Kutangwa Kwepamutemo Kwechinodikanwa Chinobhadhara

Gadziriro yeChina yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inovimbisa kodzero yevanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye migumisiro inopesana nokunzvera kusina mufungo uye nepfari. Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira zvakananga kukutora mapepa nezvinyorwa, vangave vanogara mudare rehurumende, mubato womunhu oga, kana kuti gadziriro yokuchengeta makore. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti kunzvera kana kuti kugwinha kunoitiswa pasina mvumo kusinganzwisisiki, kusingabvumirwi. Chinodikanwa chepamutemo chinobatira secherekedzo yedare pasimba roukuru hwehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo namasangano ehurumende hakupindidzi purofiti pasina donzo.

Mufungo wapamutemo we “ Dare rakasimbisa kuti Kodzero yeChikamu chechipiri inodzivirira, kwete nzvimbo, uye kuti kodzero inodikanwa mukusarudza kana maruramiro ari madikanwa. Mu Katz v. United States [1967], Dare rakatanga kuti Kodzero yeChikamu cheChina inodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo, uye kuti ibvumidzo inodikanwa apo munhu ane kariro yehwaro yezvakavanzika izvo nzanga yakagadzirira kuziva sezvine mufungo. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvavose namatura, uku kunova kunooneka: apo zvimwe zvinhu zvinova pachena, zvine mashoko akavanzika kana kuti akavanzika ayo anoparira dziviriro yeChine. Kunyange zvazvo dare rakatozongofanana naMaredhi.[4]

Kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti chinodikanwa chinodikanwa hachisati chiri kunzvera kwomuviri bedzi. The Veld Communications Act (SCA), rutivi rweElectronic Communications accy Act (ECPA), inoisa zvinodikanwa zvemitemo zvokushandisa kurukurirano dzamagetsi nezvinyorwa zvakachengetwa namakadhi ebasa. Manyoro akawanda zvino avapo muchimiro chemichina, uye dziviriro pakati pezvinodikanwa zvemitemo yapamutemo nemitemo yakavanzika dzinoumba sei kuti mutemo utsigirwe nenzveri dzinowana izvi zvinyorwa zvakachengetwa.

Apo Murwi Anodiwa Nokuda Kwezvinyorwa Zveruzhinji Nedurakwake

Mubvunzo wedanho ndewokuti zvinyorwa zvinotsvakwa ndezvechokwadi here “ elepublic ” kana kuti kana zvine fariro yakavanzika yakadzivirirwa. Masangano ehurumende anochengeta ndandanda hurusa yezvinyorwa, kubva kumabasa enyika namatare edare kusvikira kumafaira evashandi, mafaira ezvokurapa, uye zvishandiso zvakavanzika. Chinodikanwa chinowanzoshanda apo:

  • Mazita ari munzvimbo isiri yapachena. Somuenzaniso, kabhiti yakakiyiwa muhofisi yehurumende, shopu inodzivirira shoko rechiimo, kana kuti kamuri resimende rine mvumo yakaganhurirwa inoda bvumo yokupinda nokunzvera.
  • Mazita akanamatidzwa kana kuti anodzorwa nemurairo unodzivirira. Matare namasangano ehurumende anowanzobudisa mirayiro yokudzivirira kuvandika kana kuti kunzvera kunopfuurira. Kuwana manyoro akanamwa pasina judha kunoputsa dare ’ nhevedzano uye ingaumba kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo.
  • Mutoo wokunzvera unopinza. Kushandisa maturusi okutsvakisisa kutora mafaira abviswa, kuitisa kunzvera kwakazara kwamashoko eduramendero yose, kana kuti kubvisa mumuviri mashandiro okuchengeta zvose zvinoda bvumo nemhaka yokuti anosvika kupfuura mwero wenzvero yenguva dzose.
  • Mazita ane mashoko akavanzika kana kuti akavanzika. Mazita ezvokurapa, mitero, zvinyorwa zvokurera vana, mafaira edare repwere, uye kunzvera vashandi zvine kariro dzakawedzerwa. Kunyange kana akaiswa munzvimbo yavose, rugwaro runowanzova rwuri madikanwa mutemo usati wagona kuanzvera.
  • Mazita anoitwa nomuchengeti wetatu wepativi yedziviriro dzakavanzika nemitemo. Mitabherry, zvipatara, zvikoro, uye masangano epanter angachengeta matura asina kugarwa nehurumende asi ane chokuita nokubvunza kwehurumende. Mitemo yakadai seHealth Inshuwarensis Portatubility neAccountability Act (HIPAA), Family Educational and Accospt (FERPA), uye SCA inoisa zvinodikanwa zvinoraira kazhinji kazhinji kuva nembiriso yebupi.

Kutaura zvazviri, Dare Rechina Rekudzora rinodzivirira kuva voga kwevanhu vane mashoko ari muzvinyorwa izvozvo.

Zvinyorwa Zvemadhigirii, Matombo Anogara Achitevedzwa, uye Kuwanikwa Kure

Kuwanda kwemasvomhu emitengo ane mifungo yakaoma yenzvimbo uye kuva nayo. Vashandisi vemafure vangaiswa munyika dzakasiyana- siyana kana kuti nyika, uye zvinyorwa zvingaendwa mumativi akawanda. United States v.Microsoft Corp. [2017]) ((project;Microsoft Ireland ” kana kuti kudzora kwepapokuno, kwakatungamirira kuCLOUD Act), yakakwidziridza mibvunzo pamusoro perestaterritial tractsssssss yakachengetwa kune imwe nyika. CLOD inozopedzisira yanangurirwa kuti ive inoparira mashoko mukuva nazvo, kuchengetwa, kana kuti kudzorwa kwai uko kwakachengetwa, kwakagoverwa hurumende nemhaka yezvapupuriro yavose.

Mitemo yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo yakadai seFreedom of Information Act (FOIA) nemamiriro ayo ezvinhu akaenzana, zvinogovera nzira yakasiana yokupinda nayo magwaro. Zvisinei, iyi mitemo inowanzova yehurumende muchisiko uye haisati isati ichikurira chinodikanwa chemitemo apo varairi vemitemo vanotsvaka magwaro ebvunzo youtsotsi. FOIA chikumbiro chingarambwa kana marekodhi acho akasunungurwa pakuzivisa (g.g., somunhu oga, miraswo yomutemo yaizodzongodzongonyedza kunzvera) uye boka rinokumbira harigoni kuvharira dziviriro dzapachivande kupfurikidza nokudana chikumbiro cheBhakanwa. “ ” The resition pakati perekodhisso yomutemo yavagari vemoripo nerouti inoda kunzvera zvinangwa zvoutsotsi zvisaririra pasi pezvipo.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Kunyange zvazvo chinodikanwa chiri chinodikanwa chapanguva dzose, kusiiwa kunoverengeka kwakasanogadzwa kunobvumira kunzvera kana kuti kubvutwa kwamarekodhi avose namanyoro pasina chibvumikiso. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kuchengetwa kwomutemo navareveri vouga.

  • . Kana munhu ane kana kuti anodzora nenzira yapamutemo pamarekodhi anopa mvumo nokuzvidira, hapana judha inodikanwa. SSIT: Kubvuma kunofanira kuva kwokuzvidira, kwete kumanikidzwa, uye munhu anofanira kuva nechiremera chaicho kana kuti chepamutemo chokupa mvumo. Masangano ehurumende haagoni kungoda kubvumira semamiriro ezvinhu ebasa kana kuti kukwanisa kupinda kumabasa.
  • Mamiriro ezvinhu asingazivikanwi. Apo kune tyisidziro yapakarepo yoruparadziko rwoufakazi, kunzverwa kwenyumwiro, kana kuti ngozi kuvanhu, vakuru vakuru vangapinda nokutsvaka pasina rugwaro. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa, ikoku kungashanda kana pane mashoko akavimbika ayo zvinyorwa zvodokubviswa, kuchekedzwa, kana kuti kubviswa rugwaro rusati rwagona kuwanwa.
  • Chiono chaPhokopo. Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munharaunda ndokuona zvinyorwa kana kuti ufakazi mumurangariro wakajeka, zvinhu izvozvo zvingabatwa pasina maruramiro, chero chisiko chokupa mhaka chiri pachena nokukurumidza. Ichi chisiiwa chakaenzana nezvinyorwa zvenyama zvinosiiwa zvakazaruka padhesiki kana kuti zvinooneka napahwindo, asi hachibvumidzi madhirowa kana kuti mafaira.
  • Chinonzvera kuti usunge. Apo munhu anosungwa pamutemo, vakuru vakuru vanganzvera nzvimbo iri mukati memubati ’ zvidzorero zvapakarepo (imo, bhegi kana kuti chikwama) pasina rugwaro. Uku kusiiwa kunoganhurirwa muukoshi uye hakutambanudziri kumasairudzo ari kure kana kuti vabatiri.
  • Throad-partimes ne “ kunzvera kwapachivande ” dzidziso. Kana munhu oga (asingaiti somumiriri wehurumende) achinzvera zvinyorwa uye ipapo achichinja nokuzvidira ufakazi kumirano yomutemo, Reformation yeChina kazhinji kazhinji haishandi. Nenzira yakafanana, kana mushandi ane chiremera achibvumira kunzvera mafaira ebasa, kodzero ingasadikanwa. Dare rinotarira pahwerengedzo yemigariro yokusarudza kana kunzvera kwapachivande kwapamutemo kwakasununguka zvirokwazvo kana kuti kana hurumende ichikukurudzira.
  • Kurega nokurasa. Zvinyorwa zvinoraswa namaune kana kuti zvinosiiwa munzvimbo yavose (mutoo, marara anosiiwa pamhenderekedzo yenja) zvinganzverwa pasina rugwaro. Uku kusiiwa kwakaganhurirwa; zvinyorwa zvakachengetwa murasiro yakavharwa kana kuti zvinoiswazve nekariro yechivande zvingangodzivirirwa.

Maererano nenhoroondo dzekare, kupokanidzana kunowanzovapo panhau dzinobvumiranwa uye kuwanda kwezvinyorwa zvechitatu, kunyanya kana muchengeti wehurumende akabvumira kutsvakwa kweduramazwi rimwe chete rine mashoko emunhu oga evanhu vakawanda.

Kuwana Zvinyorwa Kusingacherekedzwi

Muitiro wokushandisa wakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kutsvaka kwacho kune mufungo uye kuti maruramiro akavanzika avanhu anodzivirirwa. Nhano dzacho dzinotevera:

  1. Kuchengetwa kwoMutemo kunofanira kutanga chisakiso chinobvira chakavakirwa pamaidi nemigariro izvo zvingatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti zvinyorwa zvine ufakazi hwemhosva. Chisakiso chaigona kumuka mumashoko ouchapupu, ufakazi chaihwo, ungwaru, kana kuti hwirudzuro.
  2. Kupinza Affidavit. Mukuru wenzvero anopika kunzvimbo yakanyorwa iyo inoonesa maidi anotsigira chisakiso chinobvira. Affidavit inofanira kuva ine udzame uye yakananga, kurondedzera utsotsi hunonzverwa, nexus pakati pezvinyorwa noutsotsi, uye chikonzero nei marekodhi acho angawanwa munzvimbo inoda kuongororwa. Nokuda kwamasai emichina enhau, affidavit anofanira kutaura nezvechimiro chemafaira emagetsi, nzvimbo yenhepfekero, uye miitiro ipi neipi yemiitiro inodikanwa kutora mashoko pasina kuanzvera.
  3. Judicial Review. Mutongi akazvimirira kana kuti majisiti anohwirudzura rugwaro rweaffidavit nepepa ripi rinotsigira. Mutongi anonzvera kana chisakiso chiripo uye kana rugwaro ruchirondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa nechakakwana. Chibvumikiso hachifaniri kuva chiratidzo chehurumende – hachigoni kubvumira basa rokuredza. Chinodikanwa chinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa: Ruzivo runofanira kuziva marekodhi akati, marusaririra ezuva, kana kuti mabhii, kana kuti zvimwe kurondedzera mutoo wenzira iyo inoganhurira kunzvera kwamashoko ane chokuita.
  4. Irefu neKuparadza. Kana mutongi akawana chisakiso chinobvira, rugwaro runofanira kubudiswa. Chiratidzo chinofanira kuitwa munguva yakatarwa (sezvingabvira mazuva 10 kusvikira ku 14, kuchitsamira pavhu) uye kazhinji kazhinji bedzi mukati memaawa emasikati kutoti basa rousiku ritenderwa. Pakutonga, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kunamatira kuukoshi hwekodzero. Vangatora bedzi marekodhi anorondedzerwa. Muchinoitika chamarekodhi emichina, vangada kuita mufananidzo wemadhiraifoni ose uye ipapo gare gare gare kubuda mudare risiri retsororo rinodzorwa kana kuti natenzi chaiye akagadzwa kudzivirira zvinhu zvakaisvonaka kana kuti zvisingashandiswi.
  5. Dzora uye reta. Pashure pokuuraya, mukuru mukuru anofanira kunyora kudzoka nedare, kuronga zvinhu zvakabatwa. Ndaza inokosha nokuda kwokujeka uye inobvumira vanhu vakatapurwa kudenha bvunzurudzo gare gare.

Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yehurumende, miitiro ingasiyana zvishoma, asi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ndiimwe cheteyo. Masangano mazhinji akagamuchira zvinodikanwa zvakaganhurirwa nokuda kwezvibvumikiso zvemitemo yemagetsi yakarongwa, achibatanidza gadziriro dzinobva kumitemo yeSCA kana kuti yakavanzika yehurumende.

Kunetsa Kwezvinyorwa Zvevanhu Vose Kuwanwa Nokuratidzirwa

Chinodikanwa chinoita kusawirirana pakati pe’ maruramiro okuziva ne&rsquo pachayo. Mitemo yezvinyorwa zvavose yakarongedzerwa kusimudzira kujeka kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagari vemo kunzvera nokukopa magwaro anoitwa namasangano ehurumende. Zvisinei, iyi mitemo inewo kurasikirwa kunodzivirira kuvandika kwomunhu oga, kuvanza, uye kudzika mutemo. Chinodikanwa chinowedzera rutivi rwakawedzerwa nokuda kwemigariro umo mutengi womutemo anotsvaka mafariro ezvinangwa zvokunzvera.

Nokuda kwavanyori venhau, vanzveri, uye vagari vemo voga, kunzwisisa apo maruramiro anodikanwa kunogona kubetsera mukupa zano mumanyuko nokuziva apo chikumbiro chehurumende chezvinyorwa chingava chisina chokwadi pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kana sangano rehurumende rikaraira kuwanikwa kwamanyoro ekombiyuta ekombiyuta pasina rugwaro, muchengeti angava nekodzero yokuramba kutoti sangano racho rikagona kuratidza kupesana. Nenzira yakapesana, kana mapepa acho akasanyorwa pachena uye achiwa pasi peFOIA, boka rinokumbira ringada kutevera kunyoreswa kuti ripindure, muitiro wakaparadzana chose chose chose negadziriro yekodzero.

Masangano ehurumende anofanira kushandisa mitemo yakajeka pamusoro penzira yokupindura nayo zvikumbiro zvinobva kumirairidzo yomutemo. Masangano akawanda akagadza vachengeti vanorovedzwa kuziva apo rugwaro runodikanwa uye apo murairo wedare ungakwana. Kuziviswa kusina kukodzera kwezvinyorwa zvakadzivirirwa kunogona kutungamirira kumhosva dzavagari vemo, kupomera mhaka dzakavanzika, uye chiito chokuranga. Masangano anofanirawo kurangarira rondedzero yemazariro [ – pfungwa yokuti mubatanidzwa wemashoko anoratidzika kuva asina kutapura, apo anotyorwa, anogona kuzivisa nhau dzakavanzika dzakavanzika.

Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mumitemo yehurumende yakavanzika, yakadai seCalifornia Consumer Ancy Act (CPA) uye Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA), uye mitemo yakafanana mune dzimwe nyika, zvakatanga misengwa mitsva yemasangano ehurumende anounganidza mashoko omunhu oga. Iyi mitemo inowanzoda rugwaro kana kuti nhevedzano yedare yakafanana mutemo usati wagona kuwana mapoka akati emashoko, kunyange kana mashoko iwayo akachengetwa nehurumende imene.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwavagadziri Vemaduramwa

Vakodhekisi vezvinyorwa zvavose nezvinyorwa – kubatanidza vatarisiri veraibhurari, mabharani eguta, mamaneja emarekodhi, uye vagadziri vemabhii – vanofanira kuva vakagadzirira kubata zvikumbiro zvokuwana. Miitiro inotevera yakanakisisa inogona kubetsera kushandisa chinodikanwa:

  • Ziva mutemo unoshanda. Uzivei imi mumene nemitemo yezvinyorwa zvehurumende, mitemo yehurumende yakadai seFOIA neECPA, uye zvisarudzo zvedare rakakodzera. Chengeta chati yazvino inosiyanisa rudzi rwechinyorwa nomuitiro wapamutemo unodikanwa (kufamba zvakanaka, murairo wedare, kana kuti chikumbiro chakapfava).
  • Kutsvaka chibvumikiso chemashoko anotapurika. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvine mashoko omunhu oga kana kuti akavanzika izvo zvisina kuvhurika kuvoruzhinji, omerera pamaruramiro kutoti chikumbiro chichibva kumunhu ane mashoko ari kukurukurwa kana kuti chisiri chapamutemo chichishanda. Paunenge uchipanikira, bvunza zano rapamutemo usati waita zvinyorwa.
  • Chikumbiro chiri chose. Chengeta rugwaro rwezvikumbiro zvose zvokupinda, zvingava kubva kukusashanda zvakanaka kwomutemo kana kuti mamwe mapoka, kubatanidza hwaro hwepamutemo hunotsamira pari nemhinduro. Mapepa aya anogona kuva anokosha mukudzivirira zvinetso zvokuzivisa kana kuti kutaura kwokuputsa kwakavanzika.
  • Shandisa ruzivo rwokunzvera rusina kutsarukana. Pakuita chiratidzo chapamutemo nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvemichina, shandai nenyanzvi IT kubudisa bedzi mashoko anorondedzerwa murugwaro. Rangarira kushandisa mashoko okunzvera, maseti emisi, uye zvimwe zvidzoreso zvemichina kudzivisa kuisa zvinhu zvisina basa kana kuti zvakaropafadzwa.
  • Nhevedzano yokuchengeta mwana. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvinobatwa seufakazi, chengeta nhevedzano yemiitiro inodzorwa. Bhaidza terevhizheni, chengeta matanda ane udzame aibata marekodhi, uye anoachengeta zvakakotsekana. Ikoku kunovimbisa kusagona kubatwa mudare uye kunobetsera kubudisa kutaura kupi nokupi kwokushandura.
  • Vashandi vanotenderwa. Vanodzidzisa nguva dzose pazvinodikanwa, mitemo yakavanzika, uye misengwa yetsika. Vavigire kuti vashandi vose vanonzwisisa kuti havabvumirwi kunzvera sangano kutoti vane chiremera chapamutemo chokuita kudaro.

Kudzikamisa Kuona Zviri Pakati Nepakati Nokuva Woga: Miitiro Yemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura

Zera remichina rakasunda matare kudzokororazve nheyo dzegamuchidzanwa dzeGrandment yeChina mumashoko ezvinyorwa zvavose. Riley v. California (2014, Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti mapurisa anowanzoda pamutemo kuti atsvake zviri mukati meserura inobatwa kuti ipinde, kuziva kuti makombiyuta azvino uno ane mashoko omunhu oga akawanda. ” uku kurangarira kwakashandiswa nematare epasi kuti achengetedze nhau, matura enhau, uye kunyange manyuko ehurumende ayo anodzosa mashoko emunhu oga. Muitiro wacho uri kudziviriro mukuru zvikuru, kunyange apo mashoko anoitwa nebasa rechitatu kana kuti sangano rehurumende.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuraira kwokuoneka kwehurumende kwakura zvikuru. Mari yerima, kusazvibata kwamapurisa, uye kusaenzana kwegadziriro dzakanyandura kuraira kuwanwa kwavanhu kumashoko anobva muzvinyorwa zvokuranga zvavakuru vakuru kuti vatsigire nhimbe dzemari. Chinodikanwa hachipinganidzi nhamburiko dzapamutemo dzokuona nemhaka yokuti zvikumbiro izvozvo zvinoitwa zvapamutemo pasi pemitemo yeFOIA kana kuti hurumende yakazarurira pamutemo. Zvisinei, apo zvinyorwa zvimwe chetezvo zvinotsvakwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuchengeta mutemo, chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rokutsvaka harishandiswi zvisina kufanira.

Mitemo yapindura nemirau inoita kuti zvikwaniswe. Mitemo mizhinji yakaisa mitemo inoda pamutemo unoda kuti ipinde kombiyuta yenzvimbo yemagetsi, kunzvera tsamba dzinoitwa nenhengo dzechitatu, kana kuti kuwana zvinyorwa zvevadzidzi. Imamail Finsicle Act (inopfuudzwa serutivi rweUSALiberty asi isati yanyatsoiswa seyakakodzera; zvisinei, nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa mutemo wakafanana) yakarayira kuti hurumende ibvumidze maakaunzi eemail kuzivisa zvirimo zvemaemail akura kupfuura mazuva 180. Chimiro chakajekajeka: dziviriro dzemitemo dziri kukura kuti dzizadzike miganhuro yeChikamu cheChina chete gadziriso chePremende yeMitemo; zvisinei, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvakanyorwa nesangano risiri rehurumende.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda nokuda kwokuwana nokunzvera zvinyorwa zvavose namanyoro iko kutangira kudzorwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Zvinodzivirira vanhu pakuvhozhokera kwehurumende kwounyengeri nepo zvichibvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo namasangano kuita nzvero dzapamutemo. Vakosi vezvinyorwa vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira, kunzwisisa apo rugwaro runodikanwa uye apo kusiri pamutemo. Mitemo yavose neRemendement yeChina jurisprudence zvinova neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kuramba vachiziva idziviriro yakanakisisa mukurwisana nezvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvinodhura. Pakupedzisira, chinodikanwa chinoshanda zvose zviri zviviri kujeka nokuvandika, kuvimbisa kuti kutsvakwa kwezvokwadi yezvokwadi yezvokwadi hakusviki pandyiko yekodzero dzinokosha.