Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa kuparadzana kwemasimba kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu inoshanda sei uye inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Iyi nheyo yebumbiro remitemo inokamuranisa chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiyana kuti idzivise chinhu chipi nechipi chakafanana kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira gadziriro yakakwirira yecheki nedzikamo inodzivirira mutemo, inodzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo, uye inovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu vainoshandira. Vagari vemo vanoziva, vanonzwisisa pfungwa idzi dzinokosha kuti vabatane nokubudirira mukudzora hurumende inotonga uye kunzwisisa muitiro wokuita mitemo unoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Fandesheni Yebumbiro reMitemo Yokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba edzidziso kunowana mavambo ayo muruzivo rweNjereso, zvikurukuru mumanyoro omuzivi weFrance Montesquieu, uyo akarangarira kuti kuisa ngwariro kumitemo, mutungamiriri, uye masimba okutonga mumaoko mamwe chetewo kunoumba rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri. VanaBaba vokuMadzitateguru veUnited States vakagamuchira iyi nheyo apo vaiita Bumbiro remitemo, kuumba gadziriro yaizodzivisa rudzi rwehurumende yainyengera yavakanga vawana mukutonga kweBritain. James Masson, aiwanzodana kuti "Baba veBumbiro remitemo," inosimukiripo muFederalist Page No. 47 kuti kuumbwa kwamasimba ose mumaoko mamwe "kugona kuziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene yesimba."

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa mapazu matatu ehurumende akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine nzvimbo yaro rimene yechiremera nomutoro. Chikamu I chinosimbisa bazu rewisgnoult, Chikamu III chinoumba bazu guru, uye Chikamu III chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga. Iri boka rinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora vamwe kana kuti kushandisa chiremera chisingadzorwi. Vagadziri vedariro vakaronga noune urongwa umo donzo ringakurira gwinyiro, vachiparira dzvinyiriro ine simba yaizochengeta rusununguko apo rinenge richigonesa kudzora.

Iyi purogiramu yebumbiro remitemo inoratidzira nzwisiso huru yohunhu nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Vavambi vakaziva kuti kunyange vatungamiriri vanosanorangarirwa vanogona kushandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera kana chikapiwa udzori hukuru zvikuru. kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba mumasangano akawanda namasangano akasiyana - siyana, mitoo yesarudzo, uye mipimo yebasa, ivo vakaumba hurumende yaizova yakasimba zvakakwana kuti ishande nenzira inobudirira asi inomanikidzirwa zvakakwana kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende: Kuumbwa uye Basa

Gadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba ebumbiro remitemo rakasiana nemitoro zvinorigonesa kuita mabasa aro akagadzwa apo rinenge richidzivisa kuvhozhokera kunoitwa nemamwe mapazu. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazi anoshanda sei mumwe nomumwe uye kubatirana nomumwe chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa muitiro wokuita mitemo nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Bhuku Romutemo: Congress

Bazu remitemo rinoumbwa neBasa remitemo, rinoumbwa neDare reBasa neImba yaVamiririri. Iri sangano rekachamberi pacharo rimene rinomirira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati penyika huru neduku uye rinogadzira imwe nzvero yomukati pasimba remitemo. Imba yavamiriri, nemitezo 435 inobatira mashoko egore maviri, yakagadzirirwa kuva pedyo zvikuru navanhu, nechiratidzo chakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo. Dare, nemitezo inoshanda mashoko egore retanhatu (kubva kuruwa rumwe norumwe), rakaitirwa kugovera chengeteko uye kumirira fariro dzoruwa rwakafara zvikuru.

Pamusana pokuita mutemo mukuru muhurumende yehurumende. Pamusana pokuita mutemo, Congress ine mamwe masimba ebumbiro remitemo akawanda kubatanidza chiremera chemitero yepevy, inodzora kutengeserana kwenyika imwe chete nevokumwe, mari yemari, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira mauto, uye kugadza matare ehurumende pasi peDare gurusa. House of Screastives ine simba chairo rokutanga zvikwereti zvemari uye kuisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nepo Dare rine chiremera chokuedza kuisa mutero, kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, uye zvibvumirano zveravity.

Muitiro wemitemo unobatanidza matanho akawanda akagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokunyatsofunga nokudzivisa kukurumidza kudzika mitemo. Mabhiri anofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana asati asvika padhesiki raPurezidhendi. Ichi chinodikanwa chetendero yebidaral chinoumba nzvero yomukati mukati mebazu remitemo imene, achivimbisa kuti mutemo iwoyo unoongororwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana- siyana uye kubatira zvibvumirano zvakasiyana- siyana.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Purezidhendi Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, rine mutoro wokusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anobatira shoko ramakore mana uye rinogona kusarudzwazve kamwe, ganhuriro yakatangwa ne 22 Pramendement pashure peFranklin D. Roosevelt yenhambo isina kumbobvira yavapo. Bazu revakuru vakuru rinobatanidza Vice Purezidhendi, Khirita, madhipatimendi evakuru vakuru, uye masangano ehurumende akawanda anobatira mabasa ehurumende zuva nezuva.

Masimba aPurezidhendi anobatanidza kubatira saMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, kutaurirana kwezvibvumirano (zvinozviisa kuDare), kugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru (nesimbiso yeDare), kupa ruregerero nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende, uye kupfuudza mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anopawo State of the Union kerount uye anorumbidza mutemo kuCongress, achiita basa rinokosha mukuronga purogiramu yenyika.

Bazu guru rakura zvikuru chifo chokuparadza kweBumbiro reMitemo, namasangano ehurumende zvino anoshandisa chiremera chikuru chokudzora. Aya masangano, nepo ari rutivi rwebazu guru, anowanzoita mabasa okuisa pamutemo kupfurikidza nokuita mirau nemirau yezvokusarudza kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa. Uku kukura kwakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende izvo zvinopfuurira kuparira kurukurirano yepamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika.

Bazu Rokutonga: Madare Ehurumende

Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo uye rinosarudza pesvedzero yaro yebumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inoumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, matare edunhu ezvikumbiro, uye matare oruwa, pamwe chete nematare chaiwo nokuda kwemhaka dzakati dzenhau.Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa naPurezidhendi nesimbiso yeDare ndokubatira mirau youpenyu hwose, gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzidzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye inodzigonesa kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pomufungo wakakurumbira.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinomira pamugumo wegadziriro yokutonga, nechiremera chokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare ehurumende akaderera uye matare makurusa panhau dzomutemo womubatanidzwa. Kupfurikidza nesimba renzvero yedare, rakatangwa mumhaka yenhau 1803 Marbury v. Madison, Dare Rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress kana kuti zviito zvakaitwa nebazu guru zvisina kubatana. Iri simba, kunyange zvazvo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, razova dombo retsika yeAmerica yechekero nerevo.

Dare rehurumende rinogadzirisa kusawirirana kwemapato, rinotsanangura mitemo, uye rinodzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Vatongi vanoongorora mapazu ezvematongerwe enyika, vachivimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nemitemo uye kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzinodzivirirwa kunyange padzinenge dzichiitwa zvisingafarirwi.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Nzira Iyo Mitemo Inoitwa Nayo

Kunzwisisa kuti mutemo unobva sei pamurangariro kuenda kumutemo kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kupesvedzera muitiro kana kuti kungonzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei. Muitiro wemitemo unobatanidza matanho akawanda, rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokusanorangarirwa, kuiswa kwavose, uye kuita chisarudzo chemifungo. Nepo muitiro wacho ungaratidzika kuva wakaoma uye unowirirana nenguva, izvi zvinodikanwa zvemiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvinobatira madonzo anokosha mutsika yedemocracy.

