Kuwiriraniswa Kwokuva Woga Nokuwana

Kukwanisa kuwana mashoko anenge akachengetwa pamichina yakadai semafoni, mahwendefa, uye marapy kwazova nhau inokosha mumashoko evagari vemo. Nokuwedzera kukurukurirana kwomunhu oga nebhizimisi, dhiramu rinogona kuva nouchapupu hunoda kutongwa nenyaya, kubva mumaemail nemagwaro kuenda kumashoko enhau. Zvisinei, kudzora kwepamutemo kusvika kwakadaro hakurevi zvakananga. Inoita kuti kodzero inokosha yokuva voga mukurwisana nezvinodiwa nepamutemo, kazhinji kacho inoda kudzorwa kwokungwarira kwedziviriro dzemitemo, mitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, uye zvinodzivirira zvemitemo.

Nyaya inonzvera zvinodikanwa nemimwe mipimo yapamutemo inoshanda apo vakwikwidzani vanotsvaka kuwana mashoko kubva kumasangano omunhu oga mukati mekutongwa kwehurumende. Tichanzvera nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, mutemo mukuru wenhau, basa reTreams Communings Act, masiyano, uye gadziriro dzinoshanda nokuda kwamagweta. Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo inokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hunounganidzwa nenzira yapamutemo uye kuti maruramiro avari vemidziyo anoremekedzwa.

Mipimo yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kugadzikiswa kweChina muNhambo Yechidhina

Chibvumirano cheChina cheMitemo yeU.S. chinodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari nehurumende.Inowanzoda kuti mutemo ushandiswe kuwana gwaro rakavakirwa pachingabvira pachinhu chomunhu asati anzvera zvinhu. Mumakore gumi apfuura, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kuti zvishandiso zvemichina zvinopa itiro hanya dzakavanzika dzakasiana. Nemhaka yokuti foni inogona kuchengeta zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko akavanzika, Dare rakarangarira kuti kuwana mashoko akadaro pasina pamutemo kunorangarirwa kuva kusina mufungo (kunyanduka) kunyange mumashoko umo kunzvera kwomuviri kungabvumidzwa.

Mu California [2014, Dare Rapamusorosanosarudza nokubvumirana kuti mapurisa anofanira kuwana rugwaro asati atsvaka serura yabatwa kuti ive mhaka. Dare rakasimbisa kuti makombiyuta “makambani okushandisa magetsi” ane mashoko anopfuura zvikuru chinhu chipi nechipi chinowanwa muhomwe, uye kuti fariro dzakavanzika dziri padanda dzakajeka. Kunyange zvazvo Riley akanga ari mhaka youtsotsi, kurangarira kwawo kwakapesvedzera kupesvedzerwa kwevagari vemo, zvikurukuru apo hurumende iri boka.

Nenzira yakafanana, mu Carpeent v. United States (2017), Dare raida rugwaro rwokupinda zvinyorwa zvenhau zvenzvimbo yesero-rositi zvinochengetwa nenyanzvi yechitatu yemagetsi. Dare rakaziva kuti chikumbiro chehurumende chemazuva 127 emashoko enzvimbo chakaumbwa neFreadmersion. Chisarudzo ichi chinosimbisa kuti kunyange mashoko akaitwa navashandi anogona kuisa kuva akavanzika, uye akaumba kariro dzokuwana kwevagari vemo kunobatanidza nzvimbo kana kuti mashoko okutengidzira.

Kunyange zvazvo zvisarudzo izvi zvichinyatsotaura nezvezviito zvemitemo, nyaya dzevagari vemo dzinowanzosanganisira vanhu voga.Vhiki, Kugadziridzwa kweNhengo yeChina hakushandi kuvatambi voga. Zvisinei, mitemo yayo yakapararira semitemo yeVedd Communies Act uye mitemo yezvemagetsi, inoisa zvinodikanwa zvakafanana nezvinodiwa kuti zviwanike zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa pakukurukurirana kwemagetsi akachengetwa. Uyezve, apo hurumende inenge iri boka rakaita sechiito chekuchengeta vanhu neSacendity and Exchange Commission kana kuti Federal Trade Commission yaCrence inoshanda zvizere pakuwana zvikumbiro zvinobatanidza zvishandiso zvomunhu oga.

