Table of Contents
Dare rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinomira serinopfuura mativi ose egadziriro yedare remitemo reAmerica, rinoshandisa simba rinoshamisa kududzira Bumbiro remitemo ndokuumba mugariro wemitemo worudzi. Sezvo muiti wezvokupedzisira wemitemo yehurumende, zvisarudzo zveDare zvinochinja pamwero uri wose wehurumende, zvichitapura upenyu hwemamiriyoni eAmerica. Kunzwisisa kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rinoshanda sei. Kubva pakusarudzwa kwenhau kuenda kuchisarudzo chetsika yetsika. Nheyo dzinotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoitwa sei pamwero mukurusa muUnited States.
Basa reDare Gurusa rinotambanudza kupfuura kungopedza bedzi gakava pakati pamapati. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinogadza muenzaniso wapamutemo uyo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera, kuvamba mutumbi wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo iyo inotungamirira mutemo weAmerica kwezvizvarwa. Simba reDare rokutonga, rakasimbiswa munhau yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison muna 1803, rinoibvumira kuputsa mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare kana kuti zviito zvakaitwa nebazu guru kana zvichiputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Ikoku kunoita kuti Dare Rapamusoro reSangano renhau rive nzvero inokosha pamamwe mapazu ehurumende uye muchengeti wekodzero dzemitemo.
Mutongo Wedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Nechiremera
Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa kuti Dare Gurusa rine zvose zviri zviviri udzori hwepakuvamba nehudzori. Kudzora kwepakuvamba kunoreva kuti Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa ndiro rokutanga, uye bedzi, Dare kuti rinzwe nhau. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurira kutonga kwapakuvamba kuidzo kuidzo dzinobatanidza magakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti magakava aripo pakati penhume namamwe vashumiri vakakwirira. Iyi mhaka yokutonga yapakuvamba haiwanzowaniki, inoumba chikamu chiduku bedzi chechiteshi chedare gore rimwe nerimwe.
Chirevo chokutonga chinoreva kuti Dare rine chiremera chokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvematare akaderera. Mizhinjisa yenhau iyo Dare Rapamusoro rinotonga zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare akaderera. Iri basa rekupa dare ndimo umo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinoshandisa pesvedzero yaro inokosha zvikurusa pamutemo weAmerica. Dare rinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare ehurumende ezvikumbiro, matare ehurumende mumigariro yakati, uye matare makurusa ehurumende apo mhaka idzodzo dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende kana kuti mutemo wehurumende.
Kazhinji kazhinji, Dare rinotonga nyaya dzakatongwa muDare Rekukwirira reUnited States kana kuti zvimwe Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muhurumende yakapiwa (kana dare rehurumende rakasarudza nhau yeBumbiro reMitemo).Izvozvi zvinovimbisa kuti mibvunzo yapamutemo yakanzverwa zvakakwana nematare akaderera asati asvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro, uye zvinobvumira vatongi kubetserwa nokurangarira nokunzvera kwavatongi avo vakatorangarira nhau dzacho.
Muitiro weCertiori: Nzira Yokuenda kuDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Zhinjisa dzenhau dzinosvika Dare Rapamusorosoro kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonzi chikumbiro chechichemo checertiorari, chinowanzonzi “chirevo. ” Iri shoko rechiLatin, iro rinoreva kuti "kuziviswa," rinomirira chikumbiro chokuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rihwirudzure chisarudzo chedare rakaderera. Kunzwisisa muitiro wecertiorari kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti Dare Rapamusoro rinobata sei chiteshi charo ndokusarudza kuti nhaui dzinofanirwa nengwa naro.
Vhoriyamu Yezvikumbiro
Zvisinei, Dare racho rinogamuchira 100 -50 panhau dzinopfuura 7 000 padzinokumbirwa kudzokororwa gore negore. Izvi zvinoratidza kugamuchirwa kwezvinenge 2% zvezvikumbiro zvose zvakachengetwa. Mwero unopa mari yacho unokwira pa1% nokuda kwemikumbiro yose uye 3-5% yemikumbiro inobhadharwa.
Musiyano pakati pezvikumbiro zvinobhadharwa uye mumikumbiro yepauperes (IFP) unokosha. Inopfuura hafu yezvikumbiro zvinopiwa zvinobva kuiece se na/oka vapomerwi vetsotsi kana kuti vamiriri vemo. Sezvo iyi mikumbiro yakanyoreswa namaattney anenge asingashandisi, inofarikanya mwero webudiriro yakanyanya. Kunangidzira ngwariro bedzi pakukumbira kwokudzoresa kwegweta, mwero webudiriro uri pedyo kusvika ku 6%, mwero uyo unopawo zvishoma tariro.
Mupimo Wokupa Certiorari
Dare Rapamusorosa haripi certiorari nemhaka bedzi yokuti mumwe munhu anodavira kuti dare rakaderera rakaitwa chikanganiso. Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rinotsvaka nhau dzinopa mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha ine revo huru. Kunyange zvazvo pasina mitemo inomanikidza Dare kupa bhengi mumhaka dzakati, mutsinhirano noMutemo weDare Gurusa we10 (hakusi zvikuru chaizvoizvo kupfuura mutemo wegumbo rimwe), rwisano muchisarudzo pakati pematare maviri edunhu ezvikumbiro imhaka hurusa chikonzero chikurusa dare rinoita nhau, kunyange zvazvo kune nhau dzakawanda idzo ivo vanotora pasina kukamukana kujeka.
Zvikamu zvedunhu zvinoitika apo matare ehurumende akasiyana - siyana anodudzira mutemo mumwe chetewo wehurumende kana kuti gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo munzira dzinorwisana. izvozvi zvinoparira kusapanikira mumutemo uye zvinogona kuguma nemitemo yakasiana - siana yapamutemo inoshanda mumativi akasiyana enyika. Dare Rapamusorosoro rinowanzopinda kuti ripedze idzi rwisano ndokutanga dudziro yakafanana yomutemo womubatanidzwa.
Kupfuura kukamukana kwematunhu, Dare ringapa dare apo mhaka inopa mubvunzo wenhau inongochanwa kana kuti unokosha zvikuru, apo chisarudzo chedare rakaderera chinorwisana nemuenzaniso weDare Rapamusoro, kana kuti apo mhaka inobatanidza nhau youkoshi hwerudzi inoda ngwariro yeDare. Vatongi vanoshandisa chisarudzo chikuru mukusarudza kuti imhakai yokutonga, uye havadikanirwi kutsanangura chikonzero nei vachibvumira kana kuti kuramba certiorari mumhaka ipi neipi.
