Mashoko Okutanga

[FLT]]] “Isu vanhu veUnited States, muRwisano kuumba Ungano yakakwana zvikuru, kutanga Ruramisiro, kuvimbisa dziviriro dzomumusha, kugovera dziviriro dzavose, kusimudzira Werfare, uye kudzivirira Zvikomborero zveRusununguko kwatiri timene nePresi redu, kugadza ndokutanga iyi Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States yeAmerica.”[FLT][FLT]

Nhoroondo Yacho: Nei Mashoko Okutanga Akanyorwa

Sumo haina kuoneka muchinhu. Articles yeConfederation , yakatenderwa muna 1781, yakasiya hurumende yenyika isina simba. Mitero yaisagona kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kana kuti kuita zvibvumirano. Manyika akaita senyika dzakazvimirira. Akaita senyika dzakazvidhinda mari yawo nokuisa zvibvumirano paimwe. Zvinyonganiso zvemari nezvomukati zvakatevera. Muna 1786, SShas Revection yakaratidzira kutadza kwehurumende kuisa pasi kumukira kwezvombo zvombo muMassachusetts. Vatungamiriri vakaita saJames Mas Masson naHamilson vakadanwa kuti vagadzirise, asi chikaro chaparo chakabva mubumbiro.

Mafream akaungana muPhiladelphia muna 1787 nenharidzano yokuita hurumende yapakati inobudirira zvikuru (iyo yaigona kupedza zvinetso zvema1780. Preget, yakanyorerwa naGouverneur Morris, yakawedzerwa kutsanangura height [ hurumende itsva yakanga ichiumbwa uye yaivavarira kuita. Kusafanana neadistoria yaigona kupedza kupfupikisa kupfupikisa, Pregtion yeBumbiro reMitemo inogadza miganhuro yakaitwa kuti chinyorwa chose chizadzike.

Kubvisa Mapfundo Makuru

“ Isu Vanhu”

Iyi vhuro iendeko guru kubva kuzvinyorwa zvinotonga. Nyaya dzeConfederation dzakavamba ne “Kuna vose uko izvi Zvipo zvichauya,” kero yepamutemo. Bumbiro reMitemo idzva rinovamba ne “ Isu vanhu”[ .___________________kutaura kuti uchangamire hunobva kuvagari vemo, kwete kuhurumende kana kuti mambo. Chitsama ichi chinoratidzira nheyo ye [, pfungwa yokuti hurumende ine mufungo inoda kubvumira kwoutongi.

Bva “Vanhu” va 1787 vakanga vari kure nevomunyika yose. Vakadzi, vaAfrica vakapinzwa muuranda vaAmerica, vaIndia, uye varume vasina zvinhu vakabviswa zvikuru mukutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Chitsama chamashoko chakanga chiri chokushuva; kwakatora mazana amakore erwisano neendedzo dzebumbiro remitemo kutambanudza chipikirwa che “Isu vanhu” kuchiverengero chavagari vemo chakawanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko akagovera hwaro nokuda kwamasangano apashure / kubva kuvarwi vanokududza kukwikwidza nokuda kwamaruramiro akaenzana kuvatsigiriri vazvino uno kuishandisa kudenha mitemo isina kururama.

Federalsts dzakataura kuti “Isu Vanhu” takabatanidzwa nyika, nepo vazivi veAnti - Federali vakafunga kuti vaizobvisa kuzivikanwa kwehurumende. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pesimba rorudzi nerehurumende kunoumbwa murutivi rwasara rweBumbiro remitemo, asi mutauro wePregary unoisa vanhu zvakajeka panzvimbo huru yokutonga.

“ Kuti vaumbe Chinzwano chakakwana zvikuru”

Nyaya dzeConfederation dzakadana mubatanidzwa wacho kuti “panguva imwe cheteyo,” asi wakanga usina kukwana. Chitsama chamashoko chacho“ chakakwana zvikuru” chinobvuma ushati hweMitemo nedikanwo yokuvandudza. Varoyi vakatsvaka mubatanidzwa ungagona kubata kupesana kwomukati, gakava remari, uye tyisidziro dzokunze apo vaichengeta nyika semayuniti ane revo. Kurega kukuru [[FLT:] (kuva nemifananidzo inowirirana nemitemo inowirirana muImba uye kumirira hurumende kwakaenzana muDare) uye matatu-FLT] [FFFF:3] (va] (va vanhu vakavaranda vatatu-fiti vamiteme vomunhu nokuda kwemitero) vakarohwa kuti vagoverwa.