Kusiyanisa Mhosva Nefambiro Mhosva Yavagari Vemo: Basa Remitemo Yokuwanwa

Munengonyedzo dzavagari vemo dzavanhu chete, Findment yeChina haiganhuri zvikumbiro zvakananga kumapoka anopikisana. Panzvimbo pezvo, kuwana kunodzorwa neFederal Mitemo yeCivil Procediture kana kuti mitemo yehurumende yakafanana. Ratidziro 26(b) (1) inobvumidza kuwanwa kwechinhu chipi nechipi chisina kubvumirwa chakafanira kukutaura kana kuti kudzivirira kwechinodikanwa chenhau. Iyi miraudzo inodzikamiswa pamutoro paboka rinoparira kukura kwoukoshi hwemashoko.

Apo mubato unotsvaka kuwana mashoko echinhu chomunhu oga, nhau huru dzinoshanda uye mutoro. Matare anowanzoda kuratidzwa kwamaidi akati kuti chishandiso chine ufakazi hwakafanira. Kufamba kwehove kunorambidzwa. Kuwedzera, kuitira hanya zvakavanzika kungamutswa kupfurikidza nokutanga kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwenhevedzano inodzivirira pasi poMutezo 26(c). Matare ane uchenjeri kuganhurira kuwana kudzivirira munhu pakugumbuka, kukwenudzwa, kana kuti mutoro usina kufanira. Somuenzaniso, dare ringaraira kuti nzvero yezvokutsvaka kwapachivande kunoitwa nenyanzvi isingatori rutivi, kuti mapoka akati bedzi ezvokuziva ashandiswe, kana kuti kuti kurukurirano dzakafanirwa nokucherwa kwechikwata chinoshaidzwa.

Musiyano pakati pehurumende nechiito chapachivande unokosha. Kana mubato unotsvaka mashoko isangano rehurumende rinoshanda muukuru hwevagari vemo, Ivhu raChina reMitemo rinoshanda. Inoreva kuti sangano racho rinofanira kuwana rumbidzo inotsigirwa nezvinobvira kutoti zvichishanda. Zvisinei, masangano ehurumende anowanzoshandisa zvimwe midziyo, zvakadai sezvinorayirwa navagari vemo (CID) kana kuti zvidzo zvokutarisira, izvo zvisingadi chikonzero chinobvira asi zviri pasi pedzimwe ganhuriro. Kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvakadaro kumanikidza kupinza muchina wechina wechina wechina chechina kunowedzera zvinhu zvinokosha, zvikurukuru pashure pe ] uye [FLT:]

Apo Murwi Anodikanwa: Kuwana Hurumende Muuzivi Hwehurumende

Chinoitika chakananga zvikurusa chinoda rugwaro runoda apo sangano rehurumende ($federal, rehurumende, kana kuti remo) rinotsvaka zvakananga muchina womunhu oga sorutivi rwefekitari yehurumende kana kuti chiito chokudzikamisa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kunzvera mutero, kubiridzira pamutemo wemutero, kana kuti mumiririri mukuru wehurumende anoshandisa mitemo yokudzivirira vatengi. Mumiitiro yakadaro, sangano rinofanira kuwirirana nechinodikanwa cheFreenterlinement.

Kuti awane rugwaro, hurumende inofanira kuratidzira chisakiso chinobvira chokuti muchina wacho une ufakazi hwekuputswa chakananga. Chibvumikiso chinofanirawo kuva chakananga, kurondedzera nechakananga mashoko anofanira kutorwa uye nzvimbo dzinofanira kunzverwa. Rudzi urwo Mutengo weChina wakaitirwa kurambidza jeni. Irwo runoreva kuti hurumende haigoni kungotora chinhu ndokuchinzvera chose chose; inofanira kududza necherekedzo pakati pechakaipa chinonzi namashoko aitsvakwa.

Hurumende painotsvaka mashoko kwete zvakananga kubva kumuridzi wezvinhu asi kubva kunzvimbo yechitatu yebasa (zvakadai sekamuri rokuchengetera mapepa kana kuti kambani inochengetera makore), Treed Communications Act (SCA) inowanzoshanda. Pasi peSCA, hurumende inoda rugwaro rwezvirimo zvekurukurirano dzemagetsi zvakachengetwa kwemazuva 180 kana kuti pasi. Zvikamu zvazvinogona kushandisa subpoena zvine ziviso kumunhu anonyoresa mashoko. Zvisinei, vashandisi vakawanda zvino vanoda bvumikiro pasinei zvapo, uye dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo inoraira chikumbiro chehurumende chipi nechipi chemichina yemagetsi. Somuenzaniso, California inokurukura mashoko ekombiyuta (CECPA) inoda kuti hurumende ipi neipi iwane mashoko okukurukurirana kana kuti iwane mashoko akaganhurirwa.

Kusiyaniswa Nechinodikanwa Chisingabvumirwi Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo

Kunyange kana hurumende ichibatanidzwa, pane vamwe vasingawanzopindiri vasingabvumirwi.

  • Migariro yakananga: Kana kune tyisidziro yekare kuupenyu kana kuti chengeteko, kana kuti ngozi yoruparadziko rwoufakazi, hurumende ingaita pasina maruramiro. Somuenzaniso, kana chishandiso chava kuda kuparadzwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungachitora ndokuita nzvero yakatarwa kuchengetedza mashoko. Zvisinei, nhau dzevagari vemo hadziwanzobatanidza kurumidziro yakadaro; matare anonzvera maruramiro anosanonzvera.
  • Consisted: Kana muridzi wechaicho abvuma nokuzvidira kutsvakwa, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa pachena, kwete kumanikidzwa. Mumharidzo yehurumende, mubatanidzwa ungabvumirana sechikamu chebvumirano chokuwana, asi matare achavimbisa kuti mvumo yacho izivikanwa uye inozvipira.
  • Chiono chomufungo chapakarepo: Kana kunzvera kwapamutemo kwechakavanzika kuchizivisa ufakazi hweimwe putsiso mumurangariro wakajeka, ufakazi hungava husingabviri. Zvisinei, kupindira kwokutanga kunofanira kubvumirwa nomutemo, uye mamiriro ezvinhu anoparira anofanira kuva pachena nokukurumidza. Iyi dzidziso haiwanzoshandiswi mumigariro yevagari vemo.
  • Kunzvera: Pashure pokubvuta kwapamutemo kwechashandiswa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungaita nzvero yokunzvera yecherekedzo yechinhu chokunze (g., kutarira pamadziro) kudzivirira zviteshi zvezvinhu zvakarasika. Asi kunzvera zviri mukati mechinhu kungapfuura ukuru hwenzvero.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti matare akarangarira kazhinji kazhinji kuti chinodikanwa chinoshanda nesimba guru muzviito zvokuchengeta vagari vemo, zvikurukuru apo chishandiso chinenge chisiri chinoitika kukusungwa. Kurangarira kwe Riley .

Kukurukurirana Kunochengetwa Munzvimbo Yokuchengetera Nokuwanwa Kwevanhu Vose

Chibvumirano cheTeled Communications Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712, mutemo wehurumende unoganhurira hurumende nokuwana kurukurirano dzamagetsi dzakachengetwa. Kupa kurukurirano dzamakombiyuta dzakachengetwa, SCA ine miuyo mikuru miviri:

  • Kupinda kwapakarepo: Sezvacherekedzwa, SCA inoda rugwaro rwezvisimo zvekurukurirano dzamagetsi (semaemail kana kuti mashoko akavanzika) mukuchengetera kwamazuva 180 kana kuti pasi. Nokuda kwezvirimo, hurumende inogona kushandisa subpoena kana kuti nhevedzano yedare kana ikapa pamberi paichiziviso kumunyoresi. Zvisinei, matura akawanda zvino anoda pamutemo nokuda kwezvirimo zvose, uye mamwe matare akarangarira kuti mupimo wakaderera weSCA nokuda kwekurukurirano yakare ungava usina kudzorwa pashure po
  • [[NUMBO:0]] Kusvika kwebato: SCA inorambidza zvirongwa zvokuzvidira zvokuisa zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa kumasangano asiri ehurumende, kubatanidza mapati ehurumende murondedzero. Kuti uwane zvirimo kubva kumunhu anopa mari, mubato unofanira kuwana kubvuma kwomunyoresi, shandisa chiziviso chepepuana nechiziviso kumunyoresi, kana kuti wana nhevedzano yedare pashure pokuratidza kuti "Maidi akajeka neanoshanda" kuti zviri mukati macho zvinoshanda uye zvinhu.