Kuongorora Kutanga Nedare

Muitiro wemitemo unovamba apo mutezo weCongress unosuma mutezo. Mitezo bedzi yeDare inogona kutanga mutemo, kunyange zvazvo mifungo yepepa yemitemo ingabva kumitengo, mapoka ezviwaro, Purezidhendi, kana kuti mitezo imene. MuImba, mitezo inoisa mabhiri mubhokisi remiti rinonzi "Preance," apo vaSanitor vanotanga kusuma nenzira yapamutemo zvikwereti pauriri hweDare. Gwaro rimwe nerimwe rinogamuchira zita (H.R. nokuda kwemapepa epasurusarudzo) uye nhamba inoratidzira nhevedzano yokusuma.

Pashure pesumo, dare rinonongedzerwa kudare rakakodzera rakavakirwa panhau yaro. Matare anobatira samabhiza ebasa eCongress, uko basa rine udzame rokuhwirudzura, kugadziridza, uye kuchenesa rinoitika. Matare amire ane zviremera pamusoro penzvimbo chaidzo dzemiitiro dzakadai sezvokurima, mabasa ane zvombo, nhau dzemari, kana kuti dzedare. Chigaro chedare, zvikurukuru chinobva kubato guru, chinoshandisa simba rinokosha mukusarudza zvikwereti zvinogamuchirwa.

Matare anowanzonongedzera mabhiri kumasangano adzo akasanonangidzirwa zvikuru. Mahofisi okunze angachengeta nzeve umo nyanzvi, vachengeti vemitengo, uye vanofarira vanopupurira pamusoro petapuro dzinobvira. Uku kunzwa kunobatira madonzo akawanda: kuunganidza mashoko, kuvaka chinyorwa chavose, kuzivisa nhau, uye kubvumira mirangariro yakasiana - siana kunzwiwa. Pashure pekunzwa, vatendi vaduku vanga "kuratidzira" pepa, kupedza nokuchinja pamberi pokuridzorera kudare rakazara.

Dare rakazara ipapo rinorangarira bhiriti, richigona kuvanza marusando okuwedzera kana kuti marusando okupa. Kana dare rivhota kutendera mutengi, rino "shumwa" mukamuri rakazara pamwe chete nomushumo wakanyorwa uchitsanangura donzo rebhukwana racho, miuyo yaro inokarirwa, uye rumbidzo dzedare. Zvikwereti zvizhinji hazvitongoiiti kuti zvibude mudare. Zvigaro zvamahofisi zvinogona kuuraya nenzira inobudirira mutemo kupfurikidza nokuramba kuronga kurangarira, muitiro pane dzimwe nguva unonzi "pigeonling"."

Kurangarira Nokukakavadzana

Mabhiri ayo anonzvera nenzira inobudirira dare rinofamba achienda kuuriri hweImba kana kuti Dare nokuda kwokurangarirwa nemitezo yakazara. Miitiro yokurangarira uriri inosiana zvikuru pakati pamakamuri maviri, inoratidzira ukuru hwawo hwakasiana namagamuchidzanwa. Imba, nemitezo yayo mikuru zvikuru, inoshanda mumitemo yakasanorongwa zvikuru, nepo Dare rinobvumira mitezo mimwe nemimwe rusununguko rukuru zvikuru kupesvedzera zvinoitika.

MuImba yeVamiriri, Dare reMitemo rinosarudza miganhu yekurukurirano yemutongo mumwe nomumwe, richitaura kuti inguvai ichagoverwa nokuda kwekurukurirano uye kana kugadziridzwa kuchigona kupiwa. Mitemo inogona kuva "kuvhura" (kubvumira gremanesitions), "kuvhara" (kugadziridza) kana kuti "kubvumira kugadziriswa kwemitemo chaiyo). Iri basa rokuchengeta gedhi rinopa Dare reMitemo nerongedzo yeNzvisaro yeNzvimbo kudzora kwakananga kumuitiro weChibvumirano chemitemo.

Miitiro yeDare inoganhurira zvishoma, inoratidzira gamuchidzanwa iroro rekurukurirano yakarebeswa nekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Vasarendi vanogona kutaura kazhinji kazhinji kwenguva refu sezvavanoda panhau ipi neipi, muitiro unogonesa nhimbe yemonicbuster(exformation gakava rakagadzirirwa kunonozesa kana kuti kudzivisa vhoti pamutemo. Kugumisa muvhoti wemwana anenge achida vhoti yegundamudura, iyo zvino inoda tsigiro yavatongi 60. Iyi chinodikanwa chikuru chinopa boka duku rinopa chikwaniso chinokosha chinovarira chirevoto chebicritis pamutemo unopesana.

Mukati morangariro youriri, mitezo inokurukura mipimo yegweta, kugadziridza, uye kuvhota pakupedzisira panzvimbo. Gakava racho rinopa mitezo mukana wokutsanangura nzvimbo dzayo kuvabiyavo navatsigiri, kuvaka tsigiro kana kuti chishoro, uye kunatsa mutemo kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa. Mitoo yokushandura inosiana asi ingabatanidza mavhoti, mavhoti, kana kuti kurira kwakanyorwa uko nzvimbo yenhengo imwe neimwe inobvumikiswa pachena.

Kutenderwa kweBadameral uye Matare Emisangano

Kana mutemo usati wasvika Purezidhendi, zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare zvinofanira kupfuudza shanduro dzakafanana dzemutemo. Kazhinji kazhinji, kamuri rimwe nerimwe rinopfuudza shanduro yaro nemisiano mumutauro, gadziriro, kana kuti kusvika. Apo ikoku kunoitika, misiyano inofanira kuyananiswa mutongo usati wagona kupfuurira. Dzimwe nguva kamuri rimwe rinongogamuchira shanduro yeimwe, asi nokuda kwomutemo unokosha, dare redare remusangano rinogadzwa zvaro.

Matare esangano akaumbwa nemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri, kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidza zvigaro zvikuru zvedare nemitezo yakatanhamara yakashanda pamutemo. Aya matare anokurukura shanduro inobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira iyo inoedza kuvhara misiyano pakati peimba neDare. Chigadzirwa chedare redare, chinonzi mushumo wemusangano, ipapo chinodzorerwa kumakamuri ose ari maviri nokuda kwetendero yokupedzisira. Mishumo yemusangano haigoni kugadziriswa. Mishumo yedare inofanira kuvhota kana kuti kwete pakubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira sezvinokurukurwa.

Ichi chinodikanwa chetendero yebhiharasimu muchimiro chakafanana chinoparira danda rinokosha remitemo uye chinobatira sechekero inokosha mukati mebazu remitemo rimene. Iro rinovimbisa kuti mitemo inogamuchira nzvero kubva kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana - siana uye kubatira matare akasiyana - siyana, kuchideredza bviro yokukurumidza kana kuti kurangarira zvakaipa mutemo kuva mutemo.

Chiito Chapurezidhendi

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura mutemo mumwe chetewo, mutevedzeri wacho unotumirwa kuna Purezidhendi, ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka. Purezidhendi anogona kusaina mutengi mumutemo, zvikurukuru mumutambo wokusaina ungabatanidza mitezo yeCongress, vatambi vemitengi, uye vashambadzi venhau. Kana kuti, Purezidhendi anogona kuendesa mutongo wacho kuCongress nokuramba. Dare rinogona kudzora vhoti yapurezidhendi ne3 mbiri mumakamu ose, kunyange zvazvo ichichisingawanzoitwi nemhaka yedariro yakakwirira inodikanwa.

The President also has the option of taking no action. If the President neither signs nor vetoes a bill within ten days (excluding Sundays) while Congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law without the President's signature. However, if Congress adjourns during this ten-day period and the President has not signed the bill, it does not become law—a scenario called a "pocket veto" that Congress cannot override.

Kutaura kwechibvumirano chaPurezidhendi kwazova kunozivikanwa navose nenzira inowedzera, apo Purezidhendi anoratidza mutemo asi anopa mashoko anoratidza kuitira hanya pamusoro pegadziriro dzakati kana kuti kutsanangura kuti bazu guru richadudzira sei mutauro usina kujeka.