Kutonga Kwevana
Kupa certiorari kunoda kubvumwa kunobva mumatare mana. Uku kunonzi "Kuvhota kwaVana" kunoreva kuti kunyange kana voruzhinji veDare racho vasingafariri kutonga mhaka, vashomanene vevatongi vana vanogona kuiunza pamberi peDare nokuda kwerangariro yakazara. Uyu mutemo unobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinokosha hadzifuratirwi uye unogovera gadziriro nokuda kwevatongi vanodavira kuti mhaka yakafanira kuhwirudzurwa kuti ichengetedze mhaka kunyange pasina tsigiro huru.
Mutemo waVana unoratidzira dzikamo pakati pokusanoita nokukwana. Inodzivisa ruramisiro ipi neipi kana kuti boka duku kudzivisa kuhwirudzurwa kwenhau dzinokosha zvikuru, nepo ichiri kuchengeta chikumbaridzo chinobvisa kuwanda kukurusa kwezvikumbiro izvo zvisingadi ngwariro yeDare.
Nhamba Yokukurukura Nemusangano
Hakusi kukumbira kwose kunorangarirwa zvizere navapfumbamwe. Panzvimbo pezvo, Mutongi Mukuru anoparadzira ndaza yemikumbiro inofanirwa nekurukurirano pamusangano wedare. Ndaza yokukurukura haisati ichiitwa pachena, asi kurangana kwapedyo kungawanika, asi vanyoresi, vanotevedzerwa vanoteverwa neDare gurusa John Elwood paScotusblog. Sezvo Elwood anotsanangura, "[w] mhaka inorangarirwazve, vatongi havabvumiri kana kuti kuramba, asi panzvimbo pezvo vacharangarirazve mhaka yacho pamusangano wavo unotevera."
Nokuda kweTerms 2022, iyoyo yaizova zviitiko 125. Kurangarira nhamba iyoyo, chiverengero chenhau dzakapiwa muChitsama Chamashoko 2022 chakanga chiri 60. Ikoku kunoreva kuti chikamu chiduku bedzi chezvikumbiro zvakachengetwa chinokuita pandaza inokurukurwa, uye inenge bedzi hafu yaavo vari pandaza inokurukurwa inobvumirwa pakupedzisira.
Mukati momusangano wayo wevhiki nevhiki() musangano wavanhu voga wevatongi) -- dare rinohwirudzura zvikumbiro ndokusarudza kana kusapa kana kuti kwete. Misangano iyi inoitirwa muchivande chakakwana, nemirau mipfumbamwe bedzi iripo. Mabharani omutemo, mitezo yavashandi, kana kuti vamwe vashandi vanobvumirwa mukamuri, vachivimbisa kuti vatongi vanogona kutaura vakasununguka uye nenzira yakananga pamusoro penhau dzinorangarirwa.
Basa Revatsigiri veDare Gurusa Vane Unyanzvi
Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinowedzera zvikuru mukana wokuti chikumbiro chipiwe. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru kuzivikanwa uye ruzivo rwegweta rinopedzisa chikumbiro chacho. Varapi veDare Repamusorosoro vagara vachienda pamberi peDare vane mwero yokubudirira yakakwirira zvikuru mukuwana chibereko kupfuura magweta asingawanzoshandisi pamberi peDare.
Muitiro unosimbiswa pamberi peDare Gurusa unobvumira magweta kuvamba zivo chaiyo yeRuramisiro nezvisarudzo zvavo zvakananga, pamwe chete noukama navamwe vagweta avo vasingashaiwi. Kuratidzirwa kuDare kunopawo magweta nzwisiso yezvinofanira kubatanidza ndokubvisa mumikumbiro yavo. Uhwu unyanzvi hunoshandura kuva mikumbiro inobudirira zvikuru inogadzirirwa zviri nani kubata ngwariro yeruramisiro nenhau dzinovapo munzira dzinowirirana nezvinoiswa pakutanga kweDare.
Hofisi yeSolicitor General, iyo inomirira hurumende yeUnited States pamberi peDare Rapamusorosoro, inofarikanya mwero yebudiriro yakakwirira zvikuru. Hofisi yeSolicitor General ine unyanzvi hukuru mukushandiswa kweDare Rapamusorosoro uye nhau dzokunzvera nokungwarira pamberi pokunyora zvikumbiro, ichibetsera kuchinyorwa chayo chechienzi.
Kushevedza Nokuda Kwemirangariro Yomutungamiriri Wezvinhu Mukuru
Dare rinokumbira Solicitor Mutungamiriri wehondo panhambo nenhambo kunyora pfupi inoratidzira mirangariro yeUnited States , inozivikanwa se "danidziro yemirangariro yeSolicitor General" kana kuti CVSG. Kokero idzi hadziwanzowaniki asi dzine revo hurusa dzokupa. Apo Dare rinopa CVSG, inoratidzira fariro yakakomba mumhaka uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inopa chibvumikiso checeritari, zvikurukuru kana Mutungamiriri weSango anorumbidza kuhwirudzura.
Kupfupikisa Kwazvinoita
Apo bedzi Dare Rapamusoro rinopa certiorari, nhau yacho inopinda muchikamu chipfupi. Ipapa ndipo apo mativi anopa nharo dzawo dzapamutemo muchimiro chakanyorwa, achibudisa mashoko eidi, nhau dzapamutemo, uye kurangarira kunotsigira nzvimbo dzavo. Muitiro mupfupi unokosha nemhaka yokuti unogovera hwaro hwenzwisiso yenhau yacho uye ganhuriro nhau dzichakurukurwa pakurukurirano dzinotaurwa uye muchisarudzo chokupedzisira cheDare.
Kupfupikisa
Maererano nemitemo yeDare Gurusa, mutetereri ane chitsama chakati chenguva chokunyora mapeji mapfupi, kwete kupfuura 50, achibudisa mhaka yake yepamutemo pamusoro penhau yakapiwa neDare. Kupfupikisa kwomutevedzeri wacho kunofanira kujekesa mibvunzo yepamutemo yakapiwa, anopa mashoko ane udzame enhau yacho kubatanidza maidi ane chokuita nenhau, kutaura kwemitemo kunotsigirwa nemutoo wenhau, uye kutsanangura chikonzero nei Dare richifanira kutonga mutendero womutendi.
Pashure pokunge kukumbira kwomutengi kwanyorwa, mumwe mutevedzeri, anozivikanwa semutsinhiri, anopiwa chitsama chakati chenguva chokunyora mhinduro pfupi. Ukuwo kupfupi hakupfupi kupfuura mapeji 50. Mhinduro pfupi yomutendi kumashoko oudzori, anopa dzimwe rondedzero dzomutemo namaidi, uye anotsanangura chikonzero nei chisarudzo chedare rapasi chichifanira kusimbiswa.
