Kunzwisisa Dare Rehurumende: Kukwirira Nokumwe

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende muUnited States inobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, Bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti gakava pakati pehurumende. Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanozviwana vamene vachibatanidzwa munhau yemitemo yehurumende, kuziva mitemo yacho panzvimbo dzinopesana nezvikumbiro zvinogona kureva musiano pakati pemuuyo wakanaka nemukana unopotsa. matare eFederal anoshanda mumiitiro yakasiyana nematare ehurumende, uye kupesana kwemitemo yetsika kunogona kuchinja kuti nhau iwirirane sei. Nenzira yakafanana, kukwirira inzira inodenha mutongi ’ asi inodzorwa nemipimo yorumano. Nyaya inopa kuongororwa kwakakwana kwedare regitari renyika, uye kubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo dzapamutemo uye zvisarudzo apo vanotarisana nedare redare kana kuti utsotsi.

Zviratidzo Zvedare ReFederal: Apo Mitemo Haishandisi

Zvikamu zvakasiiwa mumatare ehurumende migariro yakananga umo miitiro yapamutemo yenguva dzose kana kuti mitemo yapamberi pemitemo inotsaurwa. Uku kusiiwa kunogona kutapura kana mhaka ichigona kutongounzwa, kuti ufakazi hunobatwa sei, kana kuti dziviriroi dziripo. Zvizhinjisa zvinobatanidzwa mumirau yehurumende, mitemo yedare, kana kuti mienzaniso yakagadzwa. Kuziva izvi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofambisa jaji rehurumende.

Changamire Immony: Government ’ Sheeja

Chimwe chezvisingawirirani zvikuru mudare rehurumende idrugment. Muiyi dzidziso, hurumende yeUnited States namasangano ayo hazvigoni kupomerwa mhaka kutoti vabvuma nenzira yakajeka kupiwa mhaka. Iyi nheyo inobva kumutemo weEngland uye yakavakirwa mupfungwa yokuti chigaro (hurumende) haadzivirirwi pamatare. Somuenzaniso, kana mugari wemo akakuvadzwa nokuregeredzwa kwomushandi wehurumende, haagoni kungoita zvokusada kutongwa nehurumende. Panzvimbo pezvo, anofanira kuratidza kuti mutengi wehurumende anodzorwa nomutemo wakadai seFederal Tort Acts Act (FCA). FTCA inobvumira kuti mari iparadzire United States nokuda kwezviito zvokuregeredza, asi inobatanidza zvakawanda, kungofanana nezvinotaurwa kuva zvinodzorwa nehurumende, mabasa anorwisana, kana kuti anotonga mamwe.

Chengeteko Yorudzi Namashoko Akarongwa

Matare eFederal anozivawo kusiyana apo itiro hanya dzechengeteko dzorudzi dzinovapo. Munhau dzine chokuita namashoko akaganhurirwa, hurumende ingakumbira ropafadzo yezvakavanzika zvehurumende, iyo inoibvumira kudzivisa kuziviswa kwoufakazi hungagona kukuvadza chengeteko yorudzi. Uku kutsiva kunogona kutungamirira kudzingwa kwenhau kana mupurisa asingagoni kupfuurira pasina mashoko akadzivirirwa. Somuenzaniso, mumatare anodenha mapurogiramu okunzvera kana kuti zviito zvokuvanza, hurumende ingasimbisa ropafadzo yehurumende uye dare ringadzivisa chiito chose. Mukuwedzera, Classificid Information Proctures Act (CPA) inogadza miitiro chaiyo yokutarisira nayo uchapupu hunorangarirwa mumhakanwa dzoutsotsi, kubatanidza kutongwa kwenhau dzechitsotsiro uye zviito zvokuvarira. Vagari vomuzvizvarwa vanobatanidzwa muzvinoitika zvakadaro vanofanira kuziva kuti izvi zvingava zvinopesana zvikuru namano avo kana kuti vadzorere ufakazi hunotongenge.

Habeas Corpus Vasina Kutsarukana uye Vane Chiratidzo chaClaus

Mutongo wehabeas corpus ikodzero huru inobvumira musungwa kudenha kuva pamutemo kwokusungwa kwavo. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende akaziva kusabvumirana. Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira kubviswa kwehabeas corpus munhau dzokupandukira kana kuti kuvhozhokera apo kukumbira kwavose kunoda. Nepo apo dare risingawanzoitiki, Chibvumirano chakaregeredza panhambo nenhambo writ, zvakadai somusi weHondo yevagari vemo. Muitiro wazvino uno, Anticticism and Extictive Death Penalty Act ya 1996 (AEDPA) inoisa mikumbiro yorumano yorumano yapamutemo inochengetwa navasungwa mudare rehurumende, kubatanidza miraudzo yegore rimwe rezvikumbiro nezvikumbiro zvinotevedzana. Kunzwisisa ikoku kunokosha nokuda kwokutarisana nokuiswa nokuchengetwa kwehurumende kana kuti kudzokororwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nehurumende.

Kupomerwa Kwakasiyana - siyana

Matare akarenda ane chiremera pamusoro penhau pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana kana chitsama mugakava chichipfuura $75 000. Ikoku kunozivikanwa sehurumende yakasiana--- siyana. Zvisinei, pane yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, ugaro hwedare renyika hunodzivisa matare ehurumende kuti asatonga nyaya dzinobatanidza chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana, kana kuti kuva namano, kunyange kana kuti kuva nekodzero yakasiyana. Nomutoo wa inodzivisa matare ehurumende kuisa miganhuro kana kuti kururamisira. Idzi dzinobetsera kuchengeta basa regamuchidzanwa rematare ehurumende munhau yemhuri nenhaka. Vagari vemo namagweta avo vanofanira kusimbisa kuti nhau yacho haiwirwi mumapoka aya edare rehurumende.

Kubviswa Kwemishonga Nevasingashandisi

Kazhinji kazhinji, mutemo wehurumende unoda kuti boka ripedze mishonga yokutonga risati ratsvaka yamuro mudare. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kana sangano rine mutoo wehwirudzuro, mugari wemo anofanira kutanga apedza muitiro iwoyo asati aisa mutongo wedare. Somuenzaniso, pasi peTorongo Litigation Reform Act, vasungwa vanofanira kubvisa mishonga yose inowanika yehurumende vasati vaunza sututi yehurumende pamusoro pemigariro yetorongo. Mudzimwe zviitiko, matare anoziva kuti kuneta apo kunenge kusingabetseri, zvakadai seapo sangano rakafanogadza muuyo wacho kana kuti apo mushonga wacho unoperevesa. Zvisinei, izvi zvinosaririra zvinoshandiswa zvishoma. Kunzwisisa apo kuneta kunodikanwa uye apo chisiri chinhu chinogona kuponesa vagari vemo kuti varadzirwe mamiriro ezvinhu avo adzirwe nguva isati yapfuura.

Muitiro Wezvikumbiro WeFederal: Kodzero Yako Yokutariswa Kechipiri

Kana mubatanidzwa ukarasikirwa mudare redare redare rehurumende, nhano inotevera inowanzova kukwirira kudare rapamusoro. Kukumbira kwomubatanidzwa kunogovera mutoo wokuhwirudzura nawo dare rokutonga̱ zvisarudzo zvezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Hakusi kutonga kutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, kuhwirudzura chinyorwa chedare rapasi. United States Courts of Appeals (matare echiRungu) inotapuriro zhinjisa dzinobva kumatare oruwa, uye Dare Rapamusoro ringahwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare edunhu mumigariro yakaganhurirwa.

Vanogona Kukwezva Nezvingafarirwa

Kazhinji kazhinji, boka ripi neripi rinenge raitwa nechisarudzo chokupedzisira chedare reruwa chingakwirira. Rutongeso rwokupedzisira ndirwo runogumisa kupiwa mhaka ndokusasiya chinhu nokuda kwedare kuti riite rutongeso. Zvimwe zvisarudzo, zvisinei, hazvisi zvirango zvokupedzisira uye hazvigoni kukwidzwa. Somuenzaniso, kutonga pamusoro pekuendesa kana kuti kutongwa kwechipfupiso kungakumbirwa bedzi pashure pokunge rutongeso rwokupedzisira rwaitwa, kutoti zvikasawira mukati me mira pazvo dzidziso yedzidziso [. Dzidziso iyoyo inobvumira chikumbiro chapamhiko chechisarudzo chose chose chenhau yakaparadza pembedzo nezvakanaka uye ingasarudzwa nenzira iko pashure porutongeso rwokupedzisira. Vagari vemo vanofanirawo kucherekedza kuti kodzero dzehurumende dzinova nekodzero dzoutsotsi; dare harigoni kukwirira mhaka yehurumende.

Nguva Yokuita Kukwezva

Misi inodzora zvikuru gadziriro yokukumbira yomubatanidzwa. MuMusi weFederal Guil of Appellate Procediture 4(a) (1), chiziviso chekukwirira chinofanira kuiswa nomunyori wedare reruwa mukati mamazuva 30 pashure pokunge akwidzwa kworutongeso kana kuti kurayira. Munhau dzevagari vemo umo United States iri mubato, musi wekumhanza imazuva 60. Kupotsa iyi nguva kunowanzoguma nokubviswa kwokukwirira, kunyange zvazvo kuganhurirwa zvikuru kuripo nokuda kwokuregeredzwa kana kuti migariro yakatanhamara. Kuwedzera kunofanira kuwanzopiwa, naizvozvo vagari vemo vanofanira kuita chiito nokukurumidza. Musi wokupinda ndiwo musi worutongeso unopindwa padare reruwa ̱ chiteshi chezviwi, kwete musi mutongi unozivisa chisarudzo chokutaura.

Kukwirira Kunopfupikisa Uye Kupopotedzana Kwemashoko

Kana chikumbiro changoitwa, mukwikwidzi (mubato unofadza) anofanira kunyora pfupi kutsanangura chikonzero nei dare rapasi rakakanganisa. Apelle ipapo anonyora pfupi yokupindura. Muitiro wokupfupikisa unorongwa zvikuru, une ganhuriro dzepeji dzorumano, kufora, uye mitemo yokududza chinyorwa. Pashure pokupfupikisa, dare ringaronga nharo dzinotaurwa, kunyange zvazvo dzisati dziri nhau dzose dzinogamuchira nharo dzinotaurwa. Boka ravatongi (zvinowanzova zvitatu) rinoteerera magweta, rinobvunza, uye ipapo kusarudza nhau yacho. Chibvumikiso cheOral hachisi kurukurirano yenhauzve; inhau inonangidzirwa panhau dzapamutemo.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura: Kubvisa Kukanganisa Kunoitwa Nedare Rakatongwa

Muuyo wekukwirira kazhinji kazhinji unotsamira pa [[FLT: 0]] zvinotaura hwirudzuro . Nokuda kwemibvunzo yomutemo, dare rinoongorora dare repasi nerokukwirira ndiro R chisarudzo [ deresa kana [[[FLT:]], zvinoreva kuti hachiregi mutongi aidzori uye kupwiswa kwakasimba. Zvisarudzo zvechokwadi, mupimo wacho uri [[[FLT:], apo dare redare richashandura dare bedzi kana kuti kutsakatikanwa nokusatenderwa kwakajeka. Zvisaidzo zvakadaro zvinofanira kuratidzwa nenzira yakajeka. Zvisaririra zvakadaro. Zvisarudzo zvakadaro, sezvinofungwa nomutemo, [FLT]

Zvinobva Pakukweverwa: Apo Usingagoni Kukumbira

Chisarudzo chiri chose mudare rehurumende chinogona kukwirira. Congress nematare zvakaisa pachena uye ganhuriro. Somuenzaniso, mukwirirwi anoteterera ane mhaka kazhinji kazhinji anoputsa maruramiro okukwidza nhau zhinjisa, kunze kwezvirevo zvakati zvehurumende kana kuti zvebumbiro remitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, mirairo yokubatanidza (zvisingaitwi) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haikwikwi. Zvisinei, pane mitongo yakasiana: kubvumira kupiwa kana kuti kurambwa, kuisa vagamuchiri, kana kuti kubatanidza gadziriro dzakati dzemitemo dzinogona kukwidzwa pasi pe 28 U.C. 7692(a)., Federal Res Revition of Civiture Procurectivesss inobvumira mutongo wokukwidza nokuda kwokurangarira mutemo mukuru nokuda kwokurangarira uye kukwirira kwenhau. Chiito ichi chinozivikanwa zvikuru. [5]

Zvikumbiro Zvokukumbira Kudare Repamusorosoro reUnited States

Mwero wakakwirira wekukwirira ikokuUnited States Supreme Court. Zvisinei, Dare repamusorosoro ’ kuhwirudzura ikokusarudza. Pamutevedzeri unotsvaka mafaira kukumbira nokuda kwechikumbiro checertiorari. Dare rinopa certiori munenge 110 muzana bedzi yenhau, idzo dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yehurumende, kurwisana pakati pematare edunhu, kana kuti nhau dzebumbiro remitemo. Hapana maruramiro chaiwo kudare gurusa. Chikumbiro chinofanira kuiswa mukati ma 90 pashure pokupinda kworutongeso mudare rokukwidza. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuziva kuti Dare rapamusorosoro harisi dare rekanga risati riri dare remhosva nokuda kwokurasikirwa nebato riri rose; rinosarudza nhau dzine uko uko kunokosha munyika yose.

Kuitira Hanya Kunoshanda Vagari Vemo

Mitengo Nemaattorney

Kukwirira kunogona kudhura. Mitengo yokubhadharira, mipfumo yokutsikirira, uye mibhadharo yepamutemo inogona kuwedzera nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, mapoka asingadi kubhadharwa angakwanisa kupfuurira mumitengo yemapauperesi, kubhadhara mitero yakati. Mumitongo yeutsotsi, hurumende inofanira kupa zano ramatsotsi anoda kukwirira. Vakwirirwi, kune rumwe rutivi, vanofanira kubhadhara magweta avo vamene kutoti vagovera chitsama. Vagari vemo vanofanirawo kutora chisakiso munguva yacho: kukwirira vakwidzwa kumwedzi mitanhatu kugore kana kuti kupfuura.

Kuramba Tichikoka

Kunyora chiziviso chekukwirira hakungoerekani kwamisa kuchengetwa kwechisarudzo chedare rakaderera. Somuenzaniso, mutongo wemari unogona kuunganidzwa kutoti mutongo ukapa chisungo. Nenzira yakafanana, mutongo woutsotsi unovamba kunyange kana chikumbiro chakamirira, kutoti mukwirirwi akapiwa bhero rakamirira, kutoti kuchida kuratidza kuti kukwirira kwacho kunomutsa mubvunzo mukuru ungaparira kuchinjwa kana kuti kutongwa kutsva. Vagari vemo vanofanira kutsvaka zano pamusoro pokuwana pokugara kwokuuraya kana kuti chikumbiro chakamirira.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana Kunotsiva Nokugadzirisa

Kugadzikisa chikumbiro kunogona kuchengetedza nguva nemari uye kupa kuti mapato adzore migumisiro yacho. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuongorora mitongo yezvirongwa zvevagari vemo, kunyange pashure pokunge vakwidza mvumo.

Mugumisiro: Kuregeredza uye Kukwirira Kunodzorwa neDare Rinotonga

Kureverera kwedare nokukumbira zvinhu zvakaoma asi zvinokosha zvegadziriro yemitemo yeU. Zvisingabviri kufanana nezvinodzivisa kuzvidzivirira kwomutemo, zvakavanzika zvehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichipa kuganhurirwa kwadzo, haigoni kudzivirira kana kuti kuganhurira kukwirira. Nepo kukumbira kunogovera nzira yokururamisa zvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Kunzwisisa mipimo yakakomba, mipimo yemipimo yehwirudzuro, uye miganhu yokukwirira inokosha inokosha inokosha nokuda kwokutarisana nenhau yehurumende. Nepo iyi nyaya ichipa kupfupikisana kwakajeka, haisati ichitsiva zano repamutemo rapamutemo. Munhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa muhurumende anofanira kubvunza mugwetavi ane ruzivo anogona kunzvera iyi mitemo inova nemigumisiro yakanakisisa inobvira. Kuwedzera, kurava mari kubva [FLD:][FF]