Chikamu ichi chemashoko chakataurawo tariro yokuti mubatanidzwa wacho waizopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka. Hauna kurayira kukwana nokukurumidza(kwairayira gadziriro yokuenda kukukwana nokufamba kwenguva. Pfungwa iyoyo yokuvandudza kunopfuurira yakabvumira Bumbiro remitemo kugadziridza kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, kududzirwa kwedare, uye kuchinja kwenzanga.

“ Ruramisiro yeEstablish”

Ruramisiro, mumurangariro wavatongi, yaireva gadziriro yemitemo inoruramisira neisina chizivano. Munyaya dzacho, kwakanga kusina dare renyika redare remitemo raidzosa kusawirirana kwemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kwakatungamirira kumirano inopesana. Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzira judicary [[FLT:] judiary [[FLT:] dare rapamberi, [[FLT]] na[FLT]] , rakapiwa simba rokupedza nharo pakati pedzimwe nyika, rikatsanangura mutemo womutemo, uye rinovimbisa kubatana. [[FLT:] Chirati] Chiratiso cha [[FLT] cha [[3:] yakagadza matare akaderera, uye [FLT]] masburbut] v [185]

“ Ruramisiro” inorevawo dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo , pfungwa isati yaizoziviswa zvizere kutozosvikira Dare reMitemo rechi 14 ragamuchirwa pashure peHondo yeChivilini. Kuraira kwePregator nokuda kweruramisiro kwakashandiswa nekodzero dzevagari vemo kuti dzitsigire kuvhotera, maruramiro okuvhota, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)[FLT], Dare rakadudza ukoshi hwebanza redzidzo rakafanana sorutivi rwemupimo wemitemo yeruramisiro.

“ Itai kuti muchato uve wakaoma mumhuri”

Varimi veMassachusetts, vakaremerwa nechikwereti nemitero, matare akavharwa uye vakatyisidzira matura ehurumende. Hurumende yenyika yakanga isina mauto kana mari yokupindura. Hurumende dzakakamuraniswa. Kupandukira kwacho pakupedzisira kwakaparadzwa nemauto anotsigirwa pachivande, asi chinoitika chacho chakapwisa vakawanda kuti hurumende yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru yakanga iri madikanwa kuchengeta nhevedzano.

“ Rugare rwamagariro” runonongedzera kurugare nedzikamo mukati memiganho yenyika. Bumbiro reMitemo rakapa simba rokudana varwi “kushandisa Mitemo yeUnion, kudzvinyirira nokudzinga Invasiontion" (Nhamba I, Chikamu 8). Rakarambidzawo hurumende kupinda muhondo pasina kubvumirana. Gare gare, [FLT: 0] Insrection Act ye 1807[FLT] yakapa purezidhendi chiremera chokudzosa mauto ehurumende kuti adzorere nhevedzano pakati pechikumbiro chedare rayo rehurumende kana kuti gavhunaria iro rinoramba richiripo apo rinoshandiswa mumaruramiro avagari vemo namakwayamashoko.

Kusava nerugare hakusi kungovapo kwegadziriro inoshanda yepamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika inogona kupedza makakatanwa pasina masimba masimba.

“ Tsvakai dziviriro yavose”

Nyika itsva yakatarisana netyisidziro dzakabva kumasimba eEurope, zvikurukuru Britain neSpain, ayo akanga achiri nendima muNorth America. Zvikamu zveConfester zvakasiya nyika yacho zvakadokuva zvisingadzivisiki: kwakanga kusina hondo dzakamira, pasina ngarava dzehondo dzokutaura nezvadzo, uye kwakanga kusina nzira huru yokutsigira nayo mabasa ehondo. Bumbiro remitemo rakatsiva kuti kupfurikidza nokupa Congress simba rokumutsa nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta mauto, kuzivisa hondo, uye kuisa mitemo yehondo.

Mashoko okuti “dziviriro inozivikanwa navose” anoreva kuti dziviriro mutoro unogoveranwa. Haisi yehurumende imwe kana kuti fariro dzomunhu oga; ichinhu chakanaka chinobhadharwa nehurumende yehurumende. Iyi ndima hwaro hwegadziriro yehondo yorudzi, kubva kuDhipatimendi reDefense kusvikira kuSecoverive Service System. Nharo pamusoro pendyiko dzedziviriro, kupindira kwehondo, uye kushandiswa kwesimba zvinopfuurira kuiswa pamisengwa yePregedge kugovera kuzvidzivirira kwavose.