Pashure pokunge zvikumbiro zvokutanga zvaiswa, mutengi nemupinduri anobvumirwa kunyora mipfupi mipfupi yedavidzi kunzvimbo yomumwe munhu. Iyi mhinduro inobvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kukurukura zvibvumikiso zvitsva zvakamutswa nebato rinopikisa uye kuvandudza nzvimbo dzavo mukurangarira pfupi yorumwe rutivi.
Mitauro Mipfupi yeAmicus Curiae
Mukuwedzera kupfupi dzinochengetwa namasangano amene, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinowanzogamuchira maacicus curiae mapfupi nejenale jenale jenale .Kubva ku "shamwari yedare" (jere) kubva kuvanhu kana kuti kumasangano asiri vatendi asi ane fariro mumugumisiro waro. Kana risingatori mumhaka yacho zvakananga, Hurumende yeU.S., inomirirwa naSolicitor General, inogona kunyora pfupi nokuda kwehurumende. Solicitor General anowanzonyora mafaira mafai enhau mumhaka apo hurumende ine fariro inokosha, kunyange apo inenge isiri chikwata kuidzo yehurumende.
Mifungo mipfupi inogona kubva mumanyuko akasiyana- siyana, kubatanidza masangano okupinza basa, mapoka eindasitiri, hurumende, nyanzvi dzemitemo, vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vamwe vanofarira. Iyi mipfupi inoshanda mabasa anoverengeka anokosha. Inogona kugovera Dare nemimwe mifungo panhau dzapamutemo, kupa rondedzero dzemitemo kana kuti mirau iyo ingasakurukurwa zvizere mupfupi dzemasangano, kusvinurira Dare kumipimo mikuru yechisarudzo charo, uye kuratidzira mwero wefariro yavose munhau.
Nhamba yemitongo yakachengetwa mumhaka dzeDare Rapamusorosoro yakura zvinoshamisa mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Nhau dzakakwirira dzingakwezva mipfupi mizhinji inomirira mazana amasangano navanhu vamwe navamwe. Nepo ruramisiro dzisingasungwa nezvibvumikiso zviri mumashoko mapfupi, kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti idzi rondedzero pfupi dzinogona kupesvedzera kufunga kweDare, zvikurukuru apo rinogovera mashoko kana kuti mirangariro isingawaniki mumifungo mipfupi yemapoka.
Mimwe mipfumo mipfupi ine simba zvikuru kupfuura mimwe. Mipfupi yakachengetwa naSolicitor General ine ukoshi chaihwo, sezvinoita pfupiso dzinobva kugweta guru rehurumende, zvikurukuru apo nyika dzakawanda dzinobatana.
Mhosva Dzamarara Pamberi Pedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Chibvumikiso chamashoko chinomirira rimwe ramativi anooneka zvikurusa uye anoshamisa omuitiro weDare Gurusa. Ndiyo nguva bedzi apo vatongi, magweta, uye mapoka vanoungana mudare rapachena kuzokurukura nhau yacho. Nepo mipfupi yakanyorwa inogovera kunzvera kwapamutemo kune udzame, kutaura kunopa banza rokunzvera simba noutera hwenzvimbo yorutivi rumwe norumwe kupfurikidza nokubvunza kwakananga.
Kugadzirwa uye Kugadzirwa Kwazvo
Dare rinopa nharo mumhaka dzinenge 70-80 gore rimwe nerimwe. Kukakavadzana kunowanzorongerwa paMuvhuro waidudzwa, Chipiri neChitatu mangwanani kuvamba paMuvhuro wokutanga muna October, uye kupfuurira kusvikira kumugumo waApril.
Gadziriro yenharo dzinotaurwa yachinja zvikuru pamusoro penhau yeDare. Pamberi pa1849, nharo dzokutaura pamberi peDare dzakanga dzisina kuganhurirwa. Kazhinji kazhinji, nharo dzakapfuurira kwamazuva ndokukweva boka guru. Zvisinei, pakasvika pakati pama1800 mhaka dzeDare dzakaita kuti nharo refu dzive dzisingabviri. Muna 1970, ganhuriro yenguva yakaderedzwa kumuitiro wazvino uno weawa imwe parutivi nerutivi apo dare rakahwirudzura mutemo wekurukurirano pa 398 U.S. 1058-59.
Nhasi, rutivi rumwe norumwe runowanzowana maminiti 30 okupa nhau yarwo ndokupindura mibvunzo inobva kuvatongi. Iyi nguva inoganhurirwa chose chose, nemagetsi parepter gweta apo nguva yavo inenge yava kupera. mupemhi wacho anotaura kuti kutanga, uye angachengeta chikamu chenguva yavo nokuda kwokupazwa pashure pokunge apindura.
Zvakaita Nharo Dzinotaurwa Nemuromo
Chibvumikiso chamashoko chinofanira kusimbisa ndokujekesa nharo dzakanyorwa mumifungo mipfupi pamusoro pezvinodikanwa. Zano rinofanira kurangarira kuti Vatongi vose vakarava mipfupi pamberi penharo dzinotaurwa. Panzvimbo pokungodzokorora zviri munhano pfupi, vatsigiri vamashoko vanobudirira vanoshandisa nguva yavo kusimbisa mapfundo anokosha zvikurusa, kupindura kuitiro hanya dzinomutswa mupfupi kana kuti mupfupi, uye mibvunzo yehurukuro iyo ruramisiro sezvingabvira dzinova nayo.
Zvibvumikiso zvacho ibanza rokuti Vatongi vabvunze mibvunzo zvakananga yamagweta anomirira mativi acho kumhaka yacho, uye kuti magweta aratidze zvibvumikiso zvavanorangarira kuva zvinokosha zvikuru.
Mamwe magakava ane mibvunzo yakawanda zvokuti magweta anorwisa kupedzisa mashoko avo akagadzirirwa.
Kana nharo dzangotanga, mutsigiri anodzongonyedzwa nemibvunzo inobva pabhenji. Mutauri anobudirira anopindura mibvunzo achibva bhenji achiruka mapfundo makuru enharo yacho mumharidzo yacho. Ikoku kunoda kuti magweta ave akanyatsogadzirira kwete bedzi kubudisa nharo dzawo dzakarongwa, asi kufunga netsoka dzavo ndokupindura mibvunzo isingakarirwi apo anenge achichengeta tambo yehurukuro yavo yose.
Vanhu Vose Vanokwanisa Kupopotedzana
Dare rinenge richiitisa purogiramu yevatyairi vendege umo vanhu vangakumbira kuti vagare padare paIndaneti pachishandiswa purogiramu yevatyairi vendege, nzvimbo dzokugara dzedare dzichawanikawo kuvanhu pahwaro hwokutanga, hwokutanga.
Kune vaya vasingagoni kupinda vari voga, Dare Repamusorosoro rinoita kuti zvirekodhwa nemashoko enharo dzinotaurwa zviwanike kuvanhu. Kubvira padenda reCOVID-19, Dare rakagovera kubudiswa kwemashoko kwezuva rimwe chetero uye kutepfenyura kwemashoko, zvichiwedzera zvikuru kuwanikwa kwevanhu kurutivi urwu runokosha rwedare. Zvisinei, kusafanana nematare makuru ehurumende nematare echikuru ehurumende, Dare repamusoro reU.S. haribvumiri kunyora kana kubudisa mashoko muvhidhiyo.
Basa ReAmicus Curia Panharo Dzakare
Kupfurikidza nokubuda kweDare, uye kudzorwa nendima 4 youyu Murairo, zano nokuda kweaicus curiae yakaiswa pfupi yakaiswa seyakapiwa muMutemo 37 ingataura nomuromo parutivi rwebato, nemvumo yebato iroro. Nepo ikoku kuchibvumidzwa, hakuwanzoitika. Nhau zhinji dzinoratidzira bedzi magweta nokuda kwamapati iwo amene, kunyange zvazvo mumhaka dzinokosha zvikuru kana kuti dzakaoma, Dare ringabvumira nguva yokuwedzera yenharo nokuda kwokutora rutivi, inowanzova Solicitor General apo United States inoisa chipfupikiso chipfupiso.
Musangano Nokuita Zvisarudzo
Musangano uyu ndemumwe wemativi epachivande zvikurusa okushandisa kweDare Rapamusorosoro, nemitemo yorumano yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vanogona kuzvisarudzira pasina dzvinyiriro kana pesvedzero yokunze.
Kamuri Romusangano
Mukuwirirana nemitemo yeDare gurusa, Ruramisiro bedzi inobvumirwa mukamuri reMusangano panguva ino(81) hakuna mapurisa, mabharani omutemo, vanyori, zvichingodaro. Mutongi Mukuru anodana rusando kuti ruve nhevedzano uye, sechiratidzo chomugariro wesangano, ruramisiro yose inobatana. Uyu muitiro wokupana maoko, unoitika pamberi pomusangano uri wose, unoratidzira chinzwano pakati pavatongi kunyange apo vasingabvumirani pamusoro penhau dzepamutemo.
Pashure pokunge zvikumbiro zvecertiorari zvakurukurwa, Vatongi vanovamba kukurukura nhau dzakanzwiwa kubvira pamusangano wavo wokupedzisira. Kukurukurwa kwenhau dzenharo kunotevera gadziriro yakarongwa yakarongwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro iri yose ine banza rokutaura mirangariro yayo.
Kurukurirano Nokukurukura
Mukuwirirana nemitemo yeDare Gurusa, Vatongi vose vane banza rokutaura mirangariro yavo panhau yacho ndokumutsa mibvunzo ipi neipi kana kuti itiro hanya dzingava nadzo. Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inotaura pasina kudzongonyedzwa kunobva kune dzimwe. Ruramisiro huru inoita kutaura kwokutanga, ipapo Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inotaura munhevedzano yokuderera kwoukuru, ichiguma neruramisiro dukusa zvikurusa yabatira mudare kwamakore mashomanene zvikurusa.
Iyi nhevedzano yakavakirwa pakutaura inobatira madonzo anoverengeka. Inovimbisa kuti vatongi vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvikurusa vanobatanidza kurukurirano yokutanga, nepo vachivimbisawo kuti vatongi vaduku zvikuru havapesvedzerwi zvisina kufanira navabiyavo vakuru vasati vataura mirangariro yavo vamene. Murairo wacho unoratidzirawo magamuchidzanwa edare ramakurukota apo unoramba kuenzana pakati pavatongi mukuwirirana nesimba ravo rokuvhota.
Pashure pekurukurirano, vatongi vanosarudza muuyo wenhau. Chivhoti chakatorwa pamusangano ndicho chokutanga uye chinogona kuchinja sezvo muitiro wokunyora mifungo unopetwa. Zvisinei, vhoti yemusangano inosarudza kuti rutivi rupi ruchakurira ndokugovera hwaro hwemurangariro weDare.
Mutoro Wepfungwa
Kana ruramisiro huru iri muruzhinji, vanopa basa rokunyora murangariro weDare kumumwe wavatongi voruzhinji, kana kuti vangasarudza kuunyora ivo vamene. Kana ruramisiro huru iri muvashomanene, ruramisiro hurusa muvoruzhinji inoita mugove. Iri basa rinokosha nemhaka yokuti rinobvumira kugovera ruramisiro kupesvedzera kuti kurangarira kweDare kunoitwa sei uye kuti iruramisiro ipi ichava nomutoro mukuru wokuumba mutemo wapamutemo.
Chisarudzo chomugove chingapesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza unyanzvi hweruramisiro murutivi rwakafanira rwomutemo, kudikanwa kwokugovera basa racho nenzira yakakodzera, kurangarira kwakanaka uko ruramisiro sezvingabvira zvikurusa ichabatanidza mubatanidzwa mukuru, uye chishuvo chokupa mabanza akati okunyora muzvinoitika zvinokosha.
Kunyora Mafungiro Nokuzivisa
Gadziriro yokunyora nokunatsa mifungo yeDare Rapamusorosa inogona kutora mavhiki kana kuti kunyange mwedzi. ruramisiro yakagoverwa kunyora murangariro woruzhinji inogadzirira kunyorwa kwechibvumirano ndokuchiparadzira kuvamwe vatongi nokuda kwokuhwirudzura kwavo netsinhiro. Uyu muitiro wokutenderera unopa mirangariro, neruramisiro inokarakadza chinjo, kumutsa itiro hanya, kana kuti kuratidza kana vachakumbanira murangariro wacho.
Mafungiro Akaita Vamwe
Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvinowanzobatanidza marudzi anoverengeka emirangariro. murangariro wapamutemo unomirira murangariro wezvinenge matare mashanu uye unoumba chisarudzo chapamutemo cheDare. Uyu murangariro une ukoshi hwetsika uye unosunga matare akaderera. Murangariro mukuru unotsanangura mufungo weDare, unoshanda nheyo dzapamutemo dzinowirirana, uye unozivisa mutemo uchadzora nhau dzakafanana munguva yemberi.
Murangariro unowirirana [ wakanyorwa neruramisiro inobvumirana nomuuyo unosvikwa noruzhinji asi unoramba rutivi rwakati rwerangariro yoruzhinji kana kuti zvishuvo kusimbisa mativi akasiyana. mirangariro inovapo haisati ine ukoshi hwakafanana hwenhau somurangariro woruzhinji, asi inogona kuva inopesvedzera mukuumba kuti matare akaderera namaDare makurusa omunguva yemberi anodudzira sei chisarudzo.
A pfungwa inopesana [ yakanyorwa nedare rimwe kana kuti akawanda asingabvumirani nemhedziso yoruzhinji. Nepo vasingabvumirani nemitemo vasina simba repamutemo rapakarepo, vanogona kuita mabasa anokosha. Vanogona kusimbisa zvikanganiso mukurangarira kworuzhinji, kuchengeta tsananguro dzeimwe rondedzero nokuda kwokurangarira kwomunguva yemberi, uye pane dzimwe nguva vanoisa hwaro nokuda kwechinjo dzakazotevera mumutemo. Dzimwe mhesano dzakakurumbira pakupedzisira dzakava murangariro mukuru muzvinoitika zvinotevera.
Murangariro woupamhi unoitika apo kusati kuchitongoraira chiverengero chimwe cheDare. Munhau dzakadaro, rutongeso rweDare runosarudzwa nezvikonzero zvipfupi zvikurusa apo voruzhinji vanobvuma, asi hakuna murangariro woruzhinji unotsanangura mufungo weDare. Mifungo inoparira kusapanikira pamusoro poukoshi hwenhau uye inogona kuomesa nhamburiko kupfurikidza nematare akaderera kushandisa chisarudzo.
Kutenderera Nokudzokorora
Pashure pokunge kunyorwa kwokutanga kwaparadzirwa, vamwe vatongi vangatumira mabasa anokarakadza chinjo, kubvunza zvikamu zvakati, kana kuti kuratidzira kuti vachakumbanira murangariro bedzi kana gadziridzo yakati ikaitwa. Murangari anofanira kudzikamisa itiro hanya dzinokwikwidzana nezvinodiwa apo achiedza kuchengeta mubatanidzwa wevoruzhinji. Dzimwe nguva vatongi avo vakatanga kuvhota voruzhinji pamusangano vangachinja mavhoti avo kana vasingagutsikani nemirangariro.
Iyi kurukurirano inogona kuguma nechinjo huru kumurangariro. Kupfuura kungawedzerwa, kubviswa, kana kuti kunyorwazve kuti vataure zvinetso zvinomutswa navamwe vatongi. Muzvimwe zviitiko, murangariro wacho ungapfupikiswa kuti uwane mavhoti okuwedzera, kana kuti kukura kana munyori achidavira kuti kutaura kwakasimba zvikuru kwakafanira uye kunogona kuchengeta tsigiro yavazhinji.
Mifungo inowirirana uye inopesana inopfuurira nomuitiro wakafanana, neruramisiro inotenderera zvinyorwa uye ingagona kubatana mubvumirano dzinobatanidzwa kana kuti kusabvumirana. Kudzosa pakati pevatongi kunopfuurira kusvikira mirangariro yose yapedziswa uye yagadzirira kubudiswa.
Chiziviso uye Kubudiswa Kwacho
Kana pfungwa dzagadzirira, dzinoziviswa mudare rapachena.Mutsika, mutongi akanyora murangariro woruzhinji aizorava zvikamu zvawo pabhenji, uye vatongi avo vakanyora vanoramba vangapetawo mirangariro yavo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare rakasundwa kuzviziviso zvipfupi, namashoko akazara emirangariro akaitwa kuti awanike panguva imwe cheteyo.
Pfungwa dzinobudiswa muUnited States Reports, mutori wenhau wedare repamusorosoro. Dzinowanikawo nokukurumidza pawebsite yeDare uye kupfurikidza namapepa akasiyana - siyana epamutemo. Bhuku renhau yeDare Rapamusorosoro rinoratidza kuguma kwemuitiro ungave wakatanga makore apo mhaka yacho yakatanga kuchengetwa mudare rakaderera.
Zvikamu Zvezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Dare repamusorosoro rinogona kubvisa nyaya nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana, imwe neimwe ine revo dzakasiana. Kunzwisisa aya marudzi akasiana - siana ezvimiro zvinokosha mukunzwisisa tapuro yeDare patsika dzapamutemo.
Kurwara
Apo Dare rapamusoro rinosimbisa chisarudzo chedare rakaderera, chinobvumirana nechisarudzo chedare iroro nokurangarira. Chisarudzo chedare rakaderera chinomira, uye nheyo dzapamutemo dzinoshandiswa nedare iroro dzinotsigirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro. Kusimba kunopa ushingi nokuda kwokusvika kwedare rapasi ndokusimbisa kuti kududzirwa kwaro kwomutemo kwakanga kwakarurama.
Kuchinjazve
Kuchinja kunoitika apo Dare Rapamusorosa risingabvumirani nechisarudzo chedare rakaderera ndokuchiputsa. Dare rakasarudza mhaka 67, kudzorera dare rakaderera muna 47 (74,6 muzana). Mwero uyu wokuchinja wakakwirira unoratidzira idi rokuti Dare Rapamusoro ringabvumira ceretiori mumhaka umo rinodavira kuti dare rakaderera ringave rakakanganisa. Mukati nhambo iyoyo, Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja chisarudzo chakaderera chedare ka891 kane (71,3 muzana) ndokusimbisa chisarudzo chedare rakaderera ka 347 (27,8 muzana).
Apo Dare rinochinja chisarudzo, rinogovera chaizvoizvo kurangarira kune udzame kunotsanangura chikonzero nei kunzvera kwedare rakaderera kwakanga kusina kururama. Kuchinja kunogadza mutemo mutsva wapamutemo kana kuti kujekesa kududzirwa kwakafanira kwomutemo uripo, uyo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera mumhaka dzomunguva yemberi.
Remand
Muzvinoitika zvakawanda, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinodzosera mhaka yacho kudare rapasi nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa. Mutongi angaperekedza zvimwe kusimbisa kana kuti kuchinjwa. Apo Dare rinochinja ndokudzokororwa, riri kuraidza dare rakaderera kurangarira nhau yacho mukuwirirana nechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa uye kuita chiito chokuwedzera chinowirirana nechisarudzo ichocho.
Vadzoreki vanogona kuita zvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana. Dare reSaurudzo ringadzosa kuti dare rakaderera rishandise mupimo wapamutemo wakarurama, kuita zvimwe zviwanwa zvechokwadi, kurangarirazve nhau dzisina kukurukurwa zvakafanira, kana kuti kupinda murutongeso runowirirana nechisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro. Murayiro wacho unotaura zvinofanira kuitwa nedare rakaderera, kunyange zvazvo dare rakaderera richifanira kuchengeta chisarudzo mukushandisa murairo weDare Rapamusorosoro.
Vacate
Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa ringaramba chisarudzo chedare rakaderera, uko kunoreva kuti chinoputsa chisarudzo ichocho pasina hacho kuchichinja. Vacatur inowanzoshandiswa apo chisarudzo chedare rapasi chinowanzova chakavakirwa pamutemo wakachinja chifo chenguva iyoyo, apo panenge pane misiano yemiitiro, kana kuti apo mhaka inenge yava inova isingadzoreki. Chisarudzo chakakomba hachina muuyo wehwaro.
Kudzinga
Pane dzimwe nguva Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinoramba nhau pashure pokupa certiorari, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti nhau yacho yazova youtsinye, mativi akasarudza, kana kuti Dare rinosarudza kuti certiorari rakabvumirwa nenzira isina mufungo (zvinoreva kuti Dare harifaniri kuva rakabvuma kunzwa nhau yacho pakutanga). Kubvisa kwacho hakuwanzoitika asi kunoitika.
Kutapura uye Kukosha Kwezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvine tapuro dzinosvika kure idzo dzinotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura mativi akabatana kunhau. Kunzwisisa kuti izvi zvisarudzo zvinopesvedzera sei gadziriro yapamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa basa reDare mukudzora kweAmerica.
Chinoronga chiya
Mudzidziso yokutarira nokutarira − chiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira mukuwirirana nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa""""" Dare redare repamusoro rinoumba zvisarudzo zvinowirirana izvo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera. Apo Dare rapamusorosoro rinorondedzera gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende, kududzira ikoko kunova mutemo wenyika. matare eFederal munyika yose anofanira kushandisa kurangarira kweDare Rapamusorosoro mumhaka dzakafanana, uye matare ehurumende anofanira kutevera rondedzero dzeDare Gurusa rehurumende.
Misangano inogona kuvimba nezvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro kuti inzwisise kodzero dzayo dzepamutemo nemisengwa, uye matare enhando ane nhungamiro yakajeka yokugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakafanana.
Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo
Apo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinotsanangura Bumbiro reMission, chisarudzo charo chinogona bedzi kudzorwa nechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa rakatevera kana kuti nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro-mitemo. Ikoku kunoita zvisarudzo zvebumbiro-mitemo zvinokosha zvikuru uye zvinoguma. Nhau dzeLandmark dzakafanana naBrown v. Board of Education (Kuwedzera maruramiro echikoro), Miranda v. Arizona (kugadza maruramiro eMiranda), uye Roe v. Wade (anobvuma maruramiro emitemo kukubvisa pamuviri, gare gare gare gare yakapunzirwa muDobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization) yakaumba nzanga yeAmerica nemitemo.
Simba reDare rokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo rinoriita mutambi anokosha mukurukurirano pamusoro pamaruramiro omunhu oga, hurumende, kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye mimwe mibvunzo inokosha yokutonga. Zvisarudzo zveBumbiro reMitemo kazhinji kazhinji zvinoratidzira kurukurirano huru dzenzanga nedzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvisarudzo zveDare zvinogona kukurumidzisa kana kuti zvimwe kudzivisa chinjo yenzanga.
Kududzira Mashoko Anokosha
Apo Dare Gurusa rinodudzira mitemo yehurumende, Congress inochengeta simba rokukurira kududzira kwedare kupfurikidza nokureverera mutemo. Zvisinei, chiito chedare chinoda kupfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nesigina yapurezidhendi (kana kuti dare rinotonga) uko kunogona kuva kwakaoma kuwana. Somuuyo, rondedzero zhinji dzeDare Rapamusoro Dzinoramba dzichishanda kwamakore kana makumi amakore, kunyange kana Congress akasance isingabvumirani nazvo.
Masvikire eDare kududziro yomutemo akachinja nokufamba kwenguva uye akasiana pakati pevatongi. Vamwe vatongi vanosimbisa rugwaro rwakajeka rwemirau, nepo vamwe vachirangarira nhau yemitemo nedonzo. Uku kusiyana kwemiitiro kunogona kutungamirira kududziro dzakasiana dzomutauro mumwe chetewo wemitemo uye kunoparira kusabvumirana pakati pavatongi.
Kutapura Matare Akaderera
Dare rakaderera rinosanotarisira zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa uye rinoshanda kuzvishandisa nokutendeka. Apo Dare Rapamusoro rinozivisa mutemo mutsva kana kuti kujekesera mutemo uripo, matare maduku anofanira kugadziridza miitiro yawo maererano nezvinowirirana. Ikoku kunogona kuraira kurasha mhaka dzakamira, kurangarirazve zvisarudzo zvakapfuura, kana kuti miitiro inochinjika kuti iwirirane nemurairo weDare Gurusa.
Ukama huri pakati peDare Rapamusoro namatare akaderera hahusati huri hwakananga nguva dzose. mifungo yeDare Rapamusorosoro ingasiya mibvunzo yakati isingapindurwi, ichida kuti matare akaderera azadze miganhu ndokushandisa nheyo dzawose kumigariro chaiyo. matare akaderera angasiyanisawo mipimo yeDare Rapamusorosoro, achisimbisa kuti misiano mumaidi kana kuti nhau dzapamutemo inoita muenzaniso unowirirana nenhau iripo.
Kutapura Kwakapararira Kwenzanga Nezvamatongerwe Enyika
Zvisarudzo panhau dzinomutsa nharo dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, kubvuma chiito, kodzero dzepfuti, mari yenhimbe, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso zvinoparira gakava ravose guru ravose uye zvinogona kupesvedzera sarudzo, masangano enzanga, uye muitiro wavanhu vose.
Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinogona kubvumira kana kuti kuisa pamutemo zviito zvehurumende, kupa simba kana kuti kumanikidza masangano enzanga, uye kuumba nzwisiso yavose yemipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Nepo Dare risina simba rokushandisa zvisarudzo zvaro rimene(idzo inotsamira pabazu guru nokuda kwokuchengetwa uye pakugamuchirwa kwavanhu nokuda kwopamutemo (idzo chiremera chetsika nerangariro dzapamutemo zvinogona kuva masimba ane simba nokuda kwokuchinja.
Mabasa Chaiwo Nemamiriro Ezvinhu
Kunyange zvazvo nyaya dzakawanda dzinotongwa neDare Repamusorosoro dzichitevera nzira yarondedzerwa pamusoro apa, pane nzira chaidzo nemamiriro ezvinhu zvinofanira kufungwa nezvawo.
Zvirongwa zveNhamburiko neshadow Docket
Kuwedzera pazvakanaka zvayo zvenguva dzose, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinobata kumbiriso dzakawanda dzekugara, mirairo, uye kumwe kusunungurwa. Kukumbira uku, dzimwe nguva kunonzi pamwe chete "shoo yeshopu," kubvumira vanhu kutsvaka kupindira kwepakarepo kweDare Rapamusoro-soro pasina kumirira kupfupikisa kwakakwana uye kutaurirwa.
Kutsvaka kwekurumidziro kunowanzosarudzwa nokukurumidza, kazhinji kazhinji netsananguro duku. Dare ringapa kana kuti kuramba rusununguko nenhevedzano pfupi, pane dzimwe nguva kuperekedzwa nokutaura kunopesana nevatongi vanoramba chisarudzo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, shongwe yemumvuri yazova yakatanhamara zvikuru uye inomutsa nharo, navatsoropodzi vachitaurira kuti Dare rinobvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha pasina kujeka nokurangarira izvo zvinoratidzira runako rwenguva dzose.
Nhau Dzokutanga Dzokupomerwa
Sezvambotaurwa, Dare Repamusorosoro rine simba rapakuvamba pamarudzi akati enhau, zvikurukuru makakatanwa pakati pehurumende.
Munhau dzapakuvamba, Dare Gurusa rinoshanda sedare rokutonga, richigamuchira ufakazi nokuwana maidi. Zvisinei, Dare rinowanzogadza Mutongi Chaiye wehurumende (_kazhinji kazhinji mutongi akarega basa kana kuti gweta rine ruzivo(_kuitisa kurukurirano, kunzwa chipupuriro, uye kugadzirira mushumo nezviwanwa zvinorumbidzwa nemhedziso. Mapoka anogona kuratidzira kuva kwechienzi kumushumo waMakurusa, uye Dare Rapamusoro rinoita chisarudzo chokupedzisira.
Zvisarudzo Zvematongerwo Enyika
Zvimwe zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinopiwa padare rimwe, kureva kuti "nedare" pasina kuzivikanwa kwomunyori chaiye. Mirangariro yepejiam inowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwenhau dzakananga dzisingadi kuongororwa zvikuru, nokuda kwokuchinja muchidimbu kwezvisarudzo zvedare rakaderera zvinopesana zvakajeka nemuenzaniso weDare Rapamusorosoro, kana kuti nemirayiro yemitemo.
Kunyange zvazvo mifungo yemitemo iri yose ichiwanzova mipfupi uye ine udzame hushomanene kupfuura mifungo yakasainwa, ichiri muenzaniso unosainwa. mimwe mitongo parusarudzo rumwe chete inokurukura nhau dzemitemo dzinokosha, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwechinyorwa chimwe chete kungaratidzira kuti Dare rinorangarira nhau yacho seyakananga zvikuru kana kuti kwete kubvumira murangariro wakazara wakasainwa.
Kupomera Nokuodza Mwoyo
Vatongi vangazvipomera vamene kubva mumhaka umo vane rwisano yefariro, zvakadai sefariro dzemari mumuuyo, pamberi pokubatanidzwa nenhau yacho, kana kuti ukama hwomunhu oga nebato kana kuti magweta.
Apo ruramisiro inopa mhaka, mhaka inotongwa nemitemo yasara. Kana Dare rakakamuraniswa zvakatowanda (zvikurukuru 4-4 apo rutongeso rumwe rwapamberi runenge rwapiwazve), chisarudzo chakaderera chedare chinosimbiswa neDare rakakamuraniswa zvakaenzana, asi pasina muenzaniso.
Dare Repamusorosoro Rinoona Nezvezvinhu
Zviteshi zvedare reSupreme Dare zvachinja zvikuru nokufamba kwenguva, zvose zviri zviviri muchiverengero chenhau dzakasarudzwa uye marudzi enhau dzinokurukurwa. Kunzwisisa izvi miitiro kunopa nzwisiso mumhindumupindu yeDare nokuchinja kwaro mumutemo weAmerica.
Maburi Anobviswa
Dare repamusorosoro rinosarudza mhosva shoma zvikuru nhasi kupfuura zvarakaita makumi emakore akapfuura. Muma1980, Dare raigara richisarudza mhosva 150 kana kupfuura pashoko rimwe nerimwe. Nhasi, nhamba iyoyo yaderera panenge pa60-80 parinenge ratopera. Uku kuderera kwakaitika pasinei nokuti nhamba yezvikumbiro yagara yakadzikama kana kuti yatowedzera.
Tsananguro dzakasiana - siana dzakapiwa nokuda kwenzvimbo inomira. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinonongedzera kukubviswa kwezvikumbiro zvikurusa zvapamutemo muna 1988, izvo zvakapa Dare chisarudzo chikuru zvikuru panzvimbo yaro yokumira. Vamwe vanokarakadza kuti vatongi vakava vanosarudza zvikuru, vanosarudza kusarudza bedzi nhau dzinokosha zvikurusa. Vamwezve vanopikisa kuti chinjo mumugariro wapamutemo, zvakadai sokubatana kwakawedzerwa pakati pematare edunhu kana kuti chinjo mumitoo yokubatanidza, dzakaderedza chiverengero chenhau dzinoda kupindira kweDare Rapamusorosoro.
Chero zvikonzero zvacho, kabhokisi kaduku kanoreva kuti Dare rinofanira kukurukura nyaya shoma dzemitemo, zvichiita kuti pasave nemibvunzo yakawanda isina kupindurwa uye zvichiita kuti matare epasi pevhu azvisarudzire kutsanangura mutemo wehurumende.
Marudzi Emhosva
Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinobatanidza mhatsa huru yenhau dzinobatanidza mutemo woutsotsi, kodzero dzavagari vemo, mutemo webhizimisi nowezvokutengeserana, mutemo wehurumende, mutemo webumbiro remitemo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Muvhenganiswa wenhau unosiana pashoko rimwe nerimwe zvichitsamira painobvumirwa zvikumbiro uye inhaui dziri kuparadzanisa mumatare akaderera.
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzomutemo dzinoita nyaya dzakawanda dzeDare guru kupfuura dzimwe. Miitiro yeutsotsi, nhau dzeFirst Amendment, uye mibvunzo pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chehurumende inhau dzisingagumi panzvimbo yedare. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, Dare rakataurawo nhau dzakawanda dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, kudzorwa, kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa, uye mhesano yemitemo yorudzidziso nemitemo inorwisana noutsinye.
Dare redare rinoratidza zvimiro zvapakarepo mumutemo weAmerica nenzanga. Sezvo ruzivo rutsva rwezvoruzivo rutsva runotanga, mibvunzo mitsva yapamutemo ingamuka iyo pakupedzisira ingasvika Dare Rapamusorosoro. Sezvo zvimiro zvenzanga zvinochinja, mhaka dzinobatanidza nhau dzakagadziriswa kare dzingadzokororwa. Uye sezvo mapazi ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita chiito panhau dzinomutsa nharo, denho kumabasa iwayo dzingadzokorokera kuDare.
Kutsoropodza uye Kuchinja Zvinhu
Miitiro yeDare Gurusa yave ichidzorwa netsoropodzo dzakasiana - siana, uye chinjo zhinji dzakakarakadzwa mumakore apfuura. Kunzwisisa idzi kurukurirano kunopa mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha kuyera basa reDare mutsika yemitemo yeAmerica.
Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira
Vatsoropodzi vakakumbira kuti pave nokujeka kukuru mumabasa eDare reSupreme Court. Kusafanana nematare ehurumende epasi pevhu, Dare repamusoro harisi pasi peBumbiro reTsika reVatongi veUnited States, kunyange zvazvo vatongi vakataura kuti vanotsvaka Mutemo kuti vatungamirire. Vamwe vachinji vanotsigira nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo rinowirirana redare guru redare, nemiitiro yokutarisira kuti rigovane nokuputsa kunobvira.
Zvimwe zvinoda kuoneka zvinosanganisira kushayikwa kwemakamera mudare, kuvanza zvakapoteredza muitiro wecertiorari, uye mashoko akaganhurirwa pamusoro pefariro dzemari dzevatongi namabasa okunze. Vatsigiri vokuoneka kukuru vanotaura kuti kungawedzera chivimbo chavanhu muDare ndokuvimbisa kuzvidavirira, nepo vashori vachinetseka kuti kungagona kubvumiranisa dzvinyiriro isakafanira kutongwa.
Miganhu Yenguva Yacho uye Kukura Kwedare
Vamwe vachinji vakakarakadza miganhu yenhambo nokuda kwevatongi veDare Gurusa, vachitaura kuti upenyu hunotungamirira kumitemo inobatira kwamakumi amakore uye vanopa purezidhendi avo vanoitika kuva nenzvimbo dzakawanda mukati meshoko ravo rokubudisa pesvedzero pachinyorwa cheDare. Zvikarakadzo zvakasiana - siana zveshoko zvakakarakadzwa, zvikurukuru kubatanidza mashoko egore rechi 18 okugadza anokatyamadza kuvimbisa kuti purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe anogadza vatongi vaviri panhambo yegore mana.
Kuwedzera kunoitwa matare kunomutsa nharo uye zvinomutsa kunetseka pamusoro pokuita kuti Dare riwedzere uye kuita kuti pave nokuchinja kwekudzora zvematongerwo enyika.
Kusarudza Chatable Caseum Nokurema Kwayo Basa
Vamwe vacherechedzi vakatsoropodza miitiro yokusarudza mhaka yeDare, vachitaura kuti Dare rinopa certiorari mumhaka shomanene zvikuru, richisiya mibvunzo inokosha yapamutemo isina kupindurwa uye richibvumira kukamukana kwematunhu kupfuurira. Vamwe vanotaura kuti Dare rinofanira kuva rakakodzera zvikuru mukusarudza mhaka, richinangidzira ngwariro panhau dzoukoshi hwenyika panzvimbo penhau dzapamutemo.
Kukarakadza kukurukura izvi zvinonetsa kunobatanidza kutanga dare rapakati kuti ripedze kukamuraniswa kwedunhu, kuraira Dare kugamuchira nhamba shomanene yenhau pashoko rimwe nerimwe, kana kuti kuchinja mipimo yokupa certiorari kuva nechokwadi chokuti marudzi akati enhau anogamuchira hwirudzuro yeDare Gurusa.
Zviwanikwa Zvokunzwisisa Nhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penhau dzeDare Gurusa uye kutevera basa reDare, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika. Website yeDare rapamusorosa ( http://www.upremecourt.gov) inogovera kusvika kumifungo, zvibvumikiso zvokutaura nenzwi, mitemo yeDare, uye mashoko pamusoro pemitemo nenhau yeDare.
Mabhuku epamutemo akadai seWeslaw, LexisNexis, uye Google Scretator anopa mikana yepfungwa dzeDare repamusorosoro nezvinhu zvakafanana. Mawebsite ezvemitemo akawanda anopa makiriniki eDare repamusorosoro kana kuti zvirongwa zvinopa purogiramu dzinobatsira kuongorora uye kutsanangura basa reDare.
Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kukura kwenhau kwedzidziso yeDare Rapamusoro-soro, zviwanikwa zvakafanana neOyez Project ( https/www.oyez.org) zvinogovera kuwanika kwakawanda kwenhau dzeDare Gurusa, kubatanidza mashoko ezvibvumikiso zvokutaura, kupetwa kwezvisarudzo, uye mashoko pamusoro pevatongi. Raibhurari yeCongress and National Archives inochengetawo zvikamu zvikuru zvezvikamu zveDare rapamusoro.
Magazini anonzvera akadai seHarvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, uye Stanford Law Review anobudisa nguva dzose nyaya dzinonzvera zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro nezvimiro zvendangariro. Uku kunzvera kwavadzidzi kunopa nzvero dzakadzikama dzerangariro yeDare uye rezvisarudzo zvaro.
mhedziso
Muitiro weDare Gurusa nokuda kwokutonga nokusarudza mhaka unoratidzira dzikamo yokungwarira pakati pokuwana nokusarudza, pakati pekujeka nefungidziro, uye pakati pedzikamo nemhindumupindu. Kuvambira pachikumbiro chokutanga checertiorari kupfurikidza nekurukurirano yokutaura nokunyora murangariro kusvikira kuchinyorwa chokupedzisira chezvisarudzo, rutivi rumwe norumwe rwegadziriro runoshanda mabasa anokosha mukuvimbisa kuti Dare rinogona kuita basa raro rebumbiro remitemo somutauriri wokupedzisira womutemo wehurumende.
Kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinosvika sei Dare Rapamusorosoro uye kuti dzinosarudzwa sei zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinoumba mutemo webumbiro remitemo, kududzira mitemo yehurumende, kupedza gakava pakati pehurumende, uye kupedza dzimwe dzenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa munzanga yeAmerica. Mienzaniso yakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosoro inopesvedzera basa rezuva nezuva ravatongi, magweta, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende munyika yose.
Nepo miitiro yeDare Gurusa yakashanduka kwanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, nheyo huru dzinotsigira basa rayo dzinoramba dziri dzenguva dzose: kurangarirwa kwokungwarira kwezvibvumikiso zvapamutemo, kurangarira pakati pemifungo, kutsanangura kwetsananguro, uye kuremekedza muenzaniso zvakadzikamiswa nokudikanwa kwokuchinjira mutemo kumigariro inochinja. Idzi nheyo dzinobetsera kuvimbisa kuti Dare Rapamusoro ringabatira sesimba rinodzikamisa muAmerica nepo rinoramba richiita chimwe chinhu kuzvinodikanwa zvorudzi.
Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rinopfuurira kupedza denho itsva negakava, kunzwisisa miitiro yaro nemiitiro kunova kunokosha zvikuru nguva dzose nokuda kwavagari vemo, magweta, vaiti vemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira mutemo. Basa reDare rinotapura mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pekodzero yomunhu oga, simba rehurumende, uye chimiro chenzanga yeAmerica, kuchiiita rimwe ramasangano anokosha zvikurusa muUnited States.