Makokota Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Kwakaita Mapazu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kungava kusina kukwana pasina miitiro inoita kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rikwanise kunzvera chiremera chevamwe. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa umo mapazi anogoverana masimba akati uye anogona kuganhurira zviito zvomumwe nomumwe, kuchidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora hurumende. Idzi nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda nenzira yakarongwa kupfurikidza negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo uye namasanga kupfurikidza namasimba ezvamatongerwe enyika uye ukama hwesangano.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Pasimba Rine Simba

Dare rine zvishandiso zvakawanda zvokunzvera chiremera chavakuru vakuru. Simba reDare rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nokuda kwenzvimbo dzeKibinet, zviremera zvehurumende, uye zvimwe nzvimbo dzakakwirira zvinoipa pesvedzero inokosha pavashandi vakuru vebazu. Hondo dzezvikamu zvapamusoro zvokusimbisa, dzakadai sedzevatongi veDare Gurusa, dzinoratidza kuti simba iri rinogona sei kudzora zvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi uye kubvumiranisa zvinhu zvisina kufanira.

Chiremera cheDare chokuita zvibvumirano zvekuvhota nembiri tatu chinogovera imwe nzvero pasimba remiitiro yokumwe. Nepo Purezidhendi achitaurirana zvibvumirano, hazvigoni kuita pasina tendero yeDare. Ichi chinodikanwa chakatungamirira kukushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende, izvo zvisingadi kuti Dare ribatwe asi zvinoshaiwawo mugariro mumwe chetewo wapamutemo sezvibvumirano uye zvinogona kuchinjwa nyore nyore zvikuru napurezidhendi anotevera.

Chidzorero cheCongress pamusoro pezvirongwa zvinobatanidza zvimwe nzvero yemitemo ine simba zvikurusa pachiremera chavakuru vakuru. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress "simba rechikwama," kureva kuti bazu ravakuru havagoni kushandisa mari kutoti Congress yaiifanirwa. Iri chiremera rinogonesa Congress kupesvedzera zvinhu zvokutanga zvehurumende, zviito zvesangano, uye rinovimbisa kuzvidavirira kumuitiro wemari yomutero. Kudzorwa kwemitero kwegore negore kunopa mikana yenguva dzose nokuda kweDare rokuhwirudzura nokugadziridza mibato yebazu.

Dare rinotungamirirawo kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kunzwa, uye zvikumbiro zvamashoko zvinobva kumasangano makuru. matare eCongregational anogara achikoka vakuru vakuru kuti vapupurire pamusoro pemibato yavo, mitemo, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa. Nepo ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru ichibvumira purezidhendi kurega mashoko akati, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekurukurirano dzakavanzika, Dare rinogona kushandisa midziyo yakasiyana - siyana kubatanidza zvipurisa uye mashoko okuzvidza kuti vamanikidzire kubatira pamwe.

Nzvero yokupedzisira yemitemo pasimba ravakuru vakuru ibvumwa. Imba yavamiriri inogona kuzivisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "murangariro, fufuro, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi husina kururama". Kana Dare rikava vasungwa nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri, mukuru mukuru mukuru anobviswa pahofisi. Nepo kusatevedzerwa kusingawanzoitiki uye kudzosera mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kunomirira dziviriro inokosha pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.

Chiremera Chinoongorora Simba Romutemo

Simba raPurezidhendi rinopa nzvero huru pamutemo. Apo Purezidhendi anodzosa mutemo, Congress anofanira kuunganidza voruzhinji vane zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri kuti vakunde vhuro rakakwirira rinopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero huru pamitemo. Kunyange tyisidziro yeveto inogona kuumba kurukurirano dzemitemo, sezvo Congress angagadziridza zvikwereti kuti vadzivise chiteshi chakakwana chekudzora.

Basa raPurezidhendi mukugadza zvirongwa zvenyika inobatirawo sechenjero paCongress. Kupfurikidza neHurumende yeUnion, zvikarakadzo zvemari, uye kudzorwa kwemari, Purezidhendi anogona kunangidzira ngwariro panhau dzakati ndokusimudzira tsigiro yavose nokuda kana kuti kupesana nomutemo. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anoshandisa "chikuva chetepfeko" kupesvedzera murangariro wavose nedzvinyiriro yeDare kuita pamusoro pezvinokosha.

Masangano ebazu anodzora anoshandisa mitemo inopfuudzirwa neCongress, uye uku kuita kunogovera mikana yokupesvedzera kuti mutemo ushande sei. Nepo masangano achifanira kutevera zvinodikanwa zvemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji ane uchenjeri mukududzira gadziriro dzisina kujeka, kugadza mirau, uye kugadza kutevedzerwa. Uku kutungamirira kunogona kuguma nokubudirira kunyange apo Dare rinoisa mutemo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Simba Romutemo Nerinodzora

Kuhwirudzura dare kunogonesa matare kushayisa simba mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Simba iri, rakatangwa muMarbury v. Madison, rinobvumira mutongi kubatira somupi wemhedziso yokupedzisira yerevo yebumbiro remitemo. Apo matare anorova mutemo sechisina wirirano, rinorerutsa basa ravamiriri vakasarudzwa, rinosimbisa dzvinyiriro pakati pokuita chisarudzo chedemokrati neganhuriro dzamato.

Matare ehurumende anohwirudzurawo zviito zvavakuru vakuru kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vanowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mutemo woUbati ushe unogovera gadziriro yokuhwirudzura mitemo yesangano nezvisarudzo, uchida kuti masangano atevere miitiro yakafanira, agare muchiremera chawo chapamutemo, uye zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba paufakazi hwakasimba. Matare akapfupikisa zviito zvakawanda zvokutonga nokuda kwechiremera chapamberi pechigaro kana kuti kuputsa zvinodikanwa zvomutemo.

Simba redare redare rokududzira mirau rinopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro penzira iyo mitemo inoshanda nayo. Apo mutauro wemitemo unojeka, matare anosarudza revo yawo kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana--- siyana inodudzira. Iyi rondedzero yedare inogona kutapura zvikuru miuyo yemiitiro, pane dzimwe nguva munzira Dare risina kukarira. Kana Congress ichipesana nerondedzero yedare, inogona kupfuudza mutemo mutsva kujekesa vavariro yayo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchida kukurira mhinganidzo dzose dzemitemo.

Nzvero Pasimba Rokutonga

Nepo vatongi vehurumende vachibatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose, mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika ane cheki dzinoverengeka pasimba rokutonga. Muitiro wokugadza umene unogovera cheki, sezvo Purezidhendi anovasimbisa navatongi neDare. Irori rinogoverana rinovimbisa kuti mapazu ose akasarudzwa ane mubatanidzwa muboka redare, kunyange zvazvo vatongi, vaichingosimbiswa, vanozvimirira pavakuru vakavagadza.

Dare rinogona kuganhurira dare rehurumende kupfurikidza nomutemo, kusarudza kuti marudzii enhau anogona kunzwa. Nepo Congress isingagoni kubvisa chiremera chapakuvamba cheDare rapamusorosoro chinodudzwa muBumbiro reMitemo, ine chiremera chikuru kudzora chiremera cheDare nokuumba matare ehurumende yakaderera. Panhambo nenhambo dare rakashandisa iri simba kudzivisa matare kunzwa marudzi akati enhau, kunyange zvazvo nhamburiko dzakadaro dzichimutsa itiro pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwedare.

Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogovera mutoo wokukurira tsananguro dzemitemo neGenesi. Kana Dare Rapamusoro rikadudzira Bumbiro remitemo munzira iyo Congress uye hurumende dzinowana nayo kuva kusina kururama, dzinogona kuchinja Bumbiro remitemo kuti richinjire chisarudzo. Kugadziridza kwakawanda kwebumbiro remitemo kwakashandura zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, kubatanidza Premitement yechiDenderment (Kuchinja Chichichichindom v. Georgia), Amendement yechigumi namakumi maviri (kuchinja Dred Scott v. Sandford), uye Fid Reputement (Kudzokazvera reOregon v. Mitchell).

