Mabasa Makuru Ebazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo isangano rinogadzira mitemo rehurumende. Inonyora, nharo, uye inopfuudza mutemo unotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu vose (kubva pamwero yemitero nedzidzo zvinopinzwa mari kusvikira kuchengeteko yenyika nemirau yemhoteredzo. Pamberi pokuita mitemo, bazi remitemo rinoita kuti chikwama chive nesimba, kureva kuti rinodzora kuti mari inobhadhara mutero inopedzwa sei. Inobvumira bhajeti, inobvumira mari dzinoshandiswa, uye inoongorora kuti mari inoshandiswa sei. Bazu rinotarisirawo pabazu repamusoro pebazi, rinosimbisa kana kuti harinangi, rinoita basa rehurumende, uye rinoita kuti mitemo ishande sezvaidzwa.

Muhurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bazi remitemo ndiyo sangano riri pedyosa navanhu. Mitezo yaro inosarudzwa navagari vemo uye inokarirwa kutaura fariro neitiro hanya zvavamiririri vavo. Iyi wirirano yakananga nevvhoti inoita kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chive chekero inokosha pasimba rehurumende uye dare rekurukurirano yavose panhau huru. Kunzwisisa iyi mabasa kunobetsera vagari vemo kuchengeta vamiriri vavo vachizvidavirira uye kutora rutivi nomutoo une revo zvikuru mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhoroondo Nenheyo Dzemitemo

Purogiramu yebazu remitemo muUnited States yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru neParamende yeBritain namagungano apakuvamba eBumbiro reMitemo yakatsvaka kugadzira mutezo wakasimba waizomirira vanhu apo vaidzivisa kudzorwa kupi nokupi. Kubvumirana kukuru kwe 1787 kwakaguma neBidaral Congress: Imba yaVamiririri, nezvigaro zvakagoverwa navagari vemo, uye Dare, nomufananidzo wakaenzana nokuda kwenyika imwe neimwe.

Chikamu I cheMitemo yeMitemo yeU.S. chinoratidzira zvikwaniriso zvemitezo yemitemo muCongress. Nhevedzano dzemiitiro yokupfuudza mitemo, uye masimba chaiwo anopiwa kubazu remitemo. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza simba rokutera mutero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana, kuzivisa hondo, kumutsa nokutsigira mauto, uye kuita kuti mitemo yose ive iri madikanwa uye yakafanira nokuda kwokuita aya masimba. Nokufamba kwenguva, bazi remitemo rashanduka kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa kwemitemo, matare, uye kuchinja mipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi basa raro guru sechiremera chikuru chokuita mutemo rinoramba risingachinjiki.

Mitemo Isingabvumirwi Nemitemo

Hurumende dzamarudzi akawanda kupota nyika yose inzi biobaral (makamuri maviri) kana kuti uncameral (kamuri rimwe). United States, United Kingdom, Canada, uye Germany ine gadziriro dzebicameral. Muimba yomutemo yebhijamaral, dzimba mbiri dzinowanzova namasimba akasiyana nehurumende, dzichigovera rutivi rwokuwedzera rwenzvero nokuda kwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, muU.S., Imba yaVamiriri inovamba kubhadhara mari uye inogona kupinza vakuru vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa, nepo Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa.

Vatungamiriri vemitemo vasingamiriri, vakadai seavo vari muSweden, New Zealand, uye nyika yeU.S. vakapfava mugadziriro. Vanogona kuva vanobudirira zvikuru asi vangashaiwa zvicherekedzo izvo imba yechipiri inogovera. Chisarudzo pakati pemiitiro yeuncameral nekameraral chinoratidzira nhau yenyika, ukuru, uye uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinovavarira kumirira vanhu ndokuita mitemo inosanofungwa zvakanaka, asi zvinoita saizvozvo kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana - siana yesangano.

Kuitwa Kwomutemo Kwakakwana

Kunzwisisa kuti mari inova mutemo kunokosha sei mukunzwisisa basa rebazu remitemo. Muitiro wacho unovamba nepfungwa(kazhinji kazhinji kubva kunhengo yeCongress, purezidhendi, sangano rehurumende, kana kuti mugari wemo akavanzika. Pfungwa iyoyo inopinzwa mupepa repamutemo ndokupinzwa muImba kana kuti zvimwe Dare (kunze kwezvikwereti zvemari, zvinofanira kutanga muImba).

Chiteshi cheDare

Kana yangotangwa, dare rinonongedzerwa kudare rinoona nezvenhau yedare. Matare ndeapo basa guru remitemo rinoitiswa. Anoita kuti vanhu vanzwe, vaunganidze chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye vanyore bhiri racho(kuita chinjo newedzero). Dare rinogona kuvhota kuti rinyore mutero wacho zvakanaka (mutsetse unorumbidzwa), tafura inoramba iripo nokusingaperi, kana kuti kuuuraya chose chose. Zvikwereti bedzi zvinopfuura chikuva chedare zvinoenda kuuriri hwekamuri iroro.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nedzemitambo

Pauriri, nharo dzose pamusoro pomubatanidzwa. Mitezo ingapa gadziridzo, iyo inokakavadzana uye inovhota. MuImba, mitemo inoganhurira nguva yekurukurirano nenhamba yezvigadziriso. Dare, negamuchidzanwa raro rekurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji rinoda kutsunga kukuru kukumbira kubviswa uye kugumisa murwi wechizvaro. Pashure, kurukurirano, mavhoti eimba pashanduro yokupedzisira. Kana inopfuura, rugwaro runotumirwa kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro wacho unodzokorora.

Dare Romusangano

Kana makamuri maviri akapfuudza shanduro dzakasiana dzepepa rimwe chetero, dare redare redare(__nounganidzwa remitezo inobva kuzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare(maset) kuti ripedze misiyano. Dare rinogadzira mutemo unobvumiranisa zvinhu unofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri pasina kugadziriswazve. Iyi nhano inovimbisa kuti mutemo wokupedzisira wakafanana usati waenda kupurezidhendi.

Chiito Chapurezidhendi

Kana mativi ose ari maviri angobvumirana, mutevedzeri anogona kuisa zita mumutemo, kana kuti kuirega ive mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi (pane Congress iri murusando). Kana purezidhendi akaisa mutongo, Congress anogona kupfuudza voruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose. Simba reveto icherekedzo yakakomba nemukuru wehurumende, asi bazi remitemo richiri rinogona kuisa mutemo kana rikaunganidza tsigiro yakakwana.

Gadziriro yeDare: Uko Basa Chairoiro Rinoitika

Matare ndiwo injini yebazu remitemo. Anobvumira kuti Dare rikamuranise basa raro pakati pamapoka maduku enyanzvi. Kune marudzi anoverengeka ematare:

  • Matare anomira [ zvikamu zvechigarire zvinobata nzvimbo chaidzo dzemiitiro, dzakadai sePuroppations, Admittee, uye Judiary.
  • Sarudza kana kuti matare chaiwo anoumbwa kwechinguvana nokuda kwedonzo rakati, senzvero yechinyadziro kana kuti kufunda nhau inotambudza.
  • Matare ane tsvina anobatanidza mitezo inobva mose muri muviri Imba neDare uye kukurukura nhau dzeitiro hanya, dzakadai somutero kana kuti Raibhurari yeCongress.
  • matare eConference zvikamu zvechinguvana zvakagadzirwa kuwiriranisa misiyano pakati peshanduro dzeImba neDare dzechibvumirano.

Zvigaro zvedare, zvikurukuru zvinobva kubato guru, zvine simba rinokosha rokugadza purogiramu nerokuteerera. Gadziriro yavakuru inosarudzwa namagamuchidzanwa, asi muitiro wazvino uno unobatanidza kusarudzwa necaucus yebato. Matare anewo zvirongwa zviduku zvinonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzakatetepa zvikuru, zvichibvumira kuhwirudzurwa kwounyanzvi zvikuru. Gadziriro yedare rinovimbisa kuti mutemo ucherekedzwe zvikuru usati wasvika mukamuri rakazara.

Simba Rezvishawo: Kuronga Mari uye Kukarakadza

Rimwe ramasimba anokosha zvikurusa ebazu remitemo ndiro rinodzora ndyiko dzehurumende. Constitution inopa Congress chiremera kutera mutero, kukwereta, uye kupedzera mari nokuda kwedziviriro dzose negarikano yavose. Gore riri rose, Musangano unofanira kupfuudza chisarudzo chemari yendyiko inoisa zvipfuro zvose, zvichiteverwa nezvikwereti zvezvikwereti zvinogovera mari chaiyo kumasangano ehurumende namapurogiramu.

Matare okukarakadza ari mukamuri dzose dziri mbiri ane mutoro wokugadzira iyi mitero inotengwa. Anokamura bhajeti yemari yehurumende kuva mabhiri gumi namaviri egore negore anofukidza nzvimbo dzakadai sedziviriro, kurima, zvokufambisa, uye mabasa outano. Dare rinogonawo kupfuura kurukurirano dzokuwedzera nokuda kwemigariro yekurumidziro. Kupfurikidza nokudzora migariro yemari, zvimiro zvebazu zvemitemo, ganhuriro dzesangano rehurumende, uye kuita kuti masangano azvipiwe nokuda kwenzira yaanoshandisa nayo mari yomutero.

Hurumende yeAccounting Office (GAO), sangano rakasununguka mukati mebazu remitemo, rinoongorora mapurogiramu ehurumende uye rinopa Congress mashoko pamusoro penzira inoshandiswa nayo mari. Mishumo inobva kuGO inobetsera vagadziri vemitemo kuzivisa tsvina, kunyengera, uye kusakwanisa kutungamirira, ichisimbisa basa rayo.

Kutarisira uye Kunzvera Chiremera

Basa rokutarisira reCongress ibwe renheyo yemitemo yemipimo nedzikamo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye zvikumbiro zvemagwaro, bazi rewirirano dzemitemo rinonzvera mashandisire anoita vabati vakuru mitemo uye mashandisire apurogiramu. Kutungamirira kunogona kufukura kushandiswa zvisina kufanira, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, kana kuti kukundikana kwemiitiro.

Dare rine maturusi akawanda okutarisira:

  • Kunzwa:[ Matare namasangano akaderera vanodana zvapupu (kubatanidza vanyori vedare, vakuru vemitengo, uye nyanzvi) zvinopupurira panhau dzakati.
  • Congress inogona kutanga nzvero dzakarongwa mumibato yebazu yavakuru vakuru, uko kungatungamirira kumishumo, zviwanwa, kana kuti kunyange miitiro isingabvumirwi.
  • [[FOL:0] SUBPOENA: Kutoti mashoko anokosha achibatanidzwa, Dare rinogona kumanikidza chipupuriro nokubudiswa kwezvinyorwa.
  • [ Chiteshi: Imba ine simba rimwe chete rokutonga vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, uye Dare rinoitisa kutonga kwacho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chibvumikiso:[[FLT: 1] Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwakawanda kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yedare, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, uye nhume, richipa kutaura kwakananga muvashandi vakuru vebazu.
  • Traement:[ Dare rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri-chitatu, richigovera nzvero yomutemo pamuitiro wokumwe.

Hurumende yeAccounting Office neCongregational Research Service inotsigira kutarisira nokupa kuongorora kusina mativi uye mashoko.

Kumirira uye Kuitira Vamwe Mabasa

Nhengo imwe neimwe yebazi remitemo inomirira ruwa rwakati kana kuti nyika. Basa iri rokumiririra rinonyatsooneka basa romuiti wemitemo. Mitezo inopedza chikamu chayo chinokosha chenguva yavo mumaruwa emisha yavo, kusangana nevanhu, kuteerera zvinonetsa, uye kubatsira vanhu kuti vashandise sangano rehurumende. Masangano anosanganisira kubatsira pazvinetso zvine chokuita neSocial Security, kubatsira kwevagara nebasa, zviitiko zvokupinda munyika, uye bhizimisi duku.

Vamiriri vanobatirawo sevatsigiri vefariro dzomunzvimbomo. Vanoshanda kudzivirira mari yehurumende nokuda kwezvirongwa zvenzanga − yakadai sevandudziko dzepfuma, mari yokunzvera, uye yamuro yengwavaira () kupfurikidza nezviratidzo kana kuti dare rinotungamirirwa. Kupfurikidza nokugara vakabatana navanhu vavanomirira, mitezo yebazu rewisvolginist inovimbisa kuti manzwi avagariwo zvavo anonzwiwa mukurukurirano yenyika.

Mumba, mutezo mumwe nomumwe unomirira vanhu vanenge 760 000, nepo uri muDare, mutezo mumwe nomumwe unomirira nyika yose, ine vagari vemo vari pasi pe60 000 kusvikira kumamiriyoni 40.

Mibvumirano Nezvirongwa Zvokuroorana

Dare rinoita basa rakasiyana mumiitiro yokumwe navashandi vapabazu vakuru kupfurikidza nechibvumirano namasimba okugadza. Munsi meBumbiro reMitemo, purezidhendi angapinda muzvibvumirano, asi anova anosungisa bedzi kana mavhoti maviri nezvitatu eDare kuti avatendere. Ichi chinodikanwa chinoraira mukuru kukurukura nebazu remitemo ndokutsvaka tsigiro yakafara nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Muitiro, zvibvumirano zvizhinji zvamarudzi ose zvinopedzwa zvino sezvibvumirano zvechiremera, izvo zvisingadi tendero yeDare redare, asi zvibvumirano zvinoramba zviri chishandiso chikuru chemisero sezvibvumirano zvezvombo zvehondo kana kuti zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi.

Kugadzwa kwaPurezidhendi kunzvimbo huru(-nzicbinet shoo) vanyori vehurumende, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye vakuru vakuru vesangano. (zvinofanira kusimbiswa noruzhinji rwakapfava rweDare. Kusimbisa kunopa Dare inzwi rine simba mukuumba utungamiriri hwebazu guru. Dare redare rinohwirudzura zvikwaniriso zvamaminese, kuva nemhedziso, uye vhoti yokuti kana vorumbidza kusimbiswa. Dare rose ipapo rinovhota. Muitiro uyu unogona kuva wezviito zvedare zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokugadzwa kwedare kunotapura nhungamiro yedare kwamakumi amakore.

Bazi Romutemo Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Chivako nebasa zvevatungamiriri vehurumende zvinoratidza muenzaniso wehurumende munzira dzakawanda, asi nokusiyana kukuru. Nyika imwe neimwe kunze kweNebraska ine chigaro chemabhimeral chinoumbwa neimba yakaderera (inowanzonzi gungano kana kuti imba yavamiririri) uye imba yepamusoro (senate). Dare remitemo reNebraska rakasiyana. Hurumende inoshanda nguva pfupi uye inowanzova nguva, zvikurukuru munyika duku umo rusando rwemitemo rungagara mwedzi mishomanene pagore.

Hurumende dzine masimba akafanana neaya eCongress asi anoganhurirwa kunhau dziri mukati mehurumende: dzidzo, zvokufambisa, chengeteko yavose, tarisiro youtano, kushandiswa kweminda, uye mitero yehurumende. Dzinewo simba rokuchinja nzvimbo pashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu kumwe nokumwe, dzichiita miganhu mitsva nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri maruwa emitemo ehurumende neMatunhu eUnited States. Uyu muitiro unowanzova unorwisana uye unova wemitemo pazvinetso zvehurumende.

Nemhaka yokuti vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vari pedyo zvikuru navamiriri vavo, kazhinji kazhinji vanobata nhau dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva, dzakadai semari yechikoro chomunzvimbomo, migwagwa, uye chiremera chamapurisa. Kubatanidzwa nebazu romutemo rehurumende ndeimwe yenzira dzinobudirira zvikurusa yokuti vagari vemo vapesvedzere muitiro wavanhu.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vayo vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo Nebazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rinoshanda zvakanaka rinotsamira pavagari vemo vakaziviswa navanoshingaira. Kune nzira dzakawanda dzokutora rutivi mumuitiro wemitemo:

  • Chiito chikurusa musarudzo: chiito chikurusa kuvhota vamiriri vanogoverana mipimo yako nezvinokosha. Sarudzo dzepokunze dzinokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti ivo vanosarudza vanoda kusarudzwa nokuda kwesarudzo yavose.
  • Kuonana navamiriri vako: foni, maemail, tsamba, uye mashoko eInternet zvinobvumira vamiriri kutaura mirangariro pamabhiri kana kuti nhau dzinomirira.
  • Dzimba dzamataundi dzakanamirwa uye matare avose: vaiti vemitemo vazhinji vanoita misangano yavose uko vagari vemo vanogona kubvunza mibvunzo nezvinoshuviwa. Kunzvera pakutonga kwedare pamabhiri chaiwo ndiyo imwe nzira yokupesvedzera nayo muitiro.
  • Mubato wemitemo unotevera: Website dzakafanana ne .gov inogovera kusvika kurugwaro rwemabhiri, mishumo yedare, zvinyorwa zvokuvhota, uye mubato wouriri. Kuziva kunobetsera vagari vemo kuisa vamiriri vavo kuzvidavirira.
  • Masangano anobvisa maruramiro okusatendeseka: anonangidzira ngwariro panhau chaidzoidzo dzemhoteredzo(sakudzivirira mhoteredzo, rusununguko rwavagari vemo, kana kuti muitiro wezvemari) kazhinji kazhinji anoronga mutemo ndokubatanidza midzi inosunda nhamburiko.
  • Kurumidza nokuda kwehofisi: Nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokupesvedzera nayo bazu rewiro remitemo kuva muiti wemitemo. Hurumende zhinji namahofisi omunzvimbomo zvine mhinganidzo dzakaderera zvikuru dzokupinda, kuchigovera nzira nokuda kwamanzwi matsva kupinda mubasa ravose.

Kuvimbisana kunoitwa nevanhu kunosimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu nokuita kuti vanhu vacho nevanodzika mitemo vabvume kuti vagari vemo vakasvinurira, vanoona nezvemitemo vanowanzobatsira vanhu.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nebazi Remazuva Ano Rinopa Mitemo

Nhasi, bazi remitemo rinotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzinotapura mano aro okushanda zvinobudirira.Partisangation yakakuita kwakaoma kusvitsa mitemo ndokusimbisa kurongeka, kuchitungamirira kukuwedzera kwemirayiro yehurumende uye mirau inotonga. Pesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika . Nemhaka yemipiro yenhimbe uye kukurudzira funganyo pamusoro pokuti vaiti vemitemo vari kumirira zvirokwazvo here masangano avo kana kuti fariro chaidzo.

Miitiro yomutemo yazova yakaoma zvikuru, nokushandiswa kwenguva dzose kwemitoo yemiitiro yakafanana neyavana muDare. Kuchinja kwakadai sokuita mitemo inodzokororwa, kuoneka kwenhimbe, uye kugadziriswa kwezvinetso zvinochinja pamutemo kwakakarakadzwa kupedza nhau idzi. Pasinei zvapo neidzi denho, bazi remitemo rinoramba riri bazi rehurumende rehurumende yehurumende rakasarudzwa zvakananga uye riri pedyo zvikuru navanhu. Kusimbisa simba raro rokuita chiito kunokosha nokuda kwoutano hweRepublic.

Chimwe chinetso izhinjisa ramashoko nakurumidziro apo zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinofanira kuitwa. Vadzori vanotsamira pamasangano etsigiro seCongregational Research Service (CRS) uye Office yeHurumende yeKuzvidavirira (GAO) kugovera unyanzvi husingatsigiriki. Kudzivirira kuzvimirira nezvishandiso zvemasangano aya kunobetsera kuchengeta mano ebazu eChibvumirano cheProginigictic comment ebasa reProgist negadziriro yokuziva.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwebazi Rinotonga

Bazu remitemo ndiro rinoshandura inzwi ravanhu kuva romutemo. Kuvambira pamutemo womunzvimbomo wakapfava zvikurusa kusvikira kumari yenyika yakaoma zvikurusa, mutemo uri wose unova nesundo yekurukurirano yavose nerangariro yomumiririri. Kunzwisisa icho bazu remitemo rinoita rinopa simba vagari vemo kuti vaite naro nenzira inobudirira, kudzivirira basa raro mukuparadzaniswa kwemasimba, uye kuraira kuzvidavirira kuvakuru vavo vakasarudzwa. Muzera rechinjo yapakarepo nepanikiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, bazi rakasimba uye rakazvimirira rinoramba riri dziviriro yakanakisisa yehurumende yehurumende yedemocracy.