Zvinokosha kuti, mashoko acho anooneka parutivi pe “gareral Welfare,” achikarakadza kuti chengeteko negarikano zvakabatanidzwa. Rudzi runogona kuzvidzivirira rumene runofanirawo kutarisira garikano yavanhu varwo.

“ Rongai Welfare”

Iyi interuro yave iri imwe yenharo hurusa munhau yeAmerica. Alexander Hamilton yakataura nokuda kwedudziro yakafara . [kuti Congress ingagona kupedzera mari nokuda kwedonzo ripi neripi raibatira garikano yose, kubatanidza kuvandudziko yomukati, dzidzo, uye tsigiro nokuda kweindasi. Jacomason [[FLT]] Madison [[FLT]]

Kwamakumi amakore, murangariro wakatetepa wakadzorwa. Asi mukati me New Deal yema1930, Dare Gurusa rakavamba kugamuchira dudziro huru, kuchibvumira Congress kugadzira Social Security, inishuwarenzi yeurovha, uye mamwe mapurogiramu ehurumende musimba rokushandisa. Mu [DHAvis:] Highing v. [137] [[FLT]], Dare rakatsigira Social Security Act, richitaura kuti “kusimutsiridza garikano yehurumende" yakanga iri nhau yokusarudza.

Nhasi, mashoko okuti “kuzivisa Nhaka yeTreaty” anodudzwa munharo pamusoro pezvoutano, gadziriro, dzidzo, uye muitiro wemari. Haisati ichipa simba risina kuganhurirwa. Kushandisa mari kunoda kuti Hurumende ipedze mari kuti“ yapanguva ino.” ive betsero dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti dzakavanzika — asi inobvumira hurumende kupedza zvinetso zvenyika kupfurikidza namapurogiramu ezvokugara zvakanaka. Mutauro wePregaying unotiyeuchidza kuti donzo rehurumende rinobatanidza kuvandudza zvakanaka zvavagari vemo vayo.

“ Tsvaka Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko Nekutendeka Kwedu”

Rusununguko rwakanga rwuri danidziro yainyandura yeAmerican Revolution. Vagadziri vakanzwisisa kuti rusununguko rwaigona kurasika kudai hurumende yaizova inodzvinyirira kana kuti mubatanidzwa wacho ukaparara. “Mikomborero” inokarakadza kuti rusununguko chipo chakafanirwa nokudzivirirwa, kwete rezinesi renyongano. Pregear inoruchengetera nokuda kwa “isu timene navazukuru vedu,” kuita rusununguko musengwa wokuberekwa mumwe.

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakadzivirira rusununguko rwakawanda (*.B) rwakaraira dziviriro dzakajeka dzehabeas corpus, kurambidzwa kwemapepa emitemo yewaiwana naaposvey, kutonga nedare rinobetsera rinobetsera dare (apo rakaisa kubatanidza mutongo wekodzero) asi hakuna kubatanidza chinenge chikanganiso chadzivisirwa. Varatidziro cheAnti-Féderalist yakaraira dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwokutaura, kutsikirira, rudzidziso, uye dzimwe maruramiro. Muuyo wakanga uri BLY yekodzero dzekodzero [[ [itwero]] (idzo dzokutanga gumi), dzinotenderwa, dzinogamuchirwa muna 1791. Gare gare gare zvibvumirano zvakabvisa uranda, zvakavimbiswa dziviriro, kuvhotera, uye kupfumiswa.

“ Pepa” rinoratidza kuti vagadziri vakanga vari kufunga nezvezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Vaida kuti vana vavo navazukuru vararame murusununguko. Iyi mirangariro inotarisirwa mberi yakasunda vaAmerica kurwira maruramiro avagari vemo, kuwedzera hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kudzivirira mipimo yemitemo patyisidziro dzose dziri mbiri dzokunze nedzemhuri. Kutamburira nokuda kwe , kodzero dzavakadzi, uye maruramiro eroorano [[ vose vane midziro muchipikirwa cheProgation yerusununguko rwechizvarwa.