Dare rinogonawo kushora ndokubvisa vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro usina kufanira, vachipa chengeso mukurwisana nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Nepo vatongi vomubatanidzwa vachibatira "kufamba zvakanaka," vanogona kubviswa kupfurikidza nomuitiro mumwe chetewo wokuraira unoshanda kuvakuru vakuru. Kurondwa kwedare hakuwanzoitiki asi kunobatira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti kuzvimirira kwokutonga hakurevi kuti vatongi vari pamusoro pomutemo.

Basa Rehurumende Yokurwisa Mumasimba Akaparadzana

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoshanda kwete bedzi mukucheka pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende yehurumende asi uyewo kumire pakati pehurumende dzomubatanidzwa nehurumende. Iyi gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inoparira rutivi rwokuwedzera rwecheki nedzikamo, ichiparadzanisa uchangamire pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende nokugovera nzvimbo dzakawanda dzesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa ubati ushe hunokosha nokuda kwevagari vemo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei ndokushandiswa sei mutsika yeAmerica.

Kukamukana Kwevane Simba Romubatanidzwa Nehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba ehurumende akananga anorongwa apo anochengeta mamwe masimba kunyika kana kuti vanhu.Masimba eFederal anobatanidza kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika imwe, kuitisa muitiro wokumwe, kuumba mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, uye kugovera nokuda kwedziviriro yenyika. Tenuth Amendment inotaura zvakajeka kuti masimba asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende anochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Hurumende dzine "masimba makuru ehurumende" okudzora nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo vadzo. Hurumende dzine mutoro wokutanga nokuda kwenharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, mutemo woutsotsi (kunze kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa), mutemo wezvinhu, mutemo wemhuri, uye kudzorwa kwechiremera. Uku kupesana kwechiremera kunoreva kuti mitemo yakawanda inotapura upenyu hwevagari vemo hwezuva nezuva imitemo yehurumende panzvimbo pemitemo yehurumende, uye matare emitemo anodzora kazhinji kazhinji anobatanidzwa zvakananga zvikuru mukutarisana neitiro dzomunharaunda.

Ukuru hwesimba rehurumende hwakakura zvikuru chifo chokukweverwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nedudziro dzakafara dzeChongedzero yaClaus neChinodikanwa neChinowirirana. Kududzirwa kweDare Rapamusorosa reidzi gadziriro kwakabvumira Dare kudzora mibato inotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika, kunyange kana mibato yacho imene iri yomunzvimbomo muchisiko. Uku kukura kwakaparira gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende.

Hurumende Dzehurumende Sevashandi Vehurumende Inosarudzwa Nevanhu

Federalism inobvumira nyika kubatira se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza mitoo yakasiana-- siyana yokupedza zvinetso zvinozivikanwa. Nyika dzinogona kuvamba nepurogiramu itsva nemitemo, uye kuedza kunobudirira kunogona kugamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika kana kuti kuenzana kusvikira kumwero wehurumende. Uku kuedza kunogonesa mutoo wokudzidza nokuchinja nepo kuchiganhurira ngozi dzenzvero dzakakundikana kunyika imwe neimwe panzvimbo penyika yose.

Miitiro yehurumende yakapesvedzera muitiro wenyika munharaunda dzakawanda. Kuchinja mwero wehurumende munharaunda dzakadai somuitiro wegarikano, mirau yemhoteredzo, tarisiro youtano, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi zvakawanzotangira chiito chehurumende. Apo nyika dzinoratidzira kuti nzira dzakati dzokuita basa nenzira inobudirira, dzinovaka ufakazi netsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokugamuchirwa kwakafara. Nenzira inopesana, apo kuedza kwehurumende kunokundikana, mamwe mativi anogona kudzidza kubva mukundikano idzodzo pasina kuzviwana zvakananga.

Mhatsa yemiitiro yehurumende inobvumirawo vagari vemo ku "famba netsoka dzavo" kupfurikidza nokutamira kunyika dzine miitiro inowirirana zviri nani nezvinodiwa zvavo. Uku kufamba kunoparira chimiro chamakwikwi pakati penyika, kuchivakurudzira kugamuchira miitiro inokwezva vagari vemo namabhizimisi. Zvisinei, muitiro uyu unoshanda nenzira isina kukwana, sezvo vanhu vazhinji vasingagoni kutama nyore nemhaka yebatano dzemhuri, basa, kana kuti ganhuriro dzemari.

Nhamo Nerwisano Mumagariro

Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, Kunyanyisa kwaClaus kweBumbiro reMitemo kunosimbisa mutemo iwoyo wehurumende. Zvisinei, kusarudza kana rwisano iripo uye kana mutemo wehurumende wakasunungurwa kazhinji kazhinji unoda kutsanangurwa kwedare uye unogona kuparira rondedzero inokosha.

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kakavadzano dzehurumende dzakawanda munharaunda dzakadai sokuchengetwa kwevatami vemo, kunyoreswa kwembanje pamutemo, kudzorwa kwemhoteredzo, uye muitiro wokutarisira utano. dzimwe nguva nyika dzakaramba mitemo yehurumende yadzinoshora, nepo padzimwe nguva dzakaita mitemo inopfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.

Mirayiro inoda hurumende kuti dzishandise mitemo yehurumende kana kuti kusvitsa mipimo yehurumende yave ichimutsa nharo zvikuru. Nepo Congress ichigona kukurudzira kuwirirana kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokushandisa kunotsamira pamigariro (kupa mari yehurumende mukutsinhana nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvakati), Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti Congress haigoni ku "raira" hurumende dzehurumende kupfurikidza nokuiraira kuisa mutemo womubatanidzwa. Iyi ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende inochengeta uchangamire hwehurumende uye inosimbisa iyo nyika inochengeta udzori hune revo.

Basa Revagari Vemo Mumuitiro Wokuita Mirayiro

Kunyange zvazvo vamiririri vanosarudzwa vachiita mitemo, vagari vemo vanoita mabasa anokosha pakuumba mitemo, kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoratidza tsika uye zvinodiwa nenzanga. Kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana idzo vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera nadzo kuumba vanhu kuti vatsigire utongi hunobudirira mukutonga kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Kubatsira uye Kuita Basa

Kupa mari kunomirira nzira inokosha zvikuru iyo vagari vemo vanopesvedzera nayo kuita mitemo. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza vamiriri vanogoverana mipimo yavo nemiitiro, vagari vemo vanoumba nenzira isina kunanga mitemo inovadzora. Rusarudzo runogovera mibato yokuzvidavirira, runobvumira vagari vemo kutusa vamiriri vanoabatira zvakanaka ndokutsiva avo vasingakundwi.

Kuvhota kunobudirira kunoda kuti vagari vemo vazvizivise vamene pamusoro penzvimbo dzavada kuzoda kuenda zvikwaniriso. Ikoku kunoreva kupfuura kushambadza kwenhimbe nokuruma kunorira kuti vanzwisise zvikarakadzo chaizvoizvo zvemiitiro zvavada kuvhota panhau dzinokosha. Vavhotera vanofanira kurangarira kwete bedzi kuti vada kufunda vapi asiwo kuti vada kufunda vapi vane bviro huru zvikuru yokumirira fariro dzavo nezvinokosha zviri muhofisi.

Kutora rutivi kwokuvhota kunobatanidza mibato yakadai sokuzvipira nokuda kwenhimbe, kupira kuvada kutora, uye kukurudzira vamwe kuvhota. iyi mibato inokudza pesvedzero yomunhu oga wevagari vemo ndokubetsera vamiriri vakasarudzwa vachafambira mberi mirau inoda. Vazvipiri venhimbe vanoita mabasa anokosha akadai sokuonana navavhoti, kuronga zvinoitika, uye kuparadzira mashoko pamusoro pevanoda kusarudzwa nenhau.

Vamiriri Vanoonana

Vagari vanogona kukurukura zvakananga nevamiririri vavo vakasarudzwa kuti vataure pfungwa pamitemo uye panhau dzemitemo.Nhengo dzeDare dzinochengeta mahofisi muWashington, D.C., uye mumaruwa avo kana kuti munyika, uye vanoshandisa vashandi kuti vabate nokukurukurirana. Vamiririri vanopa ngwariro kushamwari dzavo nokuti vanogovera mashoko pamusoro pepfungwa dzavose uye nokuti basa rinoita kuti pave netsigiro yokuwanazve nhevedzano.

Kukurukurirana kunoshanda nevamiririri kunoda kujeka, kujeka, uye kuva netsika. Vagari vanofanira kunyatsoziva nhau yavari kutaura nayo, kutsanangura zvavanoita, uye kukumbira chiito chakati. Nyaya dzomunhu oga nemienzaniso yomunzvimbomo zvinogona kubudirira zvikurukuru mukuenzanisira kuti mitemo inotapura sei vanhu chaivoivo. Nepo kuumba tsamba nemaemail zvakawanda kune tapuro yakati, kurukurirano dzomunhu oga dzinoratidzira kuva nebvumirano yechokwadi nenhau kunoda kugamuchira ngwariro huru.

Vagari vanogona kuonana navamiriri kupfurikidza nemikoto yakasiana-- siyana kubatanidza tsamba, matsamba, nhare, uye misangano yehoro yeguta. Misangano yetaundi inogovera mikana yokuti vamiriri vabvume ndokunzwa mhinduro dzavo. Nepo onano dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzingaratidzika kuva dzisingakoshi, vamiriri nezvinomirira zvavo kuti vaone murangariro wavose panhau. Apo vamiririri vazhinji vanotaura pamusoro penhau, kunoratidza kuti nhau inokosha kuvavhoti uye ingapesvedzera nzvimbo yemumiririri.

Kutsinhira Kwavose Nouchapupu

Matare emitemo anowanzoita nyaya dzavose apo vagari vemo vanogona kupupurira pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa. Uku kutonga kunogovera mikana nokuda kwebato vanotapurwa, nyanzvi, uye vagari vemo vanofarira kupa mifungo yavo zvakananga kuvaiti vemitemo. Ufakazi hunogona kupesvedzera kuti vatendi vemitemo vanonzwisisa sei nhau uye vagadziri vemitemo. Vagari vane unyanzvi kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomunhu oga runokosha kumutemo unokarakadzwa vanogona kuita mipiro inokosha zvikuru kupfurikidza nouchapupu.

Masangano ehurumende anofanira kugovera mikana yetsinhiro yavose pakuisa mitemo mitsva. Administrative Procedia Act inoda masangano kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa ndokubvumira nhambo yetsinhiro umo munhu upi noupi anogona kupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa. Masangano anofanira kurangarira idzi tsinhiro ndokupindura kunhau dzinokosha dzakamutswa pamberi pemirau inopedzisa. Tsinhiro dzinonzwika idzo dzinogovera mashoko, kunzvera, kana kuti masangano emirangariro dzingave dzisina kurangarira dzinogona kupesvedzera mitemo yokupedzisira.

Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji dzine miitiro yavose inotosvikika zvikuru, namadare eguta nedzimba dzehurumende nguva dzose dzinova nokutongwa kwemirairo nemitemo zvinokarakadzwa. Iyi nharaunda yomunzvimbomo inogovera mikana yakaisvonaka yokuti vagari vemo vatsigiri vatsigiri varo zvakananga mukuita pamutemo, zvikurukuru panhau dzinotapura nzanga dzavo zvakananga. Vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji vanosvikika zvikuru kupfuura vamiriri vehurumende uye vangadavidza zvikuru kuidzo yemitengo.

Kuronga Nokuronga

Vagari vanogona kuwedzera pesvedzero yavo kupfurikidza nokukumbanira vamwe vanogoverana itiro hanya dzavo. Masangano ezvoufundisi anoshanda kupesvedzera mitemo panhau dzakati, kuunganidza vatsigiri, kunzvera, uye kukurudzira vaiti vemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokukumbanira mapoka okurera vana, vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi munhamburiko dzinobatanidzwa dzine tsinhirano huru zvikuru kupfuura zviito zvoga. Masangano aya anogovera mashoko pamusoro pemitemo yakafanira, anonyandura kurukurirano navamiririri, uye anoronga chiito chakabatana.

Kuronga marasroot kunobatanidza kuvaka kutsigirwa kwenzvimbo dzemitemo kubva pasi, kukurudzira nhengo dzenzanga kuita chiito panhau dzadzinoitira hanya. Ronga rinoshanda rinoda kuziva zvinonetsa vamwe, kuvaka ukama, kutanga nzira, uye kuita chiito chinotsinhirana. Masangano eGrassroot akapesvedzera nenzira inobudirira mutemo panhau dzinobvira pakodzero dzevagari vemo kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo kusvikira kugadziridzo yezvoutano.

Masangano eInternet nemagetsi akagadzira mikana mitsva yokuva mugari wemo anokwanisa kukurukurirana nokukurumidza, kushandira pamwe, uye kuunganidza vatsigiri. Vagari vanogona kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau kuti vapedzisire vava kuziva nhau, uye vagadziri vemitemo kuti vaite chimwe chinhu. Zvisinei, kuronga zvinhu zvemakombiyuta kunoda kufunga kumwe nokuedza kupfuurira sokuchinja kwemagamuchidzanwa neaposvolm kushandura kuti vasachinja mararamiro pasina kutevera uye kuronga.

Kutanga uye Kudzorera

Nyika zhinji dzinogovera gadziriro kuti vagari vemo vakarakadze nokuvhota mitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nokutanga nokushandisa. Kutanga kunobvumira vagari vemo kuisa mitemo inokarakadzwa kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo pavhoti kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nhamba dzakati dzesigina. Referendendim dzinobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota mitemo inopiwa nedare risati raita basa. Zvishandiso zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvinogonesa vagari vemo kuti varege kufambiswa nedare kana rakundikana kukurukura nhau dzavanorangarira kuva dzinokosha.

Muitiro wokutanga wakashandiswa kuita chinjo dzomuitiro dzine revo munharaunda dzakadai somuitiro wemitero, ruramisiro youtsotsi, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye nhau dzenzanga. Nhano dzinobudirira dzinoda sangano rakawanda nepfuma kuunganidza siginicha, nhimbe, uye vavhoti. Nepo nhano dzokutanga dzinogona kupa simba vagari vemo nechiito chokumanikidzira panhau dzakaregeredzwa, vatsoropodzi vanogona kusimbisa zvikuru mibvunzo yakaoma uye vangapesvedzerwa nefariro chaidzo dzakasanosimbiswa.

Hadzisi nyika dzose dzinogovera kutanga nokushandisa mashandiro ezvokuvhota, uye mitemo yakananga inosiana zvikuru pakati peinoita. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira nhano nokuda kwemirau asi kwete kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira zvose zviri zviviri. Dzimwe dzinoda nhano dzisina kunanga kuti dzirangarirwe nedare risati raenda kuvhota, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira kuti vagari vadzore zvakananga pabhorati. Vagari vemo vanofarira kushandisa maturusi aya vanofanira kuziva zvinodiwa nemitoo yehurumende yavo.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuparadzana Kwemasimba

Nepo kuparadzana kwemasimba kuchiri nheyo yakavakirwa pahurumende yeAmerica, zvinoitika zvepanguva ino zvakaparira denho itsva nenyanduko mumashandire etsika ino.

Kukura Kwehurumende Inotarisira

Kukura kwamasangano ehurumende nechiremera chawo chokutungamirira kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoshanda sei kuhurumende. Masangano eFederal anoshandisa masimba okuparadza kupfurikidza nokupa mirayiridzo, masimba outongi kupfurikidza nokuratidzira makakatanwa, uye masimba anotungamirira kupfurikidza nokugadza mitemo. Uyu mubatanidzwa wemibato mumasangano mamwe unoratidzika kuva unoputsa nheyo yamasimba okuparadzanisa, kunyange zvazvo matare akatsigira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji iyi gadziriro neganhuriro dzakati.

Dare rakapa chiremera chikuru kumasangano kukurukura nhau dzounyanzvi dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinoda unyanzvi nokuchinjika. Zvirongwa zvinodzora chinhu chiri chose kubvira kuchengeteko yezvokudya kusvikira kumisika yezvemari kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo, kuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura zvikuru upenyu hwevagari vemo neupfumi. Nepo nhume idzi dzichigonesa hurumende kupedza zvinetso izvo Dare risina nguva nounyanzvi zvokubata zvakananga, zvinoparirawo kuzvidavirira sezvo vakuru vakuru vemasangano vasingasarudzwi zvakananga.

Dare Rapamusoro rakakudziridza dzidziso dzokuganhurira simba resangano uye kuva nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira, kubatanidza kuraira kuti nhume dzesangano dzinogovera “nheyo dzisingachinji" kutungamirira kutungamirira kutungamirira nokubvumira kuhwirudzurwa kwezviito zvesangano. Zvisinei, kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti izvi ganhuriro dzakaringana here uye kana hurumende yokutonga yakura kupfuura izvo vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vangadai vakarangarira kuva zvinogamuchirika.

Simba Rine Simba Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Simba raPurezidhendi rakakura zvikuru munzvimbo dzine chokuita nechengeteko yenyika nenhau dzokumwe.Mapurezidhendi akataura chiremera chomuzvarirwo chebumbiro remitemo chokuita zviito zvavanoona kuva zviri madikanwa kudzivirira chengeteko yorudzi, pane dzimwe nguva pasina kubvumirwa kwesangano kana kuti kutarisirwa kwedare.

Gadziriro pakati pezvinodikanwa zvechengeteko neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo inomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuparadzana kwamasimba. Nepo Purezidhendi achibatira saMutungamiriri weChirevo, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Dare simba rokuzivisa hondo nemari yakafanira nokuda kwemabasa ehondo. Kusarudza dzikamo yakafanira pakati pezviremera izvi, zvikurukuru munhambo yerwisano dzinopfuurira dzisingakodzeri rwisano dzehondo, dzinoramba dzichikakavadzana.

Nhamburiko dzeCongress dzokumanikidzira simba ravakuru vakuru munhau dzechengeteko yorudzi dzakava nebudiriro yakavhengana. War Powers Resolution, yakapfuudzwa muna 1973 kuganhurira chiremera chapurezidhendi chokuita mauto pasina bvumirano yesangano, yave ichimutsa nharo uye isingashandi. Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri ose ave asina chokwadi nebumbiro remitemo uye nguva dzose haana kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvaro. Uku kusagadzikana kunopfuurira kunoratidzira denho dzokuchengeta nzvero nedzikamo munharaunda umo bazu rebasa rinotaura unyanzvi chaihwo nechiremera.

Kuchinja Kwepfungwa uye Kurwisana Kwesangano

Kuwedzera kwokuparadzaniswa kwemapoka kwakatapura kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoshanda sei. Vatarisiri vaikarira kuti ruvimbiko rwesangano rwaizotungamirira mitezo yebazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivirira maruramiro avo esangano pavhozhokero namamwe mapazu. Zvisinei, ruvimbiko rwavatengi kazhinji kazhinji runobatanidza ruvimbiko rwesangano, nemitezo yeCongress ine bviro huru yokutsigira kana kuti kushora zviito zvapurezidhendi zvakavakirwa pabatano yebato panzvimbo penheyo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri upurezidhendi neCongress, kutarisirwa kwedare rebazu rinotungamirira kazhinji kazhinji kunoderera sezvo boka guru rinozengurira kunzvera kana kuti kutsoropodza purezidhendi webato ravo vamene. Nenzira inopesana, apo mapoka akasiana - siana anodzora mapazu akasiana - siana, rwisano yemapoka inogona kutungamirira kukuwedzera ndokudzivisa zviremera zviri madikanwa. Uku simba rinogona kukanganisa gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo, sezvakunotsamira pakunzverana kwerimwe nerimwe pasinei zvapo nerangariro dzechikamu.

Kuparadzana kwatapurawo muitiro wekusimbisa kwedare, netsumo dzeDare Rapamusoro dzichiva hondo dzinorwisana zvikuru. Kuwedzera kwokuva mutongi kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuti matare anogona kuchengeta basa rawo savatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo kugadza kwokutonga kunoonekwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neFrensclaires, kungaderedza chivimbo chavose mukuzvimirira kwamajaji uye kuva pamutemo.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru nezvimwe zviito zvisiri zvehurumende kufambisira mberi nharidzano dzemiitiro, zvikurukuru apo vanotarisana nechishoro chedare. Nepo mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru iri chishandiso chapamutemo chapurezidhendi nokuda kwokutungamirira bazu guru, kushandiswa kwavo kuita chinjo dzemiitiro dzinowedzera kuparadzana kwemasimba. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti purezidhendi ari kunyoreswa nenzira inobudirira kupfurikidza nechiito chomukuru wehurumende, achibvuta chiremera chaMasangano emitemo.

Kukura kwechiremera chokutungamirira kunoramba kuchipokanidzwa. Mapurezidhendi anogona kujekesa kuti masangano anotungamirira anoshandisa sei mitemo uye anoita kuti itete, asi haagoni kuita mitemo mitsva kana kuti kupedza mari isina kukodzera neCongress. Musiyano pakati pokuitwa kwapamutemo nokuitwa kwemitemo isina kufanira kazhinji hauna kujeka, uchitungamirira kukujekeswa kwemitemo yevakuru vakuru. Matare anofanira kudzikamisa kuremekedza chiremera chevakuru vakuru nedikano kuva nechokwadi chokuti purezidhendi havapfuuri masimba avo emitemo.

Kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kushandura mitemo yehurumende yakare kwakaparira kusagadzikana kwemiitiro, nokutanga kukuru kunoitwa, kuchinjwa, uye kungagona kudzorerwa sekudzorwa kwechinjo dzechigadziro. Uku kusagadzikana kunogona kusekesa kudzora kunobudirira ndokuita kuti zviomere kuti vanhu vanotapurwa varonge nguva yemberi. Kunosimbisawo ganhuriro dzechinjo yemiitiro kupfurikidza nechiito choutungamiriri bedzi, sezvo chinjo dzakadaro dzinogona kuchinjwa nyore nyore pasina kuva nohurefu hunobva mumutemo wemitemo.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuongorora dzimwe nzira dzokuita zvinhu kunobatsira pakusimbisa simba uye kusasimba kwemazano akasiyana - siyana emitemo uye kunosimbisa kuti tsika yeAmerica inomiririra imwe yenzira dzakawanda dzinobvira dzokuumba hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu hwakawanda, kubatanidza United Kingdom, Canada, uye nyika zhinjisa dzeEurope, zvinoshandisa gadziriro dzeparamende idzo dzisingaparadzani chose chose namasimba emitemo. Mumiitiro yeparamende, bazu guru (gurukota guru nedare) rinotorwa ndokuzvidavirira kudare. Mubato kana kuti mubatanidzwa unodzora paramende unoumba hurumende, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende anobatira kwenguva refu yose yazvinochengeta chivimbo cheparamende.

Gadziriro dzeParamende dzinogona kuva dzinobudirira zvikuru pakugadza mutemo chifo chaapo mapazu avakuru vakuru nemitemo anodzorwa nebato rimwe chetero kana kuti mubatanidzwa. Hakuna chakaenzana nebviro yegadziriro yeAmerica yehurumende yakakamukana neraundi. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzeparamende dzinogovera nzvero shomanene pasimba roruzhinji, sezvo vatongi vanogona kazhinji kazhinji kupfuudza purogiramu dzavo dzemitemo pasina ganhuriro dzinotarisana napurezidhendi weAmerica.

Mimwe miitiro yeparamende inobatanidza kunzvera kwokuwedzera kwakadai semitemo yezvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano zvakasimba, matare ebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti zvivako zvehurumende zvehurumende dzenyika zvinokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nedzenharaunda.Idzi mitoo inopa betsero dzamasimba akaparadzana nepo ichiita kuti betsero dzehurumende dzeparamende dzibudirire. Dzikamo yakananga pakati pokubudirira nemumiririri inosiyana pakati pegadziriro dzeparamende.

Zvirongwa zveSemi-Presentence

Dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza France neRussia, dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzapamberi pedu dzinobatanidza masangano ehurumende yapurezidhendi neparamende. Masangano aya anoratidza zvose zviri zviviri purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga ane masimba anokosha uye mutungamiriri wehurumende ane mutoro kudare. Kukamukana kwechiremera pakati papurezidhendi nagurukota guru kungasiyana pakati pemiitiro yemisika inopfuvuka napamberi pere uye kunogona kuparira kusawirirana, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo dze "gakava" apo purezidhendi nomutungamiriri wehurumende vanobva kumapoka akasiyana.

Miitiro yeSemi yapamberi pesigeria inoedza kubatanidza kuva pamutemo kwedemokrasi kwapurezidhendi wakananga nemvumo nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende yeparamende. Zvisinei, inogona kuparirawo nyongano pamusoro pokuti ndiani ane mutoro nokuda kwemiitiro yakati uye ingatungamirira kurwisano pakati papurezidhendi nagurukota guru. Rubudiriro rwemiitiro yemisi yehurumende inosarira nguva duku runotsamira zvikuru paudzame hwebumbiro remitemo netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvidzidzo Muchinoitika Chinoenzanisa

Nzvero yokuenzanisa inokarakadza kuti hakuna gadziriro imwe yebumbiro remitemo yakanakisisa nokuda kwenyika dzose. Kuparadzana kwakasimba kwegadziriro yeAmerica kwamasimba kunogovera nzvero dzakasimba mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri asi kunogona kutungamirira kukuita kuti chiito chakasimba chive chakaoma zvikuru. Gadziriro dzeParamende dzigone kudzora zvakanaka zvikuru asi dzinogovera ganhuriro shomanene pasimba guru. Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakanakisisa nokuda kwenyika ipi neipi inotsamira panhau yayo, tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka enzanga, uye denho dzinotonga.

Chinoitika chamarudzi ose chinoratidzirawo ukoshi hwemasangano asina kurongwa nemipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika mukuita kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzishande. Zviteshi zvebumbiro remitemo zvine chokuita, asi ndizvo zvinoitawo zvinhu zvakadai segadziriro dzebato, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvimbisana kwehurumende, uye kuremekedza tsika dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunyange gadziriro dzakagadzwa zvakanaka dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kukundikana kana vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vasingaremekedzi ganhuriro dzavo, nepo gadziriro dzisina kukwana dzinogona kushanda zvakanaka apo dzinotsigirwa nemipimo yakasimba yedemocratic.

Kudzivirira Nokusimbisa Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Kuchengeta kuparadzana kunobudirira kunoda ngwariro inopfuurira uye nhamburiko inobva kuvagari vemo, vakuru vakuru, uye masangano. Mitemo yeBumbiro remitemo yoga haigoni kuvimbisa kuti simba rinoramba rakakamukana nenzira yakafanira ndokuongororwa, gadziriro inotsamira pavatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pemiganhu yebumbiro remitemo uye vagari vemo vanozvidavirira. Kunzwisisa nzira yokudzivirira nayo nokusimbisa nayo kuparadzana kwemasimba kunokosha mukuchengeta hurumende yebumbiro remitemo.

Kukosha Kwezvirongwa

Mipimo yemasanga nemiitiro zvinoita basa rinokosha mukuchengeta kuparadzana kwamasimba. Iyi mipimo inobatanidza ruremekedzo nokuda kwekodzero dzesangano, ganhuriro mukushandisa simba, kugamuchirwa kwemiuyo inosarudzwa, uye kuzvipira kumiitiro yehurumende yedemocracy. Apo vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoremekedza iyi miitiro, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda zvakanaka zvikuru uye nenzira inobudirira. Apo miraudzo inoparadzwa, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzingabvumikisa kuva dzisina kukwana kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona itiro hanya pamusoro pokukukurwa kwenguva dzose mune zvematongerwe enyika zveAmerica, nemienzaniso inobatanidza kushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru yokufuratira Congress, kuchinjwa kwezvibvumikiso zvokutonga, uye kuramba kubatira pamwe nenzvero dzapamutemo dzoutariri.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokubatanidzwa

Kuziva uye kuvimbisana kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta paradzano yemasimba. Vagari vemo avo vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende inofanira kushanda sei vanogona kuziva apo vakuru vakuru vanopfuura chiremera chavo kana kuti apo nzvero dzesangano dziri kukundikana. Dzidzo yeCBIVI inofanira kudzidzisa kwete bedzi zvimiro zvetsika zvehurumende asiwo nheyo dzinova pasi pezvivako izvozvo uye chikonzero nei vachikosha nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Vagari vanogona kusimbisa kuparadzana kwemasimba kupfurikidza nokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire pamusoro pemiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Ikoku kunoreva kuvhota kwakavakirwa pamusengwa wavanoda kunheyo dzebumbiro-mitemo, kwete bedzi nzvimbo dzavo. Kunoreva kutsigira vakuru vakuru vanodzivirira maruramiro esangano ravo kunyange apo kuita kudaro kunorwisana nefariro dzorusarura. Uye kunoreva kutaura pachena apo bazi ripi neripi rinopfuura chiremera charo chakafanira, pasinei zvapo nokuti munhu anobvumirana nenharidzano dzemitemo dzinoteverwa.

Kuchinja Kungaitwa

Zvinjo dzakasiana - siana dzakakarakadzwa kusimbisa kuparadzana kwamasimba nedenho dzapanguva ino. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinonangidzira ngwariro pakuganhurira simba ravakuru vakuru, zvakadai sokusimbisa utariri hwesangano, kuraira mvumo yesangano nokuda kwemirairo yehondo, kana kuti kuganhurira kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru. Dzimwe dzinovavarira kuderedza kuderera kweruwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwakasarudzwa kwakadai semasangano okuvhotera kana kuti masangano azvimirira.

Kuchinja kwemitemo kwakakurukurwawo, kubatanidza zvikarakadzo zvemirairo yeDare Rapamusorosoro, chinjo kumuitiro wokusimbisa, kana kuti kufutunura nhamba yevatongi. vatsigiri vanopikisa iyi chinjo vaizoita kuti ichi chinjo chideredze ngozi dzokugadzwa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe ndokuita kuti Dare ridavire zvikuru kuchinjo yehurumende yehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vangagona kusekesa kuzvimirira kwedare uye kupfuurira kuderedza dare.

Kuchinja kupi nokupi kunokosha kukuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kunofanira kusvikwa nokungwarira, tichirangarira zvose zviri zviviri miuyo yakaitirwa chinangwa neisina kurongwa. Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakatsungirira kwamazana maviri amakore, uye chinjo kuzvivako zvayo zvikuru zvingagona kuva nemiuyo mikuru inosvika kure. Chinjo dzinofanira kuvavarira kuchengetedza madonzo makuru emasimba akaparadzana (5) kutanga kuvamba udzvinyiriri, kudzivirira rusununguko, uye kuvimbisa hurumende inozvidavirira (*) ichitaura zvinetso zvechokwadi mumashandiro etsika yazvino.

Zviwanikwa Zvinoshanda Nokuda Kwokubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo

Kunzwisisa nzira yokuwana nayo mashoko, kukurukura nevakuru vakuru, uye kubatanidzwa zvinobudirira kunogona kuita kuti kuvimbisana kwevagari vomunyika kuve nesimba uye kunopa mubayiro.

