10% chenzvimbo pamberi pomunzwi, zvinobudirira kubudisa avo vane mari shoma. Matare munyika dzinoverengeka akarova zvisungo zvakadaro sechinoputsa basa ravo rakafanira. Mu [[FLT: 0] crimick v. Kelly] [2]] , dare rakachengeta kuti kunzwa kukurumidza kunodikanwa kutema kana kuti pane chisakiso kana kuti chinodikanwa chisakiso chechinhu chiripo.

Kugoverana Kwakakwana

Rimwe ramativi anomutsa nharo zvikurusa esundo dzavagari vemo iGungano rokusarurana rehurumende. Muiyi purogiramu, hurumende nevomunzvimbomo mapurisa anogona kubatira pamwe namasangano ehurumende (zvakadai seDEA kana FBI) kuti abate zvinhu pasi pomutemo wehurumende, izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvine mipimo yakaderera nezvinonyandura zvikuru. Ikoku kunobvumira hurumende kudzongonyedza mitemo yavo vamene yokuvandudza. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inoda kutenderwa kweutsotsi nokuda kwokurasikirwa inogona kungogamuchira bedzi "kudzorwa" kwokubatwa, uye mapurisa anogona kuchengeta kusvikira ku 80% yemitengo. [FL:0] .[FLT] ACU yakanyora kuti kugoverana kusina kufanira kushatisa kushatisa kufunda kwehurumende nokudzosa. Mu 2015, ipapo, Atlarne yehurumende inoganhuridzwa yehurumende yezviito zvokurera mwana, asi anodzorwa pasi pezviito zvinodzorwa.

Kuchinja Kwehurumende Nemhinduro Dzokutonga

Kuchinja Kwomutemo: Kudavira Kunodikanwa Nemitoro Yakakwirira Youfakazi

Pamusana pezvinetso zviri kuwedzera zvemitemo, zvinenge 37 zvehurumende zvakachinja mitemo yazvo yehurumende kubvira muna 2014.

  • Kutsvaka kutenderwa kweutsotsi zvinhu zvisati zvagona kuraswa (g., New Mexico, Nebraska, North Carolina). MuNew Mexico, mutemo wa 2015 wakabvisa chose chose kurasikirwa navanhu, uchiraira hurumende kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo mumhaka youtsotsi pamberi pokutora zvinhu. Zvisinei, mutemo wakaneteswa muna 2019 pashure pokunge mapato emapurisa anyunyuta kurasikirwa nemari.
  • achiisa mutoro wechibvumikiso kuhurumende nokukwidziridza mupimo ku "ufakazi hunojeka nohunopwisa" (mutoo, Ohio, Florida). Ikoku kunokuita kwakaoma kuti mapurisa abate nzvimbo pasina ufakazi hwakasimba.
  • Kuwedzera kuonana [ kupfurikidza nokuda kushuma kwegore negore kwepfari, kubatanidza rudzi, ukoshi, uye chimiro chezvinhu. Manyika akawanda zvinobudisa mashoko paIndaneti, kunyange zvazvo kuwirirana kuchisiyana zvikuru.

Pasinei zvapo neidzi chinjo, kuchengetwa kwapamutemo kunoramba kusingawirirani. Mushumo wa2020 unobva ku U. Dhipatimendi reHofisi yeRuramisiro yeMutungamiriri wehondo wakawana kuti masangano akawanda anochengeta mutemo akakundikana kushuma zvakarurama kurasikirwa nedata, uye miitiro youtariri yakanga isina kusimba. DOJ OIG [mushumo we] unosimbisa kuperevedza kunopfuurira mukuzvidavirira [[.

