Kunzwisisa Mhinganidzo Dzapamutemo Mumitemo Yorusaruro Zvinodzivisa Kurwisana Nenyika Dzapasi Pose

Kupomera mhaka hurumende nokuda kworusaruro ndeimwe yenharaunda dzinodenha zvikurusa dzekodzero dzavagari vemo. Nepo gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica inogovera mishonga nokuda kwavanhu vakuvadzwa nomufambiro wokusasarura, mugariro wechienzi wehurumende dzehurumende semasangano apamutemo unoparira mhinganidzo dzinoitwa nedzisiri dzehurumende idzo vapoteriwo zvavo vasingafariri. Varidzi voruwa avo vanotsvaka kuva nemhosva nokuda kwerusaruro runofanira kufamba nomubato mukuru wekudzivirira, mipimo, uye zvinodikanwa zvinoneteswa izvo zvinogona kukunda kunyange zvirevo zvinokodzera pamberi pokutongwa. Nyaya ino inotsanangura mhinganidzo huru dzapamutemo, nzira duku dzapamutemo dzakavapoteredza, uye kurangarira kwakafanira kuti izvi zviitwe.

Rusaruraganda runowanzovapo pasi pemitemo yehurumende yakadai seTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act ya1944, America ine Chibvumirano Chourema (ADA), Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act, uyewo pasi peSangano Rinodzivirira reNhengo Yechigumi Negumi Negumi Kubva muna 42 U.S.C.1948. Asi pasinei zvapo nerondedzero yapamutemo, AP.P.P.

Dzidziso Yokubatana kwaChangamire Wehurumende uye Mutezo Wegumi Negumi Negumi

Hwaro hwedziviriro yehurumende pasutu yetsika idzidziso yezvigadziko zvehurumende, iyo inodzokera kumutemo wechiNgezi uye yakasimbiswa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kupfurikidza nePremendence yeAndeminth. Yakasimbiswa muna 1795, Demendement yeHeleminth inogovera:

Simba remitemo reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kuti ritambanudzire kutsika ipi neipi yomutemo kana kuti kumira, rakatanga kana kuti rinotongerwa kurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagari veimwe Nyika, kana kuti Vagari veNyika kana kuti Vagari veNyika ipi neipi. [[FLT:] [F:1] kunyange zvazvo rugwaro ruchinoratidzika kuva runongova rudzo, Dare guru rakadudzira muganhu kurwisana nezvibvumirano mudare raro renyika dzose. [FF]

Kukura Kwechikamu Chegumi Nechitanhatu Chomubatanidzwa

Chikamu chamakumi namana chinobatira kwete bedzi kuhurumende iyo imene asiwo kumasangano ehurumende, madhipatimendi, uye zvishandiso zvinorangarirwa kuva zvombo zvehurumende. Kusarudza kana sangano richikwaniriswa soruoko rwehurumende kunobatanidza muedzo wamativi mazhinji unonzvera mwero wokudzora kwehurumende, manyuko emari, uye kana chisarudzo chaizobhadharwa kubva mumari yehurumende. Ichi chisakiso chinotambanukira kukuvadziko yemari, yapamhosho, uye kunyange kusunungurwa kwokubvisa mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti dziviriro haisati iri yakakwana, zvisinei, uye kunyorwa kwetatu: apo Dare rinodzivisa pamutemo ringatongo reProgovhotera ku 5 reMendeko, (2) apo mugariro unodzorwa, uye (3) apo rinounza maruramiro mutongo wehurumende muparadziko yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yehurumende [F][F1]

Kukwidziridzwa Kwedare Pasi Pechikamu 5

[Imbavarira inogona kukurira kudzivirira chigaro kana iposa mutemo pasi peChikamu 5 che 144t Amendment, inopa Congress simba rokuita kuti chibvumirano chokugadziridza chiverevedzo chakaenzana negadziriro yakafanira. Chinodikanwa chikuru ndechokuti mutemo unofanira kuva [[FL:0]“ yaichimboro neyapakati.[FFF:][FLT][FF:4][FF] [FFF:] [FFF] [pan , kana kuti hungwe] mumuganhuro wepanhiro [mumumumutengo wemutemo] [FFFFF], [10].[10] Nhanhomu yakapa vanhu: [mushonga] nemhaka yenhau yeyamumumutengo.[10]

Vakabva Kune Dzimwe Nyika Nevacheri: Kutendera Kuitwa Nyika Dzake

Kunyange apo Congress inenge isina kudzivirirwa panjodzi, hurumende ingabvuma nokuzvidira kuwirirana. Waiver inofanira kuratidzirwa zvakajeka kuti “matare haasati achizobvumira. Nyika dzinogona kukuvadza dziviriro kupfurikidza nemirau yehurumende, mirau, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvisa mhaka kudare rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzakawanda dzakapfuudza kutaura zvirevo zvinobvumira mapoka akati okutonga kuti apfuurire, asi izvi zvinowanzoisa ganhuriro dzorumano pakuvadziko, cherekedza nhambo, uye marudzi ezvirevo zvinobvumidzwa. Muteveripo anofanira kunzvera nokungwarira kana mutemo wokusatapurwa kwapamutemo wehurumende une maruramiro okusasarura.

Nyika Inoti Mabasa Nemishonga Yokutarisira

Mumaruwa akawanda, kukwidza musangano rehurumende nokuda kworusaruro kunoda kutanga kuisa kutaura kwehurumende neboka rehurumende kana kuti kondiraundi (kazhinji kazhinji mukati mewindo pfupi zvikuru (somuto, 90 kana kuti 180). Kukundikana kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa izvi kungaguma nokudzingwa kwechikamu chenyika. Somuenzaniso, pasi peTort Peonties Acts Act, mutengi anofanira kunyora mashoko ehurumende neCommunication naGovernments Board pamberi pokuisa mhaka. Ichi chinodikanwa chinoshanda kunyange kuzvikarakadzo zvemitemo zvehurumende zvinounzwa pasi peChikamu 1983, kunyange zvazvo chinodikanwa chokuneta chisingashandisi kumabasa ehurumende anorwisana nemubatanidzwa. Kukosha nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende kunzwisisa kuvatambi vehurumende pakati pemari nedare rehurumende.

Dzidziso Iduku Yokupedzisira

Zvichida kusiiwa kukurusa kwechapamutemo kudzivirira kukuvadziko i [[FLT: 0][FLT]] Ex parte Young dzidziso, inobvumira vakuru vakuru vehurumende mumifungo yavo yehurumende yemifungo yokuda kutsiva inopfuurira kudzorwa nomutemo wehurumende. Muiyi dzidziso, mutengi anogona kutsvaka murairo unoda mukuru mukuru wehurumende kumisa muitiro wokuisa uparengo. [[FF] [10]

Mipimo Yapamutemo Nemitoro Youfakazi Munhau Dzorusaruro

Kunyange apo mutengi anokurira kuzvidzivirira kwouchangamire, ivo vachiri vanofanira kusvitsa mipimo inoraira yerusarurano. Gadziriro inozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiyo nzira yokuchinja mutoro yakatangwa mu [FLT][FLT]] Mcnell Douglas Corp. v. Green[FLT] [773] [773] [773], iyo inoshanda kuTitle VII, ADEA, uye ADA. Muiyi paradigm, mupotesi munofanira kutanga kutanga kutanga kusimbisa chinoitika chePrimie kupfurikidza nokuti: ivo vari veboka rakadzivirirwa; (2) vakashandisa uye vakakwanidzirwa nokuda kwechiito kana kuti vabetserwe; vakatambura; pasineiwirirane (4) uye kukwira kwemamiriro ezvinhu.

Kuratidza Kuti Munhu Haafungi Zvaanoita

Muzvinoitika pasi peFolement Detection Claus, mutongi anofanira kubvumikisa kuti hurumende yakaita nedonzo rokusasarura . kwete chete pesvedzero inopesana. Dare Gurusa mu[[FLT]] Shahington v. Davis[[[FLT]] [1976] [66] [66] yakadavira kuti mutemo kana kuti mutemo unotapura zvikuru boka hauputsi Bumbiro remitemo kunze kwokunge ratoti mutevedzero ugona kuratidza kuti muiti wechisarudzo aita nedonzo rokusarura. Izvi zvinoda ufakazi hwenhau, nhau yenhau, kubviswa mumiitiro yenguva dzose, kana kuti humwe ufakazi hunoratidzira vavariro inonzwika. Chitengo chikanganiso chogaro bedzi hachigoni kuratidzira chiteshina nokuda kwechitengo, kunyange zvazvo chikanzi chitsigiridzo chetetete pasi pechiTittititi. Chisarudzo chapamusoro chinoreva kupfurikidza kupfupikisana kupfupikisana kupfupikisa kwakakwana.

Kubviswa Kwezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Pamberi pokuisa mhaka pasi peTitle VII, mutongi anofanira kutanga kuisa pomero yorusaruro neUniverse Opportution Commission (EOC) kana kuti dare rakaenzana rehurumende remiitiro yokushanda. Pomero inofanira kuchengetwa mukati mamazuva 180 erusaruro runonzi ADA’s Titting I (mazuva 300 muhurumende nesangano rebasa rakarurama). EEOC ipapo inonzvera ndokuzopa kana kuti zvimwe kudenha rugwaro rwakarurama kumusoro kana kuti kurasa pomero. Kukundikana kumisa mishonga yehurumende ikoshatisiti ikodzere. Nenzira yakafanana, pasi peTitletry I, zvose zvinodaro yeI zvinoshanda. Pasi pechidivitiso chakaregwa chaAD (mabasa avose) kana kuti chishandurutsiri chishairwei, kunyange zvazvo matare edare akakashaidzwa nokuda kwokusa.[0]

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nekukura Kwapamutemo

Nzvimbo dzekukwirira maruramiro esututi inopfuurira kuva yakasiana. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, matare akarwisana nokusangana kwechisakiso chapamutemo, Title VII, uye ADEA, kazhinji kazhinji anosvika miuyo yakasiana yakavakirwa pamaidi chaiwo. Somuenzaniso, mu[[FLT]][FLT]][1] [MCELT] v. Hurumende ye Georgia [[FLT] V] [[FLT] v, [2-11]) [2] [2] [2] [2], muteshiti akapomera kuti Bazuro re Gerojia raishamira pamusoro pezviwiro.[5] Nomuto yezvikamu zvakatomutomuto mukuru wehurumende yagara.[5] Nomutomuto mukuru weyamuto weyamutomu.[F]

Zvakaitika Pasi Pomuitiro weADA Nokudzorera Kune Tsitsi

Imwe nzvimbo inokosha yekudzosa inobatanidza ADA neChikamu 504 choMurayiro wokuRehabilitation Act. Mu [FLT]] TIMENSESEVE v. Lane [2004][FLT], Dare Gurusa reIVHID reI reADA raidavira kuti chiteshi II cheaswo chakashandiswa pakupinda mumatare. Nhando huru inodzivirirwa neMutezo weClausce. Zvisinei, Dare mu [FLT]][FLT]]. Georgia v[FFFFLT:6] [inenge] [inenge kuti chitsauko chakawanda chitsauko charo charo charo.[FLT] [FFF] [FLT] [F] [F] kana kuti chitsarutsumo chama chitsamisiro chamato] [masso chishakeromese, kana kuti chishake puro]

Basa Remutungamiriri Wezvinhu Wehondo Nehurumende Inodzivirira

Apo hurumende inopomerwa mhaka yorusaruro, magweta ayo makuru angawedzera chaizvoizvo dziviriro dzinodenha mukuparira dziviriro dzamasimba ose, marache, kukundikana kusvuta, uye basa risingabvumirwi. Vapomeri vehurumende vanowanzotaurawo kuti muparadziri akaenzana kuzivisa mutengi ane mhaka. Kuwedzera, magweta angataura kuti mutemo weganhuriro wapera; nokuti Chikamu cha 1983 chinokwereta nhambo yokukuvara kwehurumende, icho chinogona kuvambira pamunhu mumwe kusvikira kumakore matanhatu. Kuoma kweidziviriro idzi kunoreva kuti [[FLT:] mabhirikitikiti anowanzokarira uye anodzivisa kudzorwa kwakawanda muchiripo chapakuvamba [FFFFF:1].

Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda Zvevapoteri Nevatsigiri

Nemhaka yemhinganidzo dzakakomba, vaparidzi vanorangarira kutongwa kwedare kurwisana nehurumende vanofanira kutora nzira inoshanda. Chokutanga, sarudza kana kutaura kwacho kuchimuka mumutemo unoshanda sechapamutemo kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu. Umutwe VII, Chikamu 504 (nemigariro yemari yehurumende), uye Encile Pay Pact yose inogovera nzira dzakajeka. Nemhaka dzinonzi pasi peADA, nzvera kana rusaruro rune chokuita nekodzero iyo Dare rapaneidzwa sechainokosha. [FLT:] Kubva kunzi kudare repamusorosoro redare raibata, kugona kusvika kumatare, kurovharo, dzidzo, dzidzo). Kana kusati, kurangarira kukwidzwa kwevakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuyamuro yeyamuro yeyamuro. Nzvengano inowana njodzi dzehurumende dzinovanzwa zviripo. [FF.5]

mhedziso

Kushandisa hurumende yehurumende nokuda kworusaruro kunoramba kuri rimwe ramabasa anotyisa zvikurusa mumutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo weAmerica. Mubatanidzwa weAnjenth Amendment develoption, kuronga zvinodikanwa zvehurumende, kuraira chibvumikiso cherusarurano rwemaune, uye kuneta kwehurumende kunoparira zvinodikanwa zvechidhigirizi izvo zvinogona kukunda kunyange zvirevo zvakafanirwa zvikurusa. Bva chinyorwa chenhau chinoratidza kuti uku kupomera kwaparira chinjo dzinochinja. nokuda kwokubvisa zvitendero zvehurumende kuti zvisatenderwa zvebasa. [[FLT:] Sututi dzose dzinobudirira dzinoisa muenzaniso unosimbisa mutemo unoisa dziviriro wakaenzana nezvinodzivisa chipikirwa. [FLT] nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende]