Incorporation Doctrine ndeimwe yedzidziso dzinokosha zvikurusa dzebumbiro remitemo mumutemo weAmerica, inoshanda sebhiriji rinotambanudza Bill of Rights dziviriro dzinodzivirira hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kupfurikidza neKinneth Amendment’s Signate Reclect Claus, Dare Gurusa renhau rakarangarira zvishoma nezvishoma kuti zvizhinjisa (asi hazvisi zvose (zvuruviro) zvakajeka mugadziridzo dzokutanga gumi dzinoshanda kunyika. Sezvinoita chinjo yokukurumidza inodzorwa neruzivo rwemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yenzanga, uye mipimo inochinja yenzanga, uye mifungo yeIncororation Doliginetry inotarisana nezvipiso zvitsva uye zvakaoma. Kunzwisisa izvi kunoda kunyura kukuru mumidziro yenhau, yemitemo yazvino unodzororo, uye nhau dzinotambudza idzo dzichaumba nguva yemberi.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Enhau Edzidziso Yokusawirirana

Nyaya yokubatanidza inovamba nenzwisiso yapakuvamba yeBill of Rights. Apo kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kwakatenderwa muna 1791, kwakanga kuchiitirwa bedzi kumanikidza hurumende yehurumende. Mu Barron v. Baltimore[[FL:1]] [1833], Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akabvumirana kuti Bill of Rights haana kushanda kunyika. Iyoyi yakaramba iri mutemo nokuda kwerinodokusvika zana rimwe ramakore. Nguva yokuchinja yakasvika pashure peHondo yeChivilimuni uye kugamuchirwa kweGeneti Reformation muna 1868.

Mubvunzo mukuru wakanga uri kana Dare reChibvumirano reKinayi reChibvumirano chaNine raIndasiti Claus raibatanidza Bill of Rights mukurwisana nehurumende. Nhau dzapakuvamba dzakadai se Cases-Imba yeSlack (1873]) yakadudzira zvishoma Ropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus, achivhara nenzira inobudirira suo racho nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwakawanda. Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rakatendeukira kuChiteshinga cheCYS Procession Clausce, uye dzidziso yazvino uno unovara mavo avanhu vose yakaberekwa.

Mu Getlow v. New York (1925), Dare Gurusa rakafunga, pasina kusarudza, kuti dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment dzakasununguka dzakashanda kudzimwe nyika kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment. Ipfungwa iyoyo yakavhura mawindi. Nehafu yepamberi, Dare rakabatanidza inenge gadziriro iri yose yeBill of Rights. Mhoswo yeLindmentment inobatanidza [[FL:]] M'IT v. [[FFLT:] [6] [6]] (196]) (1961) (mitemo yeFirformformation inoshandiswa kutaura), [[FLT], yakaiswa kurudyi.[4]

Kunyoresa Pamutemo uye Zvinetso Zvacho Iye Zvino

Nhasi, Incorporation Doctrine yakagadzirirwa zvikuru kodzero dzakabatanidzwa. Zvisinei, muedzo wokusarudza kana kodzero isina kubatanidzwa inofanira kushandiswa kunzvimbo dzinoramba dziri nhau yekurukurirano. Dare rinoshandisa "kodzero dzendangariro" kunzvera: kodzero inoiswa kana iri "yakavakirwa zvikuru munhau yerudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa" uye "chinopa pamutemo mumurangariro werusununguko. Mupimo uyu, unonatswa mu [[FLT: 0] Mutezo wenhau. Glucksberg[[FLT:] [1997]) uye unosimbiswazve mumigariro yenzanga.[FLT:]

Chinetso chikuru ndechekuti kudzivirira kwekodzero yomunhu oga yeChipiri yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo kunoshanda zvizere kunyika dzine urefu hwakafanana nohunorwisana nehurumende. Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022], Dare rakabvisa muedzo weMhendero yeChipiri, richida kuti mitemo iwirirane netsika dzekare dzemitemo yezvombo. Iyi miraudzo inotapura zvakananga uye inodzorwa nokukwidza yunifomu, yaMakurukota, inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kana nyika nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo zvichiramba zvichichinjika kuti zvisandukire kumamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwezvigadzirwa Nekodzero Dzokuva Woga

Kuchinja kwemichina kunopa chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru kuIncorporation Doctrine. Nhengo dzakawanda dzehwaro dzehwaro ($speech, gungano, kutsvaka nokubatwa nepfuti) dzakarondedzerwa munyika isati yatanga. Sezvo kuchinja kwemichina, revo yekodzero idzodzo inofanira kuwirirana. Kurambidza kweFrencement yeChina pakutsvaka kusina musoro nokubatwa nepfari, kwave kuchirwisana nehurumende, zvino zvino dzinotarisana nenhau dzakadai sokufamba neserura, michina, kucherekedzo, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, uye kuwanikwa kwehurumende mumarekodhi echitatu.

Mu Karpeent v. United States (2017), Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kuti munhu anochengeta kariro ine mufungo yechakavanzika mumitoo yavo yose yenyama sezvakanyorwa nemirando yenzvimbo yeserura, kunyange apo mifungo inochengetwa nebato rechitatu. Dare raibatanidza kuti rugwaro rwaidikanwa, kuratidzira chinjo mukushandiswa kwemitemo yeDNtermendements kuunyanzvi hwazvino uno. Asi mubvunzo unoramba uripo: Kurangarira uku kunotambanuka kusvikira papi? matare ekoro inokamuraniswa pai [[[FLTB:]] CPFFFFFOLT]

Kutaura kwakasununguka paIndaneti kunoedzawo miganhu yeIncorporation Doctrine. First Amendment, yakapinzwa kupfurikidza ne Gitlow, inoshanda kumitemo yehurumende inodzora zviteshi zvemasangano ezviteshi zvemasangano, kutaura paIndaneti, uye kubuda paInternet. Zvinetso zvakafanana [[FLT]] Packham v. North Carolina [ [2017]), iyo yakadzosa mutemo unorambidza vapangi vevatano kubva muzvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, inoratidza kuti Dare rinoshandisa sei nheyo dzegamuchidzanwa dzemagariro dzegamuchidzanwa kumipimo yemazati. Asi zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka: zvinogona kutaura maarusarukidzo ayo ari mumutauro? Chikamu chekuyera chedare chikaro chenyika chikaro chenyika inosungiratetetetete mipimo yenzanga, asi zvinofanira kuzviita.

Kudzikamisa Uchangamire Hwehurumende Nekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Chibvumirano chisingagumi cheIncorporation Doctrine ndechokuti chinosekesa ubati ushe hwehurumende nouchangamire hwehurumende. Vatsigiri vekodzero dzenyika vanotaura kuti kubatanidza kodzero inopesana nehurumende kunobvisa kuchinjika kwehurumende nedzenharaunda kugadziridza mitemo kumamiriro avo ezvinhu akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Dare rabatanidza Hurumende yeChipiri mu McDonald[, mashoko asingagoni kusimbisa kurapa kudzorwa kwepfuti, kunyange kana migariro yavo yomunzvimbomo nemwero yeutsotsi zvakakarakadza kuva zviri madikanwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kubatanidzwa kweChirango cheChirevo cheChikamu chechipiri mu [[FLT] [FLT:]

Kunyanduka kwacho kwakakomba zvikuru munharaunda umo zviremera zvakabatira kare semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Rangarira kurukurirano pamusoro pekodzero yokubvisa pamuviri. Pashure .Roe v. Wade [177]], Dare rakaramba kuti kodzero yokuva woga yakabatanidza maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, uye yakashandisa kodzero iyoyo kumativi ose eGavhuro reGaramende re14net Claus. [[FLT:]] Mune denho dzinozivikanwa kare, Dare pamusoro porudzo [[FLT:] [FL:]] [FLT] [FFFFFF]]] [FFFF:5] [i] [i] zvikuru] uye yakaramba kuti jikijera kubvisa kubvisa mimba kwakarurama, kudzo kukutaura. Ichi chikwanidzo chapa. Chino chakakurumbira chinozivikanwa, chinozivikanwa zvikuru muChikamu chapa.[Foseichino] [5] [mukamu chikuru] [mumumumukamu chakanyunyuro] [[5] [mu

Dzinza pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu icharamba ichipokanidzwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti "kubatana kusingapiwi mwero" kunopa rusununguko rwakawanda rwokuedza, nepo vamwe vachiomerera pakuti kodzero dzinokosha dzinofanira kushandiswa zvakafanana kudzivirira mapoka maduku uye anotarisirwa pasi kuti asatsoropodzwa nehurumende.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nekurangarira

Kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa, kumuka kwemitemo yekare yemitemo yekare, uye kushanduka - shanduka kunoramba kuchiitika kwetsika dzenzanga zvose zvichaita mabasa anokosha.

Kuziva Kuti Kodzero Dzakadini Dzinokosha uye Dzinofanira Kubatanidzwa

Kuedza kodzero kunokosha kunozviisa pachako chipfuro. Nevoruzhinji vanonangidzira nhau negamuchidzanwa, Dare ringazengurira kubatanidza maruramiro matsva kana kuti kutambanudzira aripo kumashoko matsva. MaDobs[ pfungwa dzinoratidza kuda kushanyirazve kodzero dzakagadzwa kare dzakabatanidzwa mutsika dzakadzika zvikuru kana dzisina midzi mikuru yenhau. Ikoku kungatapura kodzero dzakadai seuenzani hweroorano, sodomay, uye kodzero yokuva woga. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Dare ringava rakazaruka zvikuru kubatanidza maruramiro akaiswa kare ayo ane tsigiro yakasimba yenhau, dzakadai sekodzero dzakare dzehondo, sezvinoonekwa mu [FLT:] BB]

Imwe nzvimbo yakakodzera kujekeswa ikodzero yokufamba. Kunyange zvazvo Dare rakabvuma kodzero inokosha yokufamba munyika imwe chete, kuva kwaro pasi peKineth Amendment kunoramba kuri kusinganzwisisiki. Sezvo hurumende dzichigadza mitemo inorambidza kufamba kwemunhu achienda kune mumwe, zvakadai sezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, kana kuti kurapa kwakasiyana - siyana kwevashanyi vasingadzorwi, nhau yokuti kodzero yokufamba ichaita kuti nyika dzive nesimba rehurumende rose irambe iripo.

Kukurukura Zvaunofunga Nezvako Usina Kuzivikanwa Nemunhu

Kodzero dzokuva woga, zvikurukuru muGadziro yeChina, dzichapfuurira kushanduka - chinja sefambiro mberi dzoruzivo rwezvinhu. Dare rinofanira kukurukura zvizere kuti dzidziso yacho inotapura sei mitemo yehurumende, kubvumirwa kwemashoko, uye kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira mukuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe. Somuenzaniso, Ko Amendeji yeChina inoda here kuti iwane magwaro isati yawana mashoko kubva mumamita esclear, kana kuti midziyo inofambiswa nemotokari?

Mukuwedzera, kubatanidzwa kwedziviriro yeFirst Amendment isingazivikanwi kunotarisana nedenho itsva. Nyika dziri kuramba dzichirayira kuti zvirongwa zvesociation zvinoyera mashoko zvibvumikise kuti munhu anoshanda kana kuti kuzivisa ufakazi hwezvinyorwa zvisina zita, zvikurukuru mumavhesi okunetswa paIndaneti kana kuti kurashwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Packingham[ chinoreva kuti nheyo dzegamuchidzanwa dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinoshanda paIndaneti, asi kuongorora kwakananga kwamaruramiro okutaura asina kuzivikanwa kunoramba kuripo kuti kupfuudzirwa.

Kuchengeta Dzikamo Pakati Pedziviriro Dzakatarisana Neuchangamire Hwehurumende

Gakava riri pakati pekodzero dzehurumende dzakafanana nedzehurumende uye kuzvitonga harisati richizonyangarika. Zvirongwa zvokuwedzera Indiscopeation Doctrine kuti zvibatanidze kodzero dzakafanana nekodzero dzokugara, dzokurapa, kana kuti dzidzo zvingada Dare kuti riwane kodzero idzodzo dzakazara murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dzakadzika midzi mugamuchidzanwa . Zvikamu zvinogona kudzosa kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti Dare raita kodzero dzakati, uye kuti mushonga wakakodzera kudzokerazve chiremera chakawanda kumitemo. Retrenchmentments inobvira, sezvinoonekwa mu [[FLT:]

Imwe nzvimbo iri kumuka idzoro refashoni yeRendement yakawandisa. Mu Timbs v. Indiana (2011), Dare rakabatana raidavira kuti kurambidzwa kweReighth Amendment pachibvumirano chakanyanyisa kunoshanda kuhurumende. Chisarudzo ichocho, nepo zvichibvumirana, zvakasiya mibvunzo yakazaruka pamusoro pechinoumba chakaisvonaka chakanyanyisa. [FLT] [FLT] [FF]N]

Kuchinjira Kuchinjo Dzomuitiro Nemitoo Yesayenzi Yezvigadzirwa

Kunzwisisa kweSosaiti kodzero dzinokosha kunochinja nokufamba kwenguva. Dzidziso yeIncorporation, inofanira kuva yakapfava zvakakwana kuti igovane nezvinhu zvitsva. Kushandiswa kweDare kuidza "kudzosa hana" mumiitiro inodikanwa kunze kweBill of Rights, pamwe chete ne "kuedza kwakadzika midzi" nokuda kwokuchinja, mativi enzvimbo nokuda kwokuchinja kungakurira kududzirwa kwedare.

Rangarira maruramiro okuvanza mashoko anowirirana namavara anogarwa nhaka. Hurumende dzavamba kuunganidza DNA kubva kuvasungwa, kushandisa mapepa amadzitateguru nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye dzinoda kuedzwa kwamagene nokuda kwebetsero dzakati. Kudzivirirwa kweGaramende yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo, kwakabatanidzwa muhurumende, kungada maruramiro nokuda kweidzi nzvero. Asi Dare harisati rataura pamusoro penhau yacho. Nenzira yakafanana, dziviriro yeFirst Amendment nokuda kwerusununguko rwesangano rehurumende ingaedzwa nemitemo inoda kuziviswa kwemitengo yemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti erudzidziso.

mhedziso

Chitendero cheIncoroporation Doctrine chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha chomutemo weAmerica, ichivimbisa kuti kodzero dzinokosha dzinoiswa muBill of Rights dzinodzivirira vanhu pamitezo yose yehurumende. Zvisinei, nguva yadzo yemberi haisati yambogadziriswa. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchigadziridza kuva voga, kutaura, uye kubatana, uye sezvo tsika dzechimuko, dzidziso inofanira kugadziridza pasina kurasikirwa nechinhu chayo chepamutemo murugwaro nenhau. Chitendero chapamusoro chinoramba chichidzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu etsika nemitemo. Chitendero chedare chirefurira kuti zvikarakadze kuti zvikarakadzo zvitsva zvichatarisana nebhawa, asi sundo yokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu pachapfuurira kubvisa miganhuro yedzidziso. Pakupedzisira, nguva yemberi yokubatanidza kubatana kunotsamira sei pamatare, vagarika vagari vemo, uye kutenderera mumiteveri pakati pomugariro wamarudzi ose.