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha Zvedare Zvinokanganisa Muitiro Wehurumende

Kupfuura ., zvimwe zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvakapesvedzera kurasikirwa nemitemo yehurumende. Mu State state v. Mumwe 2008 Toyota Tacoma (Ariz. App. 2020), dare rakarangarira kuti kurasikirwa nemotokari kwakafanira $2 000 nokuda kwemhosva duku yemirimo kwakaputsa chitsama chakaisvonaka chehurumende. Mu Marita yeFritu ye $5,9,20] (Murwisipo. [Murwikirwo rwezvipo] CP. 201, dare raidzosa mari isingagoni kubvumikisa kuva pamutemo.

However, state supreme courts have sometimes upheld aggressive forfeiture practices. In Hand v. State (Iowa 2020), the Iowa Supreme Court rejected a due process challenge to the state’s forfeiture law, finding that the low burden of proof and lack of a hearing requirement did not violate constitutional guarantees. The split among state courts creates a fractured legal environment, with property owners’ rights heavily dependent on their location.

Nharo Dzokumanikidza Mutemo uye Dzinopa Vagari Vemo

Kuremekedza Mhindu: Kutsigira Nokubata Zvisina Kufanira

Zvishuvo zvemari zvakavakwa kuva kutsoropodzwa kukuru. Madhipatimendi amapurisa anowanzoshandisa kurasikirwa kuti atsigire mabasa, zvokushandisa, uye mibhadharo, kuparira kusawirirana kwechimuko. Kufunda 2017 ne University of Chicago[ [[FLT]] na State University [ yakawana kuti mapato emapurisa anogamuchira goverano hurusa yemari inotapukwa zvikuru sezvingabvira zvikuru anopinda mukumira nokusurumuka, zvikurukuru munzanga duku. [[FLT:] National Bureauer of Economic Research Research trans]

Vagari vanobatwa zvinhu zvavo kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nenhamo huru. Njodzi dzemari dzinogona kupedza mari yakachengetwa muupenyu, nepo pfari yemotokari inogona kudzivisa mumwe munhu kuenda kubasa. [[FLT: 0] Institute yeRuramisiro [[[FLT: 1]] yakanyora zvinoitika zvakawanda umo vanhu vakarasikirwa namakumi ezviuru amadhora pasina kumbopomerwa utsotsi. Muuyo wendangariro nemari wakakomba, uye vazhinji havatongowaniki zvinhu zvavo.

Nguva Yemberi Yehurumende Yakagadzwa Kuva Nomutoro

Kutarira mberi, nzvimbo yapamutemo sezvingabvira ichapfuurira kushanduka. Dare rapamusoro raratidza kudisa kudzora kunyanyowandisa, uye masangano ehurumende ari mudzvinyiriro kubva kumapoka ose ari maviri etsika neanopa mari kuti apedze dzimwe chinjo. Nhamburiko dzemitemo pamwero wehurumende, dzakadai seFAIR Act[FL:] [FLT] [1] [FFFF:] [1] . [FFF:] Activement Reconsolement Act [F], yaveswa asi haina kupfuurwa. Panzvimbo, kuvaka kwakabatana pakati pe [[FT]][FLT] [FLT]] [FF] [3] , [FFLT] inosara kuti ishake maruramiro echipo yemite-romessss ashaveripo yemistritiveritive.[FF]

Mumhedziso, kurasikirwa nepfuma yavagari vemo muitiro unokakavadzana zvikuru uyo unogara pamharano youdzori hweutsotsi norusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvaunotarisana nazvo (kubva pagadziriso dzebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kurusaro rwemitemo) zviri kumanikidzira mapurisa ehurumende navanoronga mitemo kunzverazve nzira yavanoita nayo ruramisiro. Nepo chinjo dzaita fambiro mberi, tsika inoramba yakaiswa panzvimbo dzakashata, uye mutoro pamuridzine zvinhu kuti vatsigire maruramiro avo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. Sezvo matare anopfuurira kuyera zvikero nemitemo zvinonatsa miraudzo, muuyo hausati uchizoumba bedzi jambwa yezvinhu asi ukama hwakafara pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende.