Kunzwisisa Basa Repamutemo Ravane Mvumo Mukuongorora Kwevagari Vemo

Pakuitisa nzvero dzehurumende (hwungava nokuda kwokubvuma kudzorwa kwemitemo, kusazvibata kwemakambani, kana kuti kuputswa kwemitemo) mutemo uye nyanzvi dzemitemo zvinofanira kushandisa zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana - siyana. Izvi zvinodikanwa hazvisi zvingori zvirongwa zvemitemo; zvinobatira sedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoenzanisa kudikanwa kwehurumende nokudzivirirwa kweFreadment yeChina pakunzverwa kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha. Nyaya ino inogovera nhungamiro inowirirana yokuita zvinodikanwa mukunzvera kwavagari vemo, kufukidza hwaro hwapamutemo, marudzi chaiwo ezvibvumirano zvehurumende, uye kurangarira kugoverwa kwoufakazi.

Chii Chiri Murwi?

Chiratidzo chinoshandiswa nemitemo chinopiwa nomutongi kana kuti nemutongi chinobvumira vapurisa kuti vaite mabasa anenge asingadiwi nemutemo, akadai sokupinda muzvinhu zvemunhu oga, kutsvaga kana kuti kuwana uchapupu. Mutemo wacho unofanira kuvakirwa pakuratidza chikonzero chingabvira, uchitsigirwa nemhiko yakapikirwa, uye unofanira kurondedzera nzvimbo yacho chaiyo kuti ishandiswe uye zvinhu zvacho zvibatwe. Mumamiriro ezvinhu okuongorora vanhu, magwaro anoshandiswa apo hurumende inoda kuunganidza uchapupu hunogona kunzi hunoda kuputswa kwevagari vemo nechaunganzi “chakabatana nokuputswa kwemhoteredzo, kutaura kwenhema, kana kuti utsotsi hwenhema hunogonawo kuva nezvinoparira utsotsi.

Chinobvumira Mutemo: Kugadziridzwa Kwechina uye Kuongororwa Kwevagari Vemo

Gadziriro Yechina yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inopa maruramiro okuraira zvinodikanwa: “Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, haisati ichizoputswa, uye hapana vaWarrant vachaputswa, asi pachimwe chikonzero chinobvira, chinotsigirwa, nechibvumikiso cheOath kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvokubatwa.” Nepo mutauro uyu uchiwanzokurukurwa zvikuru munhau dzoutsotsi, dziviriro dzawo dzomutemo nedzoro dzokutarisira. Dare Rapamusoro nguva dzose rakarangarira kuti chinodikanwa cheChibvumirano cheChina chePendeko chinotenderwa kunoitwa namasangano anobetsera avagari vehurumende, kunze kwokunge (zvakadaro zvichibvumiranwa) chiripo.

Mukunzvera kwevagari vemo, hurumende inofanira kuratidzira chisakiso chinobvira(kunyange zvazvo mupimo wacho pane dzimwe nguva unogona kusiana zvichitsamira parudzi rwegadziriro yokutungamirira. Somuenzaniso, munzveri wemhoteredzo angada bedzi gwaro rokudzora rakavakirwa pakuratidza kwe “nyumwiro ine mufungo” kana kunzvera kuri rutivi rwepurogiramu yenzvero yakatenderwa inotenderwa nomutemo. Asi kunzvera kwakarongwa kunotsvaka ufakazi hwechinjo chaiyo, mupimo wacho unowanzokwira kusvikira kuchisakiso chakabvira. Kunzwisisa aya magweta kunotsoropodza nokuda kwevatengi vanoranganira pamutemo vanotarisana necherekedzo.

Kusiyana Kukuru Pakati Pematsotsi Nevarwi Vemo

Nepo gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakafanana, misiano inoverengeka inokosha inoratidzira mvumo mukunzvera kwehurumende:

  • Chisakiso chakafanira mupimo: Mukunzvera kwoutsotsi, chinobvira chinoda bviro yakanaka yokuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa. Mumitemo yehurumende, mupimo ungasununguka nokuda kwokunzvera kwehurumende kunoitiswa mugadziriro yehurumende yapamutemo (umr., OSHAches), umo hurumende ingatsamira pagadziriro dzehurumende dzose dzehurumende panzvimbo penyumwiro yomunhu oga.
  • Rudzi rwoufakazi hwakatsvakwa: Zvibvumikiso zvevagari vemo zvaiwanzova zvisakafanira zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, magwaro ezvemari, kana kuti ufakazi chaihwo hwokusawirirana, panzvimbo pokushatisa kana kuti ufakazi hwomubato woutsotsi.
  • Kutarisira kwavagari vemo: Zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvenzvero yavagari vemo (CID) zvinobudiswa namasangano akadai seSEC kana kuti FTC zvingasada rugwaro kana zviri zviduku zvinotenderwa nomutemo. Zvisinei, apo kupinda kwomuviri kunodikanwa, rugwaro runowanzodikanwa.
  • ConÍs yokupunza: Ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo hungabviswa muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo mumigariro yakati, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wokuparadzanisa uchishandiswa zvikuru kupfuura mumhaka dzoutsotsi.

Kunokosha kuti vaongorori vazive kuti nzvero dzavagari vemo dzinowanzobatanidza mutoo wemhiko, umo masangano anoshandisa zvikamu zviduku zvokudzora nokuda kwezvinyorwa ndokuwana maruramiro bedzi apo nzvero yokunyama iri madikanwa. Somuenzaniso, chiremera chenzvero che EPA [ chinobvumira kunzvera kusina pamutemo mumigariro yakati, asi sangano racho chaizvoizvo rinowana magwaro apo nzvimbo inoramba kubvumirwa.

Zvinodiwa Kuti Uwane Mushandirapamwe Mukufeyafeya Kunoitwa Nevagari Vemo

Kuti awane rugwaro rune chiremera rwokunzvera kwehurumende, mukuru mukuru anokumbira anofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvinoverengeka. izvozvi zvakavakirwa muzvose zviri zviviri mutemo webumbiro remitemo negadziriro dzemitemo.

Chisakiso Chinogamuchirika

Chisakiso chapamutemo mumashoko akapoteredza ehurumende chinoreva kuti kune chitendero chine mufungo chiripo − chakavakirwa pamaidi akati kuti — kuti kunzvera kuchazivisa ufakazi hwokuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende kana kuti murairo. Ichi chitendero chinofanira kuva chinopfuura chirevo. Somuenzaniso, kana vezvoutano vehurumende vakawana nyunyuto pamusoro penzvimbo inochengeterwa zvokudya isina kufanira, munzveri angava nechisakiso chokutsvaka pamutemo wokunzvera migariro yomukicheni. Maidi anotsigira sezvinobvira anofanira kududzwa muaffidavit, uye fungidzirowo zvayo haisati yakakwana.

2. Kufamba - famba

Mukuru mukuru anotsvaka rugwaro anofanira kugadzirira mashoko akapikirwa akanyorwa achipika (*) kurondedzera maidi anobvira. Affidavit anofanira:

  • Taura hwaro hwezivo yomukuru mukuru wacho (munzira, kucherekedza kwomunhu oga, mazano anobva mumashoko, ufakazi hwevhidhiyo).
  • Ziva nzvimbo ichasechwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.
  • Tsanangura kuti nei uchapupu hwacho hungangodaro huri panzvimbo iyoyo.
  • Saini ndokupika pamberi pomutongi kana kuti mejasitiriti.

Kusabvumirana kana kuti kusiiwa kwemutambo wacho kunogona kudenhwa gare gare, kuchigona kutungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi.

3. Kutenderwa Kutonga

Kana affidavit yakwana, inofanira kupiwa kumutongi asina kutora rutivi uye asina mhaka. Mutongi anohwirudzura mutongi kuti aone kana chisakiso chinobvira chiripo. Kana zvakadaro, mutongi anopa maruramiro. Iyi nhano inovimbisa kuti hakuna mukuru mukuru mumwe womutemo ane chiremera chisingadzoreki chokuita bvunzurudzo. Mutongi anofanirawo kusimbisa kuti rugwaro runowirirana nechinodikanwa chaicho (ona pasi apa).

4. Kutora Rutivi Rwomubatanidzwa (Chikuru)

Gemendment yeChina inoda kuti rugwaro “rurondedzere nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa.” Ikoku kunoreva rugwaro rusati ruchigona kuva rezinesi rokunzvera. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwavagari vemo, kuraira kukuru:

  • Kero chaiyo kana kuti rondedzero yenzvimbo yacho (mutoo, “hofisi dze ABC Corporation pa 123 Main Street, Dispecte 400”.
  • Ndaza yakananga yezvinyorwa kana kuti ufakazi yakatsvakwa (muchib., “zvinyorwa zvemari zvine chokuita nokutengeswa kweXYZ kuvambira muna January 2022 kusvikira kuna December 2022”.
  • Kutadza kuongorora uku kunoitwa kuti vasavhura zvinhu zvisina kubatana.

Kana gwaro rikabvumira kubvutwa kwe “zvinyorwa zvipi nezvipi zvine chokuita nokuputswa kunofungidzirwa,” zvinganzi zvakakurumbira zvikuru uye hazvishandi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, masangano ehurumende anowanzoshanda nezano repamutemo rokunyora magwaro akasarongwa.

Marudzi Chaiwo Evaishandira Marudzi Okufeya - feya Vanhu Vemo

Kunze kwezvinodiwa pakutsvaka, kuongorora kunoitwa nehurumende kungasanganisira magwaro chaiwo kana kuti mirayiro yakafanana:

Vamiririri Vanotarisira

Zvibvumikiso zvokutungamirira zvinoshandiswa namasangano anoronga kunzvera nzvimbo dzinodzorwa, dzakadai sefekitari, zvimbambaira, kana kuti maresitorendi, kunyange kana pasina ufakazi hwokuputsa chaiko. Zvibvumikiso izvi zviri nyore kuwana mabhii enguva dzose nemhaka yokuti hurumende inoda bedzi kuratidza kuti kunzvera idikanwo yedare rehurumende rapamutemo (g., kunzvera kusina donzo). Mhaka yechiratidzo Camarara v. Dare reSangano rehurumende [[FLT:] [1967]) rakatanga kuti kunzvera kwokudzora kunoda pamutemo, asi mupimo unobvira “kuyera kutsika kwakavakirwa panzvimbo yose. Mutengo, mutemo weOccation Holy Ficlat ne Health Administration [FF] (FFFOK]) kazhinji karongedzero kuti ushamise njodzi.

Kunzvera Nokumwe Kunobvumirwa

Nzvero zhinji dzavagari vemo hadzidi maruramiro nemhaka yokuti kubvumira kwokuzvidira kwenhau yacho kukunzvera. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa norusununguko uye noungwaru, uye mukuru mukuru haagoni kumanikidza kana kuti kutsausa nhau yacho. Mukuwedzera, migariro yakati inokatyamadza yakadai setyisidziro yekare kuutano hwavanhu kana kuti chengeteko . kungaruramisa kunzvera kusina maruramiro. Somuenzaniso, kana kurasika kwemakemikoro kune ngozi kuchishumwa, vanzveri vemhoteredzo vanogona kupinda pasina mvumo yokudzivisa kuvadziko. Zvisinei, kusiyana kwakadaro kwakateteneneka uye kunofanira kusanonyorwa.

Vanamuzvina uye Zvinodiwa Kuongorora Nyika

Munzvero dzakawanda dzehurumende, masangano anoshandisa zvikamu zviduku zvehurumende kana kuti kunzvera kuraira kwavagari vemo. Masangano anomanikidza kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa kana kuti chipupuriro. MaSubpoena haadi murairo nemhaka yokuti anopiwa pasi pechiremera chemitemo uye haasati achibatanidza kupinda kwomuviri munzvimbo. Zvisinei, kana mugamuchiri aramba kuwirirana, sangano racho rinofanira kutsvaka kuchengetwa kwapamutemo. Gamendi reDhine Remendement richiri kushanda: mapona haafaniri kuva akafara zvikuru kana kuti anorema zvisina kufanira. Dare Rapamusoro mu [[FLT: 0] United States. Morton Gream.[FLT:] [1950]) raidavira kuti mutarisiri anofanira bedzi kuva “aunziro, mupimo unobvumirwa nomutemo.

Kurangarira Kunoshanda Kwokusimbiswa Kwomutemo Nenyanzvi Dzapamutemo

Kuwana nokubudirira uye kuita pamutemo wehurumende kunoda kuronga nokungwarira uye kuomerera kumitemo yemitemo. Pasi apa pane kurumbidza kunokosha kunobva mumiitiro yakanakisisa nomutemo wenhau.

Kudhirowa Mutungamiriri

Maaffidavits anofanira kuva akakwana uye akarurama. Nwiriranisa maidi ose anokosha nejeko, kutaura kwechapupu, ufakazi hweproject, jeko(* uye tsanangura kutsarukana kwokupunza kwaifungidzirwa kunzvimbo kutsvakwa. Dzivisa mutauro wokufembera wakadai se “ndinodavira kuti pane ufakazi hwokutyora ”; panzvimbo pezvo, taura kuti:“ Pana March 15, muputisi weriva rakashuma kuti Company X yakachengeta tsvina ine ngozi mumichina isina kunyorwa seringi yayo. Mufananidzo unotorwa nomupfuridzi unoratidza migomo, iyo inowirirana nerondedzero yemidziyo inorasirwa tsvina inozivikanwa.” Uku kunoti inosimbisa sezvinobvira uye inoderedza kushatamiswa kwokudzvinyirira.

Kupa Vaparidzi

Pakuuraya, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kunyatsoomerera pamashoko akarondedzerwa mutsamba. Kana pamutemo uchibvumidza kutora zvitsama zvezvinyorwa zvemari bedzi, vakuru vakuru havagoni kupinza mufaira kupfurikidza namafaira evashandi kutoti vawira murondedzero yemashoko. Miganhu yenguva inoshandawo: Hurumende zhinjisa dzinoda maruramiro okuurawa mukati menhambo yakati (g., mazuva 10). Pashure pokuurawa, mubatanidzwa une udzame wezvinhu zvakabatwa unofanira kudzorerwa kudare.

Nhevedzo Dzokunzvera Dzapashure

Pashure pokunge rugwaro rwaitwa, sangano rinonzvera rinofanira kukurumidza kupa kopi yetsamba uye kunyorwa kwechinhu chacho. Munhau dzehurumende, chipfuro chinganyora chiito chokudzvinyirira ufakazi kana rugwaro rwacho rwakanga rusiri pamutemo. Hurumende inotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kuti mutongo wacho wakanga wakakodzera uye wakaitwa zvakarurama. Ufakazi hupi nohupi hunowanikwa mukuputswa kweGazhene Amendment hungabviswa mukuita kwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wokubvisa uchishanda zvishoma kupfuura munhau dzoutsotsi (mt., mukutonga kwehurumende, matare anodzikamisa mumitengo inodzivisa kubviswa kwekuzvibhadharo).

Matambudziko Anowanzoitika uye Zvaungaita Kuti Uakunde

Kukumbira kunoitwa nevanhu vose kunotarisana nezvinetso zvisingawanzoonekwi kana zvisina kutarisirwa.

Kukurira Kushayikwa Kwechisakiso Chinobvira

Munzvero dzakawanda dzehurumende, hurumende ingava noufakazi hushomanene bedzi hwemigariro. Kuti isimbise kushandisirwa kwemashoko, vaongorori vanogona kushandisa manyuko akawanda: mari inoridzirwa nerindi, marekodhi avose, miuyo yenzvero isati yaitwa, uye kunyange zviverengero zvenhamba.

Kukunda Kurwisa Kunonyanya

Varevereri vanowanzodenha maruramiro okuwana seanopfuura kana kuti asina kuzivikanwa. Kudzivisa ikoku, murairo unofanira kuganhurira kubvunziro kumapoka akati oufakazi hune mufungo hune chokuita nokuputswa mukunzvera. Shandisa kururama: panzvimbo pe “zvinyorwa zvose zvebhizimisi,” kukumbira“ mapepa ose nemirairo yezvokuwana yeABC inowirirana nokuwana ABC kubva muna January 2020 kusvikira zvino.” VaAttarney vanofanira kuhwirudzura mutauro unotenderwa nokungwarira pamberi pokuzviisa pasi.

Kutarisira Zvinhu Zvakakosha

Nzvero dzavagari vemo dzinowanzobatanidza ropafadzo yegweta, dziviriro yebasa, kana kuti zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kubatanidza miitiro yokubata nayo magwaro akaropafadzwa . yakadai sokushandisa “boka rezvikwata” kana kuti kubvumira zano romurongi kuhwirudzura zvinhu zvakabatwa pamberi pokuzviwana kwehurumende. Kukundikana kutaura kuropafadzo kunogona kuguma nokudhura uye zvirango zvinobvira.

Basa Rounyanzvi Hwokugadzira Zvinhu Mumakambani Anogara Achingoshandiswa Nevagari Vemo

Nzvero dzazvino uno dzinobatanidza nenzira inowedzera mashoko akachengetwa pakombiyuta (ESI), zvakadai samaemail, marogi ebasa, uye mashoko egore. Kuwana chiratidzo cheufakazi hwemichina kunodawo zvimwe zvitengo. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kurondedzera mashoko anenge atsvakwa nechakananga(muenzaniso), “maemail ose anobva munzvimbo yacho yehurumende ye/company.com akatumwa pakati paJanuary 1 naJune 30, 2024, ane mashoko anokosha ane chokuita neCeast Water Act.” Madare akaisawo dziviriro dzemite yemite, dzakadai sokubvumira chipfuro kudzoramisiro chemikoro nokuda kweropafadzo yehurumende isati yaongororwa. APUPUPU inotofanira kushanda nenzi dzemitengo dzemitengo dzezvokuvimbisa zvinyorwa zvose zviri madikanwa uye nhau pasina kutora mashoko.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinji mukunzvera kwavagari vemo imhaka yakakomba yokubvumirana kwemitemo, maruramiro ebumbiro-mitemo, uye kushanda kwoupindu. Kana uri mukuru mukuru wezvomutemo, gweta rinoraira, kana kuti mutevedzeri wesangano, anonzwisisa apo maruramiro anodikanwa, kuti ungawana sei, uye kuti ungazviita sei nenzira yapamutemo. Kudzivirira kwechidhindo chechina kunokosha. Kunonzvera hakuganhurirwi kumhosva; kunoshanda nesimba rakazara apo hurumende inotsvaka ufakazi mumitengo yavagari vemo. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera kunheyo dzechitekiso chakafanira, uye tarisiro, zvinogona kuunganidza ufakazi nenzira inobudirira apo kuremekedza maruramiro avanhu. Nokuda kwechipoka.[5] Nhengedzero dzemitemo dzinoedza dzinoedza kupfurikidza nomutemo.[FF][3]