Table of Contents

Kutanga: Chinokonzera Kururamisira Kwenguva Refu

Kurwisa kwokuenzana neruramisiro hakusati kuri chinoitika chimwe kana kuti ganhuro pfupi munhau yavanhu; inhauro inopfuurira, inotsinhira yakaita kuti pepuko dzivepo, inoparadza maumambo, uye kutsanangurazve zvakunoreva kuva munhu. Kuvambira pamitemo yakanyorwa yapakuvamba zvikurusa kusvikira kutsutsutsumwa dzomugariro wokunze kwemifungo yetsika nedzorudzi, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakagara nhaka basa risina kupedzwa raavo pamberi pazvo. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kukurusa kwenhau hurusa mukurwa kwouenzani neruramisiro, ichinzvera chakaitika bedzi asi chikonzero nei nguva idzi dzichiva dzinokosha uye kuti dzinopfuurira sei kupesvedzera rwisano dzenguva ino. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi akazvipira kuvaka basa rokuvaka rimwe chete uye kukurumidza munguva yemberi.

Nheyo Dzekare Nokutanga Kweruramisiro Yakanyorwa

Kare kare matare azvino uno nebumbiro remitemo zvisati zvaitwa, nzanga dzakare dzakarwisana nedenho yokugadza ruramisiro munyika inorondedzerwa nesimba risingachinji uye ruvimbiko rwedzinza.

Bumbiro Remitemo raHammurabi (chirca 1754 BCE)

Chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvinokosha zvikuru zvepfungwa dzepamutemo zvekare Code yaHammurabi, rugwaro rwepamutemo rweBhabhironi rwakanyorwa pabwe. Iyi isati iri nzwisiso yazvino uno yokuenzana — yakashandisa mipimo yakasiana yakavakirwa paboka renzanga nevatano — asi inomirira pfungwa yechinjo: kuti mutemo unofanira kunyorwa, pachena, uye unoshanda kumitezo yose yenzanga, munenge munheyo. Nheyo yakakurumbira ye "ziso nokuda kweziso" yakanga iri kuedza kuganhurira nokuvimbisa ruramisiro inodzikatidzika. stale, zvino inova mu , inoratidzira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ezvinonziromende yetsika dzekare uye midzi.

Kutonga Kwehurumende Yechido Chose yeAtene Nokutanga Kwougari Hwomunyika

Muzana ramakore rechi5 BCE, guta reAtene rakatanga pfungwa huru: democracy , kana kuti kutonga kwavanhu. Kunyange zvazvo yakashatiswa zvikuru nemipimo yazvino uno — vakadzi, varanda, uye vokumwe vakabviswa — muenzaniso weAtene wakatanga masangano makuru akadai segungano, dare, uye matare. Vagari vemo vaigona kuvhota pamitemo, mirauriro yavose, uye vaita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvipire mhaka. Iyi yakanga iri nhano yenheyo kupfungwa inotonga inoda kubvumira kwaMadoko, Plato, uye Aristotsit, magariro eruramisiro amene, kutanga gadziriro yemufungo yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo ichiri kupesvedzera nhasi.

Mutemo weRoma uye Pfungwa Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Roman Republic uye gare gare Umambo hweRoma hwakatanga gadziriro yapamutemo yakarongwa yakatanga mifungo mikuru yakadai se mutemo womuzvarirwo , pfungwa yokuti dzimwe maruramiro anogarwa nhaka navanhu vose. Tsamba dzine gumi nembiri (chirca 450 BCE) dzakagovera hwaro hwavanhu vose nokuda kwomutemo weRoma, nepo vatongi gare gare vakaita seCicero vakatsigira kuti ruramisiro haisi hayo nhauwo zvayo yekokorodzano asi yakavakirwa munheyo dzomunyika yose. Mutemo weRoma wakapesvedzera kutangwa kwemitemo yevagari vemo muEurope yose uye pakupedzisira kupfuudzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvakafanana neU.S. Declation of Declation.

Kubviswa Kwouranda: Kudzorwa Kwenyika Yose

Kuparadza kwaro kwakamira seimwe yemiitiro yokuchinja kukuru zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu.

Kumuka Kwesangano Rokuda Kuda Kusarudza Zvokuda Kuda Chindingoveni

Mazana amakore 18 ne19 akaona kutanga kwamasangano akarongwa echiObritical , zvikurukuru muBritain neUnited States. Mapoka orudzidziso, zvikurukuru vaQuaker, akanga ari pakati pevokutanga kutaura kuti uranda hwakanga huri chivi. Vanyori, vaichimbova varanda, uye vatsigiri — kubatanidza Olaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglas, naWilliam Wilberforce — vaishandisa hurukuro, mabhuku, uye zvikumbiro zvokuvamba kuti vavake chishoro chavose. Kushambadza kwouranda kwapanguri kwakaparadzwa neBritain muna 1807, rukundo rwokutanga rwakakomba.

Kurambidza Kubatwa Muranda kweBritain (1833)

Muna 1833, Paramende yeBritain yakapfuudza Act yeBolotion , iyo yakarambidza uranda muUmambo hwose hweBritain. Uyu mutemo wechiratidzo wakasunungura mazana ezviuru zvavanhu vakapinzwa muuranda. Hurumende yeBritain yakatsiva vanatenzi vavaranda (kwete vakaiswa muuranda), asi chiito chakagadza muenzaniso wesimba renyika yose. PART]UK'S wepartment [ inogovera zvinyorwa zvakakura zveiyi nguva inokosha.

Kuzivisa uye Kuchinja kwechi13 (Emancipation Proclation) (1865)

Pakati peHondo yeChivil, Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akabudisa [[FLT: 0] proclation pana January 1, 1863. Kunyange zvazvo yakangoshanda bedzi kuzivisa mukupandukira, yakabvisa chinangwa chehondo ndokuita kuti chinangwa cheUnion chive donzo. Chiziviso chakabvumirawo varume veAfrica vokuAmerica kubatira muUnion Army, chinhu chinokosha mumugumisiro wehondo. mendement yechikamu kuUNICEF.GS (185) yakabvisa hwumwe hwuitwa uranda muUnited States yose. Izvi hazvina kugumisa urudzi kana kuti kukwanisa kuenzana, asi zvakakanganisa uranda hwepamutemo munyika yose.

Kuparadzwa Kwenyika Yose Nenhaka Yakwo

Nyika dzakatevera, Brazil, nyika yokupedzisira muWestern Hemisphere yokubvisa uranda, yakaita kudaro muna 1888. nhaka youranda — kubatanidza urudzi hwakarongwa, kusawirirana mune zvemari, uye njodzi dzenzanga — inopfuurira nhasi, asi sangano rokuparadza rakaratidzira kuti kuunganidza vanhu vakawanda, kujeka kwetsika, uye chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogona kuputsa kunyange masangano akadzika midzi okudzvinyirira.

Sangano Ravakadzi Rokushatirisa: Kutaura Kuti Mutambi

Kurwira kodzero dzavakadzi kwakadokuva kwekare sehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu imene, asi kwakapinda muboka rine simba, rakarongwa muzana ramakore rechi 19 nokuvamba kwerechi20.

Seneca Falls Kokorodzano (1148)

Muna July 1848, boka duku ravashingairi — kubatanidza Elizabeth Cady Stanton naLucretia Mott — rakaunganidza Senika Falls Convention muchamhembe kweNew York. Iyi yakanga iri kokorodzano yokutanga yekodzero dzavakadzi muUnited States. Kokorodzano yacho yakabudisa [[FLT:] Divoration of Sentiments [[FTLT:3], gwaro rakaratidzirwa paDeclaration of Independence rakazivisa: "Tine zvokwadi idzi kuti dzive dzakava dzinova dzinova dzinooneka: kuti varume navakadzi vose vakaitwa vakaenzana.] Chikumbiro chavakadzi chakatomutsa nharo mukati , asi chakava chinangwa chapakati chamakumi amakore.

Penjero yeChi 19 (1920)

Pashure pamakore 72 okusaneta — kubatanidza nzvero, kurovanya kwenzara, kukurudzira, uye kusateerera kwavagari vemo — Dare reU.S. rakapfuudza [[FLT: 0] 19th Amendment muna 1919, uye rakatenderwa muna August 1920. Uku kugadziridzwa kwakapiwa maruramiro okuvhota, mukuwirirana nenheyo. Muitiro, vakadzi vazhinji vane ruvara, zvikurukuru vakadzi Vatema muJim Crow South, vakanga vachiri kubviswa nenzira yakarongwa kwamakumi amakore. Kurwisa nokuda kwamaruramiro okuvhotera kwakapfuurira zvakanaka kupinda muma 1960 nanopfuura.

Masangano Enyika Yose Anodenha

Kurwira kurwa kwavakadzi kwakanga kuri kwamarudzi ose. New Zealand yakava nyika yokutanga kuzvipinza imene kupa vakadzi vhoti muna 1893, yakatevera Australia muna 1902, Finland muna 1906, uye Norway muna 1913. British suffgettes, yakatungamirirwa naEmline Pankhirst naVakadzi vaSocial and Political Union (WSPU), yakashandisa unyanzvi hwakawanda hwehondo, kubatanidza kuvhota. Vakadzi muUnited Kingdom vakawana maruramiro akaenzana okuvhotera muna 1928. Munyika dzakawanda, vakadzi vakawana kodzero dzokuvhotera dzakava dzakaenzana muUniyo.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kupesana naJim Crow

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Movement muUnited States chakanga chiri sangano guru rokuramba kurwisana nokusarurana kwedzinza.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro chakanga chiri nguva yakadzorwa. Dare rakabvumirana rakatonga kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakanga kusina kuvimbika nenzira yomuzvarirwo uye naizvozvo kusati kuri kwomutemo, kuputsa dzidziso ye "yakapesana asi yakaenzana" yakatangwa mu Preveby v. Ferguson [18696]). Iyi chisarudzo chakasimbisa sangano uye chakagovera tsigiro yapamutemo yenhamburiko dzedeseault, kunyange zvazvo kushandura kwakanangana netsungidzo huru kunobva kuvachena.

Montgomery Bus Boycott naMartin Luther King Jr.

Muna 1955, Rosa Parks akaramba kuisa chigaro chake paMontgomery, Alabama bhazi, achipfuudza Montgomery Bus Boycott. Mukomana unonzi mukomana akatora mazuva 381 uye akaguma nokutonga kweDare gurusa kuti bhazi rakanga risingatsiviwi. Mukomanawo akabudisa Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. mukurumbira worudzi. Uzivi hwaMambo wokuramba kusina masimba masimba masimba, hwakakurudzirwa naMahatma Gandhi, hwakava kambasi yetsika inotungamirira.

Chibvumirano Chokuchengetera Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo cha1946 uye Mutemo Wokutsigira Kodzero wa1965

Chivil Rights Act ya 1964 wakanga uri mutemo wakakomba zvikurusa wekodzero dzavagari vemo chifo chokugadziridza. Yairambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo erudzi mumabasa, dzimba dzavose, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende. Gore rinotevera, [[FLT:] Vation Rights Act of 1965[FL:] . Yairambidza kuvhotera miitiro yokuvhotera, semiitiro yokunzvera kurava nokunyora nokuvhota, iyo yakanga yabvisa mamirioni mamirioni evatema. Iyi mitemo inomirira muganhu wekodzero dzechivoruzhinji. [FLT] NAtional [F][FFF]

Zvakagara Zvacho Uye Kuramba Tichirwisa

Kuurawa kweboka reBlack Power, uye utsinye hwemapurisa uye kusaenzana kwezvemari zvakajekesa kuti kuenzana kwepamutemo kwakanga kusina kukwana.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero: Kubva Pamabwe Kukuva Kuenzana Kweroorano

Kurwira vanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano yavatana, ngochani, persegender, uye queer (LGBTQ+) kwakabuda munhau yechitambudzo nokusakwanisa kuva mubatanidzwa wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu unozivikanwa.

Matombo Riots (1 969)

Mumaawa apakuvamba aJune 28, 1969, mapurisa akavhozhokera Stownall Inn, bhawa rengochani muNew York City City’s Greenwich Village. Kuvhozhokera kwakadaro kwakanga kuri kwomuitiro uye kwamasimba masimba, asi nguva ino vatsigiri nevagari vomunharaunda vakarwa. Kuramba kwakapfuurira kwamazuva matanhatu ndokuva chisakiso chamanyuko nokuda kweLGBT+ maruramiro. Strollall yakashandura sangano rakapararira, rakangwarira kuva chikumbiro chorusununguko, chinodikanwa chinodada.

Dambudziko reAIDS Nokuzvitonga

Ma 1980 namavambo ama1990 akaunza denda reAIDS, iro rakaparadza LGBTQ+ nzanga. Hurumende isingasaruri nehomophobia yakapararira yakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwamapoka anorwira rudzidziso akadai seSIPUUP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power). Mazano avo okudenha — kubatanidza kufa kwavanhu, kunyunyuta paFDA neNIH, uye kuparadzirwa kwamashoko akakotsekana — kwakamanikidzira hurumende kukurumidzisa tendero yemirimo nenzvero. Chikanganiso cheAIDS chakaunzawo kujeka kukuru zvikuru netsitsi kuLBTQ nzanga yeLGTQ.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Pana June 26, 2015, Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rakatonga Obergefell v. Hodges kuti roorano imwe cheteyo youdimbe maruramiro anokosha anodzivirirwa ne 14neth Amendment. Chisarudzo cha 5-4 chapamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo inonyorerwa munyika yose, rukundo rwakaratidzika kuva rwakatongoratidzika kuva makumi amakore mashomanene bedzi pamberi pezvi. Ichi chisarudzo chakabvisa chinjo yokukurumidza mumurangariro wavose nokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo, kubva mukuchinjwa kwesomubatanidzwa wejombisorizimu mu [FT:2].[FLT:] LLM v.[[FLT]] [FF:3]] [200] [200] kudzosero ye "Don Ask, Don't't" muRutero rwa 2011.

Kodzero Dzokupa Vamwe uye Matambudziko Anoramba Achingoitika

Kunyange zvazvo kuenzana kwevakaroorana kwakanga kuri chinhu chinokosha munhoroondo, kurwira LGBTQ+ kodzero kunopfuurira, zvikurukuru kuvanhu vanochinja vanhu. Vanhu vanotarisana nemhirizhonga huru, rusaruro, uye zvinetso zvepamutemo. Sangano iri zvinonyanya kutaura nezvokuva noutano hwakanaka, kudzivirira kusarurana, uye kuziva kuti munhurume ndiani.

Masangano Enyika Yose Nokuda Kwokuenzana Neruramisiro

Munyika yose, vanhu vakarwisa kudzvinyirirwa, vachirayira kuti vanhu varemekedzwe, vasununguke, uye vatongerwe zvakarurama.

Sangano Rinorwisana NechiApartheid muSouth Africa

Antitheid Movement yakanga iri imwe yenhimbe dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose munhau. Rusarurave rwakanga rwuri gadziriro yokusarurana kwedzinza uye ukuru hwevachena zvakamanikidzirwa nehurumende yeSouth Africa kuvambira muna 1948 kusvikira muna 1994. Kuramba kwomukati, kutungamirirwa neAfrican National Congress (ANC) uye nhamba dzakafanana naNelson Mandela, akabatanidzwa nemhiko, kunyunguruka, uye zvirevo, pakupedzisira zvakamanikidzira hurumende kuyananisa. Muna 1994, South Africa yakachengeta kusarudzo dzayo dzokutanga dzemitengo, uye Nelson Mandela akava purezidhendi wenyika yokutanga yeBlabhuruki. Muenzaniso weSouth Africa unoratidzira simba rezvose zviri zviviri muhondo yomukati pasi penyika yose.

Chitsuwa cheArabia (200 - 2012)

Kuvambira muna December 2010, fungu rezvitsumo nokumukira rakapararira munyika yeArab, kubva kuTunisia kusvikira kuEgipita, Libiya, Syria, uye Bahrain. Vagari vakaraira mugumo woutongi hunodzvinyirira, uori, mukana wemari, uye maruramiro avanhu. Nepo miuyo yakavhengana — dzimwe nyika dzakatambura hondo yavagari vemo, dzimwe dzakadzokera kuudzori hwehurumende — Arabib Spring[ yakaratidza kuti kunyange udzvinyiriri hwakakomba zvikurusa hungagona kudenhwa neboka guru, kumukira kwakakurumbira. Sanganowo rakaratidzirawo simba rezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga sechishandiso chokuronga nokuparadzira.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika Neruramisiro Yenyika

Vanhu vemo munyika yose vakarwira kuzivikanwa, kodzero dzenyika, uye kupukunyuka kwetsika. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Ivolders (UNDRIP), yakagamuchirwa muna 2007, inogovera gadziriro yamarudzi ose yeidzi rwisano. Mitezo yakadai seIdle No More muCanada uye kurwisana neDatal Accounser paStance Rock muUnited States yakaunza utungamiriri hwechinzvimbo chikuru kuhondo yemhoteredzo neruramisiro yemhoteredzo.

Kurwira Kuda Kukanganisa Kodzero

Musangano wekodzero dzourema wakawana fambiro mberi huru, kubatanidza Americas neUremalm Act (ADA) muna 1990 muU.S. uye Convention paMaruramiro aVanhu neUrema [CRPD] paUnited Nations]. Iyi mitemo yakawedzera kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzavose, zvokufambisa, uye basa, asi vatsigiri vanopfuurira kusunda nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwakazara, kubviswa kwehuremadza, uye kuzivikanwa kwourema sorutivi runokosha rwemhatsa yavanhu.

Kupfuurira Kurwa: Miganhu Yazvino Yekuenzana

Pasinei nokufambira mberi kwataurwa pamusoro apa, kurwira kuenzana nokururamisira kuchiri kutopera.

Rusaruraganda uye Kusaenzana Kwegadziriro

Rusaruraganda ruchiri chinetso chakapararira munyika yose. Sangano reBlack Live Matter, iro rakawana utanhamari hwenyika yose pashure pokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020, rakaunza ngwariro yakamutsidzirwa kuutsinye hwamapurisa, kusungwa kwavazhinji, uye kusawirirana mune zvemari kwakatarisana nenzanga dzeBlack neBrown.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Uchenjeri uye Kururamisira Kwechibereko

Kusaenzana kwemitengo inopfuudzira munyika iri yose. inobhadhara mukaha inoramba iri inokosha, zvikurukuru kuvakadzi vane mavara. Vakadzi vanopinzwa muutungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano. Rusviko kuzvoutano hwezvibereko, kubatanidza kudzivirira kubata pamuviri nokubvisa mimba, runoramba rwuri nhau yakakwikwikwidzana zvikuru. Kuparadzwa kwazvino uno kwe Roe v. Wade muUnited States (20222)] kunoreva chikanganiso chikuru nokuda kwokubereka uye kwakaparira funguro itsva yezviito.

Ruramisiro Yemamiriro Okunze Nokusasarura Kwemhoteredzo

Njodzi yemamiriro okunze haisati iri nhau yezvakatipoteredza; inhau yeruramisiro. Nzanga dzine urombo zvikuru nedzine muganhu wakaderera zvikurusa — dzinowanzova nenzanga dzeruvara — dzinotapurwa zvikurusa nengwavaira dzemhoteredzo, kushatiswa, uye kushaikwa kwepfuma. Murangariro we unoreva kuti mhinduro kunjodzi dzinoita kuti wirirane, dzinotsiva avo vakakuvadzwa, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuchinja kumugariro wemari wakasvibira hakubereki kusawirirana kuripo.

Kodzero Dzevapoteri Nokutama

Mamiriyoni evanhu anobviswa munzvimbo dzavo nehondo, kutambudzwa, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Kurwira kodzero dzevatami nedzevapoteri zvinosanganisira kurayira mitemo yepamuganhu wevanhu, nzira dzokuva vagari vemo, uye kuguma kwokusungwa uye kuparadzana kwemhuri. Kuwedzera kwematongerwe enyika munyika yose uye kurwisa kwevarwi kunoita kuti kurwisa uku kuve kwekurumidziro uye kwakaoma.

Kupedzisa: Basa Risina Kuparadzwa Rokururamisira

Nhamba dzenhau dzinoitika mukurwira kuenzana neruramisiro hadzisi zvisaririra zvenguva yakapfuura; zvisaririra zvipenyu zvekushinga uye zvokuzvidzora. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakatarisana nezvinetso zvacho, uye chimwe nechimwe chakasundira mberi zvishoma mberi kururamisiro. Kubva kuMutemo wemitemo waHammurabi kusvikira kuhuenzani hwekutonga, kubvira pakubviswa kwouranda kumamiriro okunze epasi pose, takabatana mukurwisana uku. Sezvatinofungisisa kubudirira uku, tinoyeuchidzwa kuti basa racho harina kutongopera. Kukunda kwenguva yakapfuura hakutongovitseki ruramisiro; inheyo dzatinofanira kuvakira. Kurwira kuenzana nokururamisira kunoda kupfuurira, chiito chinoitwa chakabatana, uye kuzvipira kuchiremera chavanhu vose.