Kuwana Mashoko Pamusoro Pemitemo

Congress.gov inopa mashoko akakwana pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza mashoko echibvumirano chezvibvumirano, mugariro, vatsigiri, mabasa edare, uye mapepa okuvhota. Vagari vemo vanogona kutsvaka zvikwereti kupfurikidza nomusoro, nhamba, kana kuti mutemo wapamusoro uye mutemo wenzira zvavanoitira. Nzvimbo yacho inopawo mashoko pamusoro pekutongwa kwedare, zvirongwa zvenhurikidzwa, uye mishumo yedare. Nyuziwo yakafanana iripo nokuda kweisitiro-mitemo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nenyundo dzehurumende dzehurumende.

Congressonal Record inobudisa nhauro yezuva nezuva yezvinoitika muCongress, kubatanidza nharo dzouriri, mavhoti, uye zvinhu zvinoiswa. Nepo Chinyorwa chacho chichigona kuva chakaoma uye chine unyanzvi, chinogovera nhauro yakakwana zvikurusa yomubato wesangano. Federal Register inobudisa mirau inokarakadzwa uye yokupedzisira inobva kumasangano ehurumende, pamwe chete nezviziviso zvenhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose nemimwe mibato yokutarisira.

Masangano asingaitirpartan akadai seCongregational Research Service (kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzakasiyana- siyana dzokuwana, Hurumende yeMasarudzo, uye kufunga mumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogovera kunzverwa kwemitemo nenhau dzemiitiro. Aya masangano anogona kubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa mibvunzo yakaoma uye kuyera mirangariro yakasiana panhau dzinomutsa nharo. Masangano enhau namapoka evazivi venhau anopawo mashoko, kunyange zvazvo vagari vemo vanofanira kuziva nezvefungidzino dzinobvira ndokutsvaka mirangariro mizhinji.

Kuonana Nevakuru - vakuru Vakarongwa

Vamiririri vakawanda vanochengetawo maakaundi enzanga anoshingaira. Vamiririri vanofanira kutaura nevamiririri vavo pane kutaura nenhengo dzedzimwe nyika, sezvo vakuru vakuru vakuru vachironga kukurukurirana kunobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Pakuonana navamiriri, vagari vemo vanofanira kuva vakajeka pamusoro pezvavari kukumbira, kugovera zvikonzero zvakananga zvenzvimbo yavo, uye kuva vanoremekedza kunyange apo vanorambana. Kubatanidza nhau dzomunhu oga kana kuti mienzaniso yomunzvimbomo kunogona kuita kuti kurukurirano dzive dzinogombedzera zvikuru. Kutevera kurukurirano dzokutanga uye kuvaka ukama hunopfuurira navashandi vavamiriri kunogona kuwedzera kubudirira nokufamba kwenguva.

Misangano yehoro yeguta inogovera mikana yokukurukurirana nezvinotarisana navamiriri. Vagari vanogona kubvunza mibvunzo, kutaura funganyo, uye kunzwa zvakananga kuvakuru vakuru pamusoro penzvimbo dzavo nenzvimbo dzokutanga. Kupinda horo dzemataundi kunoratidzira kuvimbisana kwemifungo yehurumende uye kunogona kupesvedzera kunzwisisa kwevamiririri pamusoro pezvine chokuita. Kunyange apo vamiririri vasingachinji nzvimbo dzavo, horo dzetaundi dzinogovera kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokuda vakuru vakuru kutsanangura nokudzivirira zviito zvavo pachena.

Kukumbanira Masangano Okuva Akatendeseka

Masangano akawanda anoshanda panhau dzine chokuita nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende, nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye nharaunda dzakananga dzemiitiro. Masangano akadai seAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Federalist Society, Common Ceast, uye mamwe akawanda anogovera mikana yokuti vagari vemo vatsive munhamburiko dzokuva mutezo. aya mapoka anopa mashoko pamusoro pemitemo yakafanira, anoyamura kurukurirano navamiriri, uye anoronga chiito chakabatana.

Pakusarudza masangano okushandisa zvipfuyo kuti atsigire, vagari vemo vanofanira kunzvera basa resangano, unyanzvi, kubudirira, uye miitiro yemari. Masangano anokudzwa anojekeswa pamusoro pevavariro dzawo, manyuko emari, uye mibato. Vagari vemo vanofanira kurangarirawo kana nzira yesangano iri inowirirana nemipimo yavo, mamwe mapoka anonangidzira ngwariro pakurongeka kwouswa, uye mamwezve pakunzvera nedzidzo.

Masangano ehurumende omunharaunda, kubatanidza zvitsauko zvamapoka amarudzi namasangano akavakirwa panzanga, zvinogovera mikana yokuvimbisana. Mapoka aya anowanzoshanda panhau dzomunzvimbomo umo vagari vemo vamwe navamwe vanogona kuva netapuro huru. Kutora rutivi muupenyu hwomunharaunda kunovaka unyanzvi noukama hwenzanga zvinogona kutsigira kuvimbisana panhau dzakakura zvikuru uye zvinobetsera kusimbisa tsika dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pamwero wenzanga.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kunoramba Kuchingoitwa Kwokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoramba kuri nheyo inokosha yokudzivirira rusununguko nokuva nechokwadi chehurumende inozvidavirira. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana uye kuita kuti miitiro yomumwe nomumwe iongorore mamwe, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inodzivisa kuiswa kwesimba kunotyisidzira rusununguko. Nepo kushandiswa chaikoiko kweiyi nheyo kwakavapo kwenguva yakati uye kutarisana nedenho dzapanguva imwe cheteyo, donzo rayo guru rinoramba richishanda nhasi seapo Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorerwa.

Kunzwisisa kuparadzana kwemasimba uye kudzika mitemo kunoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kutora rutivi zvinobudirira mukudzora kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Kuchengeta kuparadzana kunobudirira kwemasimba kunoda nhamburiko inopfuurira inobva kuvagari vemo, vakuru vakuru, uye masangano. Zvirongwa zveBumbiro reMitemo zvinogovera gadziriro, asi zvinotsamira pavatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pemiganhu uye vagari vanoraira kuzvidavirira. Kupfurikidza nokuramba vakaziviswa, kutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende, uye kuomerera kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru varemekedze nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuchengetedza gadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana anodzivirira rusununguko rwavo uye anovimbisa udzori hwedemocratic.

Zvinetso zvakatarisana nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba nhasi ndezvechokwadi uye zvinokosha, kubva pakukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru kusvikira kukukura kwehurumende. Kupedza izvi zvinetso kunoda kuvimbisana kwokufunga nemibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti ungadzikamisa sei mamiriro ezvinhu anobudirira neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Vagari vanonzwisisa idzi nhau uye vanotora rutivi munharo pamusoro padzo dzinobetsera kugadziriro inopfuurira yokuchengeta nokuvandudza pamutemo weAmerica wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peparadzano yemasimba nehurumende yebumbiro-mitemo, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. National Archives inogovera kuwanikwa kwezvinyorwa nenhumbi dzenhau. Dare reCongress[ rinopa zviwanikwa zvakawanda pamusoro penhau dzemitemo nemabasa ehurumende. Masangano eAcademic, kufunga, uye masangano ehurumende mumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika anogovera dzidzo nezvishandiso zvemari. Kubatanidza izvi uye kubatanidzwa muupenyu hwehurumende kunobetsera kuvimbisa kuti kuparadza masimba kupfuurire kubatira donzo rawo rinokosha rokudzivirira rusununguko nehurumende.

Pakupedzisira, kuparadzana kwemasimba hakusi nheyo yebumbiro remitemo inopfuura zvayo asi muitiro unoshanda unotapura nzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo, nzira iyo hurumende inoshanda nayo, uye nzira iyo maruramiro avagari vemo anodzivirirwa nayo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa tsika ino uye kutora rutivi mairi, vagari vemo vanoita mitoro yavo munzanga yedemocracy uye vanobetsera kuchengeta gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo iyo yakatsungirira kwamazana maviri amakore. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunotsamira kwete bedzi parugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo asi pamusengwariro wechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chokuichengeta nokuidzivirira.