“ Isa ndokutanga iyi Bumbiro reMitemo”

Chitsama chokupedzisira chiito chechisikwa. “Ordain” chinoreva murayiro wakakomba, une chiremera;“ kugadzwa” kunoreva kugadza zvechigarire. Pamwe chete, vanozivisa kuti Vanhu ndivo manyuko echiremera cheBumbiro remitemo. Pregaget haisati ichiti “hurumende inogadza” kana kuti“ Congress inosimbisa.” Inoti “ Isu Vanhu... tinogadza ndokutanga.[1] Izvi zvakaita Bumbiro remitemo pakati pavagari vemo, kwete chibvumirano pakati pezvikamu zvamagariro zvapamutemo.

Gadziriro yokuita kuti pave nenzvimbo yakatanhamara yakaratidza izvi. Panzvimbo pokutenderwa nevanogadza mitemo yehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo rakatumirwa kukokorodzano chaidzoidzo dzinoita kuti kokorodzano dzive dzakasarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, dzaisimbisazve uchangamire hwakakurumbira. Chinodikanwa chokuti mapfumbamwe e 13 anoti razignet j* pane kusabatana pasi peZvikamu zveHurumende itsva. Pashure pokuita kuti, mutauro wePregnory waireva kuti Bumbiro remitemo rakanga riri mutemo wakakurumbira. [9:3] [ity], kubatanidza pamusoro pamaruwa navakuru vakuru vakuru.

Chikonzero Nei Sumo Ichiri Inhau

Sumo haisati iri manyuko amasimba maduku okupa. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakaramba richirangarira kuti harigoni kushandiswa sechipo chakazvimirira chechiremera. Mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936), Dare rakacherekedza kuti “kusuma zvinangwa zveBumbiro remitemo,” asi masimba eDare anofanira kuwanwa mumuviri wechinyorwa. Bva Preggy inoramba iri nhungamiro inokosha kududzira. Inogovera ramuro kupfurikidza nokurava rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo, inobetsera vatongi navagari vemo vanonzwisisa nharidzano dzinodavirwa kuzadzika.

Munharo dzazvino uno, Sudugadziro inokumbirwa kuitisana nharo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rehurumende. Vatsigiri vehurumende yakasimba yehurumende vanonongedzera ku “general Welfare” uye“ dziviriro yavose.” Vatsigiri vekodzero dzehurumende vanosimbisa kuti mavambo anotanga ne “Isu vanhu,” kwete kuti“Isu,” uye cherechedza kuti Tenuth Amendment Reformation ine masimba ehurumende kana kuti vanhu. Pregation inoonekawo mumiraudzo [[ uye zvisarudzo, umo vaiti vemitemo vanoshandisa mutauro wayo kururamisa mutemo mutsva.

Kupfuura dare redare, Sumo isimbiso yavose. Inodzokororwa navana vechikoro, inonokorwa mashoko navezvamatongerwe enyika, uye inoratidzirwa muzvivako zvavose. Nharidzano dzayo nhanhatu ((davidzo), ruramisiro, runyararo, dziviriro, garikano (kugadzirira) rusununguko (kuumba kutaura kwakapfupika kwedonzo renyika. Kunzwisisa Preggey kunoreva kunzwisisa icho America inoshuva kuva, kunyange apo inokundikana.

Mugumo: Chiono Chisingaperi

Sumo yeBumbiro reMitemo inongova mutsetse mumwe chete, asi inotora pfungwa yechinyorwa chose. Chinotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende haisati iri mugumo mairi imene [“icho chishandiso chokusvitsa nharidzano dzinogoveranwa. Vavambi vaiziva kuti“ chinzwano chakakwana zvikuru” hachisati chichizotongopedzwa. Vakapa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi gadziriro yokuramba vachivavarira ruramisiro, runyararo, dziviriro, garikano, uye rusununguko.

Nguva iri yose vaAmerica pavanokakavadzana ukuru hwehurumende, kupindira kwehondo, muitiro wezvemari, kana kuti kodzero dzavagari vemo, vari kupokanidza revo yePregary. mashoko avo anoshanda nhasi sezvaaireva muna 1787. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa izvo Pregary inoreva chaizvoizvo, vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidza mirangariro yokutanga kuzvinetso zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno (*) uye kupfuuridzira basa rokugadza nokugadza mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru nokuda kwedu timene navazukuru vedu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Tsamba yeMari yeNyika yeBumbiro reMitemo, Cornell Information Institute yePregmedia , uye [[FLT] James Madison’s menots paConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeNyika.