Mavambo Epamutemo Ezvinodiwa Zvinotsigira Kuwana Mashoko Akawanda

Kugamuchirwa kwokukurumidza kwemabasa egore — kubva kuGoogle Drive naColoud kusvikira kuMicrosoft OneDrive — kwachinja zvikuru nzira iyo mashoko omunhu oga anochengetwa nayo nokusvikwa nayo. Zvikuva izvi zvine mufananidzo wakadzama zvikuru woupenyu hwevanhu: mashoko akavanzika, zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo, zvinyorwa zvemari, magwaro ezvokurapa, uye kunyange mashoko ezvokushanda. Nemhaka yokuziva mashoko aya uye mwero wemashoko. Zvirongwa zvepamutemo munyika yose zvakatanga zvinodikanwa zvakajeka pamberi pokuchengetwa kwomutemo kana kuti mamwe masangano ehurumende zvinogona kumanikidza mushandiridzo kuti ape mashoko anoshandiswa.

MuUnited States, Mutemo weChina weMitemo unoshanda sedziviriro inodzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Matare anoshandisa nguva dzose iyi dziviriro kumashoko emichina akachengetwa namativi echitatu, kubatanidza mabasa egore. Chinyorwa cha 2018 Supreme Court Carpitant v. United States yakasimbisa kuti hurumende inoda maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chakati kuti iwane mashoko enzvimbo yenhau anochengetwa navanoshandira. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka iyoyo yaibata zvakananga nemiraudzo yenzvimbo yeserura, kurangarira kwayo kwakatambanudzwa kuzvimwe zvinhu zvemichina zvakachengetwa mugore.

Chikamu chakananga chemipimo inodzora mipimo yegore muU.S. iVerd Communications Act (SCA), chipfuurwa serutivi rweElectronic Communications Anfish Act ya1986. SCA inosiyanisa pakati pemapoka maviri edata: zvinobatanidzwa (g., mashoko ee e email, mufananidzo) uye asingagutsikani (g., zita rekunyoresa, kero, metameta). Kuwana zvirimo kunoda chaizvoizvo rugwaro runotsigirwa nezvisakiso zvinotengwanwa, nepo kana kuti dare rerona ine mipimo mishoma. Zvisinei, mitsetse iri pakati pezvikamu nezvikamu zvemitemu inovanzaridzwa (g..

Nyika yose, nyika inodzivirirawo zvakafanana. Sangano reEuropean Union’s General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR) rinoisa migariro yakaoma pakugadzirwa kupi nokupi kwemashoko omunhu oga, kubatanidza kuziviswa kuchengetwa kwomutemo. MuChikamu 48, mutongo upi noupi kana kuti miraudzo inoda kuti mutsidziri wokutumira mashoko omunhu oga anofanira kuzivikanwa kana kuti kubvumirwa kupfurikidza nechibvumirano chenyika yose — zvinobudirira kuda pamutemo kana kuti chibvumirano chebetsero chapamutemo chebetsero (MLAT) chichishanda. Nyika dzakafanana neGermany, Japan, uye Australia dzakaita mitemo yadzo yokuwana mashoko iyo inoratidzira nheyo idzi, kazhinji kacho inorayira pamutemo kunyange apo mashoko anochengetwa kune imwe nyika.

Mupimo Uyo Mutyi Ane Simba Anofanira Kugutsa

Chibvumikiso hachisati chichingovawo hacho chidimbu chepepa — chinofanira kusvitsa mipimo yapamutemo yakaoma iyo inodzikamisa hurumende inonzvera inoda nedziviriro dzakavanzika dzebumbiro remitemo. Vatarisiri vegore vanonzvera nokungwarira rugwaro rumwe norumwe kuva nechokwadi chokuteerera vasati vabudisa mashoko api naapi anoshandiswa. Mipimo mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Chisakiso chakarurama: Hurumende inofanira kupa ufakazi hwakakwana kumajaji asingatori rutivi kuti mashoko aitsvakwa angangova akabatana noutsotsi hwakati. Mupimo uyu wakakwirira kupfuura kufungirawo zvako uye mupimo mumwe chetewo unodikanwa nokuda kwokutsvaka musha kana kuti hofisi.
  • Chitendero chinofanira kurondedzera zvakananga mashoko anenge achifanira kusechwa nokubatwa. Mutauro weVague se “chinhu chipi nechipi nekurukurirano dzose” unorambwa. Zvibvumikiso zvinoshanda zvinoronga nhoroondo yomunhu, mitsara yezuva, marudzi emashoko (um., maemail, mafaira egore, nzvimbo dzinotemwa), uye chikuva chinobatanidzwa.
  • Chibvumikiso cheChibvumirano cheJudicial: Mutongi kana kuti majistati anohwirudzura kushandiswa, achiivimbisa kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Chibvumirano chinofanira kusainwa ndokunamirwa, uye kazhinji kazhinji chinouya nemurairo usiri wedisclorence uyo unodzivisa mugove unodzivisa kwechinguvana kuzivisa mushandisi.
  • Kuratidza uye Nguva: Vapari vehondo kazhinji kazhinji vanoganhurirwa munguva uye vanofanira kuurawa mukati menhambo ine mufungo. Kupfuurira kunoda kuvandudza kwapanhambo nenhambo, uye mamwe masimba anoganhurira mvumo yokutanga kumazuva 30 kana kuti 90.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda Yavarambi Vasina Kushanda

Rangarira nzvero yeunyengeri umo vanyumwiri vanodavira kuti vanoshandisa dockbox kuchengeta mainvoisi enhema. Chibvumikiso chine simba chingadudza akaundi chaiyo yePresbox (g., kero yeemail), hwindo remwedzi miviri umo mainvoces akasikwa, uye marudzi efaira (m., PDF, mapeji ePDS). Chibvumikiso chacho chingatsigirwa neaffidavit inoratidza chisakiso chinobvira — somuenzaniso, kutaura kwouchapupu kwokuti mutengi wenhema. Mukupesana, chikumbiro chikuru che “mafaira ose omushandisi uyu”, pasina ne nexus kumubato woutsotsi, sezvingabvira chaizorambwa nechinokorwa chegore kana kuti chinorohwa mudare.

Mishumo yemakore yakadai seGoogle neApple inogamuchira makumi ezviuru zvezvibvumikiso gore negore. Maererano nomushumo wazvino uno wokuona waApple, kambani yacho yakaramba inenge 15% yezvibvumikiso zvayakanga yagamuchira nokuda kwokukundikana kusvitsa mipimo yapamutemo — kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yechisakiso chisina kukwana kana kuti kushaikwa kwechinhu chaicho. Uyu muitiro wokudzivisa hausati uri wechienzi; kukundikana kuwirirana nerugwaro rwakaremara kugona kuratidzira mutengi kukuva nemhaka yehurumende kana kuti kunyange kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo kubva kumunhu anotaputswa.

Zvinetso Zvinoshamisa Pakuwana Mashoko Ane Mashoko

Nepo gadziriro yapamutemo yekodzero yakasanosimbiswa, kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunoshanda kunotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinoverengeka dzinoomesa kunzvera.

Kusawirirana Kwepfungwa uye Kuchinja Kwenzvimbo

Masangano emakore anowanzochengeta mashoko mumibatanidzwa yakawanda yemibatanidzwa yenyika. Mutarisiri anogara muUnited States angaisa mashoko omushandisi weEurope muchivako muIreland kana kuti Singapore. Apo kudzika mutemo kunobva kune imwe nyika unotsvaka rugwaro rwemirayiro yakachengetwa mune imwe, muitiro unova wakavhengana muhurumende dzemitemo dzinorwisana. CLOUD Act (Kushandisa Mutemo Mutemo Nemitemo) ye2018 yakaedza kunyora izvi nokubvumira U.S.S. kuti ishande magwaro zvakananga paU.S. makambani ezvokuchengeta mashoko ari kunze kwenyika, chero bedzi kambani yasvika.

Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakabudisa kutsoropodza kubva kuvarevereri vezvechivande uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vokuEurope, vanopikisa mitemo yokudzivirira mashoko yomunzvimbomo seGDPR. somuenzaniso, kana U.S. ikashandisa gwaro paMicrosoft nokuda kwemashoko akachengetwa muGermany, Microsoft ingatarisana nerwisano: iwirirane nemitemo yeU.S. (kuramba kudzivirira kweGDR), kana kuti kuramba (kuzvidza muU.S. dare). Mamwe makambani akatendeukira kuripi, sezvinoonekwa muMicrosoft Ireland chinoitika (20.2018), icho pakupedzisira chakapedzwa neCLOUD Act. Kukakavadzana kwakafanana kuri kubuda nemitemo yomunzvimbomo muRussia, uye India, izvo zvinoda kuchengetera mashoko munyika uye kubvumira kutongwa kupi nokutonga kupi nokupi.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokunyora Mashoko uye Zveunyanzvi

Endûtoxend copyrreader yazova chinhu chinosimudzirwa nokuda kwamabasa akawanda amakore, kubatanidza iMail, Whats App, uye zvimwe zvinhu zveGoogle Drive. Apo midziyo inonyorwa kuti mushandi haagoni kuirava, chibvumikiso chingava chisingamanikidzikidzi. Kudzikamiswa kwomutemo ipapo kunofanira kumanikidza mushandi kugovera kiyi yavo yeshoko rokuzivisa shoko ravo remongi kana kuti kunyora mashoko okunyorwa kwamashoko (inoita kuti Pendex Complete Complete yeIntelligement isaruvanual funga nezvako muU.S.) kana kuti kuedza kuputsa kunyorwa kwemashoko okunyorwa kwemashoko kupfurikidza nounyanzvi. Ikoku kwaita kuti kupfuure nharo pamusoro pe “kusvika kwoukuru kwezvokusvika kwomutemo" — kunoda kuti makambanidzoro yomutemo ushaindedzero, chiito chakapesana zvikuru nenyanzvi dzechengeteko.

Muna 2020, Department of Justice reUnited States rakasunungura chirevo chedare chinogombedzera kubetsera mukuvhura iPhones dzomuparidzi mukuru. Apple akadzivisa, achiramba kuti kuita kusvika kwakadaro kwaizonetesa chengeteko yavashandisi vose. Mhaka yacho yakadonha pashure pokunge vapari vedare vapanze vagovera mhinduro yegadziriro, asi nhau yacho haisati yapedzwa. Kuda kwemashoko egore, kusawirirana kwakafanana kunomuka: gwaro ringava rapamutemo, asi kana mupi wemari asingabvumiri pamutemo — kana kuti akasarudza — kunzvera kungapera.

Kubetserana Kwapamutemo Kwose (MLAT)

Apo rugwaro runobva kune imwe nyika runonanga mashoko mune imwe, uye pasina chibvumirano cheCLOUD Act, kudzika mutemo kunofanira kutsamira pamaMLAT — zvibvumirano zvebilada zvinoyamura kugoverana kwoufakazi hwebodhiji. Muitiro weMLAT unononoka zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji unotora mwedzi kana kuti makore. A 2017 kufunda kwakaitwa neBato reRuramisiro reU. yakawana kuti chikumbiro cheAvhareji cheMLLAT chakatora mwedzi 10 kuti chiitike. Uku kunonoka kunogona kudzivisa kunzvera kwokukurumidza kubatanidza ugandanga, kushatisa vana, kana kuti kutengesa mirimo.

Kuti ikurumidze kubvumirwa nomutemo, nyika dzinoverengeka dziri kuronga zvibvumirano zvitsva, zvakadai seEU 94U. Datas Incalism, iyo inobatanidza nzira dzekukumbira mashoko. Munguva ino, matura egore anowanzobvumira vanoshandisa kukopa mashoko avo, naizvozvo kuchengetwa kwemitemo kungaedza kuwana mashoko acho zvakananga kumunhu anoshandisa (kutsvakisisa kombiyuta) panzvimbo pekunobhadharwa — asi nzira iyoyowo ine miganhu kana mashoko acho asina kuchengetwa munharaunda yacho.

Zvakavanzika Nedzikamo Nechengeteko Yavose

The warrant requirement exists precisely to protect individuals from overreach, but the expanding reach of cloud storage raises consequential privacy questions. One concern is the rise of “reverse warrants” — requests for data not about a specific suspect but about all users who visited a particular location or used a certain search term. The ACLU has criticized such broad‑based demands as an end‑run around individualized probable cause. In 2023, a Virginia court issued a warrant requiring Google to disclose the account information of any user who searched a particular person’s address — effectively a warrant for thousands of innocent users. The warrant was ultimately withdrawn after legal challenges, but the tactic represents a growing trend.

Imwe nhau kushandiswa kwe “migariro yakaoma” kupfuudza chinodikanwa. Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungataura tyisidziro yava pedyo (sezvikurukuru, kuba kuri kufambira mberi) kuraira kuwanikwa kwamashoko nokukurumidza pasina pamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo zvichibvumirwa pamutemo mumamiriro ezvinhu matete, makambani akadai se Twitter naMeta akanyora mazana ezvikumbiro zvakadaro gore rimwe nerimwe, pane dzimwe nguva kushaiwa pembedzo dzakaringana. Vatsigiri vezvakavanzika vanotaura kuti kupesana kuri kunyanyoshandiswa, kuderedza pamutemo realciation wit fure.

Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunotaura kuti zvinodikanwa zvinofanira kuchinjira kunzvimbo yazvino uno yemichina. Data iyo mumakumi amakore apakuvamba yaizova yechinguvana (runhare, kurukurirano yechiso chapasi padenga) zvino yakachengetwa zvechigarire nezvinochengeterwa makore. The Electronic Foundation Foundation[FL:]] zvinodzivisa kuti kugara uku kunoitwa kunotoita kuti kudzivirira kuve kuri madikanwa zvikuru. Gakava remitemo rinopfuurira kupfuurira kuvapo mumatare napavhuro.

Matanho Anoshanda Kuti Vashandi Vasimbise Kuva Vavo Voga

Kunyange zvazvo matare achidzivirira, vanhu vanogona kutora mamwe matanho okuderedza kubvumirwa kwemitemo nyore nyore kwokuwana mashoko anenge ari mumashoko avo:

  • Kuomesa muromo kupfurikidza nokunyora panenge paine mativi akatsigiwa pamitemo yakatsigirwa (mutoo, iColoud Expital Data Khuviation, Chiratidzo nokuda kwokutumirana mashoko, Proton Drive nokuda kwefairasi). Ikoku kunodzivisa chiwirirano kupa mushandiridziro pakugona kupfuudza zviri mukati zvinodzidzwa kunyange pasi pebvumiro yakasimba — kunyange zvazvo zvichiri kuzivisa metabhusayini.
  • Shandisa shoko routsi rakasimba, rakasiyana nerekushandisa uye zvinhu zviviri zvinosimbisa kudzivisa kuwanikwa kweakaundi isina mvumo, sezvo kuchengetwa kwomutemo pane dzimwe nguva kuchipfuura muridzi kupfurikidza nokubvumiranisa zvisina kufanira magwaro eakaundi yake amene.
  • Pasi pekuna mushumo womutarisiri wako wokuona. Gadziriro yezvokuona. Makambani akaita seGoogle neApple anobudisa mishumo yenguva dzose ino udzame kuti imbiri ibvumidzwa yaanogamuchira uye kuti iwirirane kazhinji sei. Ikoku kunogona kuzivisa chisarudzo chako chebasa.
  • [[FTL:0] Zvuru rinochengetwa regore remashoko anotapukira zvikuru kana zvichibvira. Rangarira kusaidza mafaira munzvimbomo usati waaisa, uchishandisa maturusi akadai seVeraCrypt kana kuti Cryp tomainer, kuitira kuti ugobata makiyi okunyoresa.
  • Ziva nezvezvinodikanwa zveziviso zvapamutemo. Masangano mazhinji anoda kuti mutemo ushande kukuzivisa pashure pokunge rugwaro rwaitwa (kunyange ikoku kuchigona kunonotswa nemirairo). Kuziva kodzero dzako — zvakadai semano okudenha rugwaro pashure peidi — kunogona kukubetsera kuita chiito kana mashoko ako akawanwa pasina ruramisiro.

Nguva Yemberi Yezvinodikanwa Zvinotsigira Zvemashoko

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoramba ruchichinja, nzvimbo yepamutemo ichapfuurira kuchinjwa. Congress ingawedzera Electronic Communications Act kuti iwirirane ne 21stlonity. Panguva ino, mitemo yepachivande yakadai seCalifornia Consumer Inficiety Act (CPA) uye Consumer Data Protection Act iri kuwedzera mikana mitsva yokudzivirira, dzimwe nguva ichida kubvuma zvakajeka kunyange mashoko ehurumende akumbiro. Kuwedzera kwemitemo yezvokudzora kwemashoko uye kuva woga kungatungamirira kukukamuranisa, zvichiita kuti kudarika kutooma zvikuru.

Chinyorwa chiri kumuka kushandiswa kwemitemo yezvitsama zvinamatatu nemichina kudzidza kupinza mashoko anotapukira pasina kuda zviri mauri. Kunyange pasina kuvhura rugwaro rweemail kana kuti mapikicha epikicha, kudzikamisa kwomutemo pane dzimwe nguva kunogona kugadzirazve mibato yomusha kupfurikidza nemifananidzo mumapango anochengeterwa makore. Dare reSikisi reNhenhare reMitempo reMitemo yeZvikumbiro muUnited States rinodavira kuti kusvika kumitezo yemametameta kungasada pamutemo, kugadzira chidimbuko chinobvira. Dare rapamusoro pevhu rinogona pakupedzisira kunyora kana kururamisa kuvhiringana kwakavanzika kwoga kwoga kutsigira kusangana.

Nokuda kwavagoveri vemakore, mutengo wokusawirirana nemitemo yapamutemo unogona kuva mukuru: zvirango zvokuzvidza, kurasikirwa nechivimbo chavatengi, uye kupomera mhaka kunobvira kwevagari vemo. Asi unogonawo kurasikirwa nokuita zvinodikanwa zvakanyanyofara kana kuti zvakashata — zvikurukuru apo zviya zvinoraira zvinorwisana nemitemo yechivande chemunhu oga mune dzimwe nyika. Naizvozvo, vatarisiri vazhinji vanochengeta mapoka epamutemo ezvomutemo anohwirudzura chikumbiro chiri chose chezviri mukati, kazhinji kazhinji vachidzorera shure apo rugwaro rwacho runenge rusingasviki mipimo yorumano zvikurusa.

Icho Vashandi Vanofanira Kurangarira

Pakupedzisira, chinodikanwa chemashoko anokosha dziviriro yakakomba, asi haina kukwana. Vashandisi havafaniri kufungidzira kuti mashoko avo ari mumakore akavanzika nemhaka bedzi yokuti rugwaro runodikanwa. Kushandiswa kunowedzera kwemirairo yegag, kudzokera kutsamba, uye kutaura kwokudenha kunoreva kuti mashoko anogona kuwanikwa pasina utariri hwedare. Kunyora mashoko epachivande uye kunzwisisa miitiro yepachivande yegore rako kunoramba kuri nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivirira nayo mashoko omunhu oga munguva yokuongorora kwemakombiyuta.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama muchadenga chazvino, ACLU kwezvakavanzika nepfuma zvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogovera 76to69 fundo dzenhau dzezuva nenzvero dzemiitiro. U.S. Department yeCLOUD Act yeCLOUD inotsanangura murangariro wehurumende pamifungo yemitemo yakavhuro. uye website yeFrame yeIFRAME. [[FLT:]] inopa nhungamiro yemabhizimisi anofambisa EUU.S.

Sezvo mabasa anoitwa namakore anopfuurira kuzvibatanidza amene murutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, gakava pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvinofanira kutowedzera bedzi. Nheyo huru — yokuti hurumende inofanira kuwana maruramiro akavakirwa pachikonzero chinobvira pamberi pokuwana mashoko avanhu oga — inoramba iri mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokudzikamisa chengeteko norusununguko.