Kuwana kwemichina (sokupesana nokuwana zvinobvumirwa), SCA haishandi zvakananga kutoti dhiragi racho rikashandiswa kuchengeta kurukurirano pagadziriro yemushandisi wemari. Zvisinei, SCA inowanzova yakakodzera apo boka rinotsvaka kumanikidza muridzi wesitiki kuti ape magwaro okupinda paIndaneti, kana kuti kana dhipatimendi racho rava kugadziridzwa uye mashoko acho akachengetwa mugore. Chipanga kombiyuta chinofanira kuziva kuti SCA inogadzira zvimwe zviteshi zvokuwedzera kuti iwane mashoko emagetsi kubva kumativi matatu ezvishandiso.

Kufambidzana pakati peSCA neFrencement yeChina kwakaoma. Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ikagamuchira gwaro rezviri mukati kubva kumugodhi, mutemo iwoyo unofanira kugutsa zvose zviri zviviri Gadziriro yeChina neSCA. Kana hurumende ikashandisa popa nokuda kwezviri mukati menyu yakare, ingaputsa kariro yeChimbichimbiso cheChina yechivande chezvakavanzika inobvumwa mu Karperter

Kusiyana Kwenyika Dzakawanda Nehurumende

MuUnited States, mitemo yepachivande inosiyana - siyana.

  • California Communical Communic Communic Act (CalECPA): Kazhinji kazhinji inoda chibvumikiso nokuda kwokuwana kupi nokupi kwekurukurirano yemagetsi kana kuti mashoko enzvimbo, nekamwe kadukusa nokuda kwemigariro yekurumidziro kana kuti mvumo. Inoshanda kuhurumende nokudzika pamutemo kwomunzvimbomo, pamwe chete namasangano ehurumende anoshanda muCalifornia kana achitsvaka mashoko kubva kumugoveri weCalifornia kana kuti mugari wemo.
  • Utah Electronic Information kana kuti Data act: yakafanana neCELECPA, inoda chibvumikiso chokuwana mashoko anoshanda kutoti chakasiyana nechingashanda.
  • [[FOL:0] .Taxa neIllinois: Indaro dzinoda mirau nokuda kwemarudzi akati emashoko emagetsi anowanwa kubva kunzvimbo dzokuchengetera zvinhu.

Mukuwedzera, European Union’s General Data Protection Regculation (GDPR) inoisa mitemo yakatsiga pakutamiswa kwemikana yemibatanidzwa yemitemo inochinjirwa. Kana mutengi weU.S. akatsvaka mashoko anogara paEU, GDPR ingarambidza kuti kutamiswa kutove kutove kune hwaro hwapamutemo. Kubatanidzwa pakati pemitemo yezviwanwa zveUnited States nemitemo yemiteorevedzo yemitezo yedzimwe nyika kunogona kuparira rwisano huru. matare eU.S.S. dzimwe nguva matare akarayira kuti ashande mashoko anopesana nomutemo wokumwe nyika, asi anonyatsoyera kufarira kukwikwikwidzana uye angawana mashoko anogona kubudiswa pasina kuputsa mutemo wokumwe.

Nokuda kwemharidzo dzehurumende dzamarudzi ose, mapati anofanira kurangarira kana Hague Convention on the Agint of Evice Abrand ichigovera mutoo wokuwana nawo mashoko, kunyange zvazvo isingawanzoshandiswi nokuda kwokuwana michina yemichina. Zvinowanzova, mapoka anofanira kutsamira pazvibvumirano zvebetsero yapamutemo (MLAT) kana kuti miitiro yokuwana yapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji nemirayiro inodzivirira kupedza nhau dzomunhu oga.

Kutarisira Kunoshanda Nyanzvi Dzepamutemo

Kuisa zvinodikanwa nokuwana mitemo yezvirongwa zvomunhu oga kunoda kugadzirira.Hedzino matanho makuru nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kukumbira nokudzivisa kusvika:

Kuzvinyima Mitambo Inotsvaka Mashoko Ezvinoshandiswa

  • Kuratidzira hwaro hwapamutemo: Ronga kana uri kubata nechiito chehurumende (chinodikanwa) kana kuti chikumbiro chokuwana chapachivande (Rure 26). Kana zvichibvira, wana kubvumirana kana kuti kushandisa pepa duku nechiziviso.
  • Kuisa chikumbiro chiduku: Matare angangopa mukana kana chikumbiro chakananga (muenzaniso, kutsvaka bedzi maemail ane chokuita nechinhu chakati chinotengeserwa mudanho regore rakajeka, panzvimbo pemashoko ose ari pachinhu chacho.
  • Shandisa nyanzvi isingatori rutivi: Kuderedza mutoro nokuremekedza kuvandika, kukarakadza munzveri wefonsi uyo achabvisa bedzi mashoko anokosha ndokutsvaira mashoko akaisvonaka kana kuti asina basa. Boka remasekisi rinogona kuhwirudzura miuyo risati razviita kubato rinokumbira.
  • Funga murayiro wakagadzwa: Kana vose vari vaviri vakabvumirana pamitemo, dare sezvingabvira richabvumira. Mirayiro yakadzorwa inogona kuchengetedza nguva uye kuderedza kukakavadzana.

Nokuda Kwenzvimbo Dzinokarakadza Kuwana Simbi

  • Kufamba nokuda kwenhevedzano inodzivirira: Mumutemo 26(c), unogona kutaura kuti chikumbiro chinorema zvisina kufanira, kwete kuwirirana, kana kuti kuvhozhokera kwakavanzika. Ratidza ufakazi hwemaidi, bviro yekurukurirano dzakaropafadzwa, uye dzimwe nzira dzinodzosera.
  • Mitemo yakavanzika: Kana mukumbiri ari chiteshi chehurumende, unogona kutaura kuti Amendment yeChina inoda maruramiro. Parata Riles na[FLT] [FLT]] Karparter[ nokuda kwenheyo iyo chishandiso chemichina chemichina chinonzvera chinoda chisakiso.
  • ropafadzo yeClaim: Iva akagadzirira kuziva magwaro chaiwo akaropafadzwa (mutoo, kurukurirano yegweta). Dare ringada log yeropafadzo kunyange kana chishandiso chisati chanzverwa zvizere.
  • Ukuru hwemabhakitire: Kana kuwanikwa, taurai mutemo unoganhura kutsvaka mashoko chaiwo, mitaro yezuva, uye vachengeti. Kukumbira kuti vashandi vanogadzira IT vatungamirire kutsvaka panzvimbo pokupa boka rinopikisana masvikire akazara.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvokuwana mashoko anenge achengetwa pamakombiyuta ehurumende mukati mekuedza kuisa mashoko ehurumende panzvimbo yapachivande, kururama, uye ruramisiro inoshanda. Gadziriro yeChina inogovera dziviriro yakasimba apo hurumende inotsvaka magetsi anobva pachinhu chimwe. Zviratidzo zvakadai se Riley v. California[FLT] uye [FLT]] Carpeent v. United States yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti mashoko emitemo akafanirwa nokuongororwa zvikuru. Mune muganhu wehurumende, kunzvera mitemo yakaita seFederal Rurame, apo miraudzo inogona kuganhurira , nepo mitemo yakafanana neTrectives Actssssssswow.

Ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvazvinongoramba zvichichinja uye matare achienderera mberi kugadzirisa nzira dzaanoshandisa, nyanzvi dzezvemitemo dzinofanira kuramba dzakangwarira. Nzira inoenderana nekodzero dzevane makombiyuta uye kuwanikwa kwenhau yacho zviri pamutemo haizongomiriri zvinetso zvemagariro chete asiwo inotsigira kuperera kwedare. Nokunzwisisa mitemo, mitemo, uye mashandiro emitemo, mazano anogona kufambisa zvakanaka uchapupu hwakaoma hwemakombiyuta mumutauro wevagari vemo.