Belfast Agreement, inozivikanwa nenzira yapamutemo seGood Wearth Agreement, yakasainwa pana April 10, 1998, uye inomira sechimwe chezviitwa zvinokosha zvikurusa zvezvamatongerwe enyika munhau yeIrish neBritain yazvino uno. Kwamakumi amakore, rwisano muNorthern Ireland(inowanzonzi yakaparira nhamo huru, yakaparira upenyu nenzanga dzakakamuraniswa nemapoka ezvitendero nezvamatongerwe enyika. Chibvumirano chakagumisa masimba masimba makuru, chakagadza hurumende inotonga muNorthern Ireland, uye chakagadza chigaro cheyananiso, kodzero dzavanhu, uye kubatira pamwe chete. Zvisinei, chinoitwa kupfuura kure nechitsuwa cheIreland. Vanhu vanofungidzirwa mamiriyoni 70 veIrish vanorarama munyika iri kune mhiri kwekwavanyukugara, Belfasts inoreva chiziviso chezvamatongerwe enyika; chinoumba chizivikanwa chokuzvizivikanwa, chinozivikanwa, kupfuudzirwa kupfurikidza nokubatana kwenyika inodzorwa kupfurikidza nokubatana.

Kunzwisisa Zvinetso Nenzira Yokuenda Kubvumirano

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nhau dzeBelfast Agreement huru kwazvo kudiaspora, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa rudzi rwerwisano yayakapedza. Zvinetso zvakavamba mukupera kwama 1960, zvakadzikwa mukusanzwana kwamazana amakore pakati penzanga yePurotesitendi zvikurukuru, iyo yaida kuramba iri rutivi rweUnited Kingdom, uye nzanga huru yeKaturike yehurumende, iyo yakatsvaka Ireland yakabatana. Rwisano yaibatanidza mapoka ehondo kumativi ose ari maviri, mauto echengeteko eBritain, uye kusawirirana kwavagari vemo kwakapararira. Pakasvika makore a1990, mutengo womunhu neveri wezvemari yakanga yazova isingagamuchiriki, uye vatambi vakuru vezvomubatanidzwa wehurumende vakaziva chinodikanwa chokutaurirana.

Gadziriro yorugare yakanga iri refu uye yakakomba. Yaibatanidza zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvekurukurirano pakati pehurumende dzeBritain neIreland, mabato makuru masere ezvamatongerwe enyika muNorthern Ireland, uye pakupedzisira mapoka ehondo akanga azivisa kuti moto wapera. United States yakaita basa rinokosha, neaichimbova muresitiri George Mitchell achiisa hurukuro. PaChishanu 1998, mapoka akasvika chibvumirano icho chakavamba Gungano reRefurence Northern Ireland rakavakirwa pasimba, rakatanga masangano omuchinjikwa anobatanidza Northern Ireland neRwanda yeIreland, uye akagadza miitiro yokukurukura kodzero dzavanhu, mapurisa, uye kubudisa zvombo.

Chibvumirano chacho chakabvumirwa nevanopa chibvumirano chacho muNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, vachitenderwa zvikuru nevavhoti.

Gadziriro Huru Yebvumirano yeBelfast

Masangano Anosarudzwa Nehurumende

Chibvumirano chacho chakava chibvumirano chakaoma asi chinoshanda. Northern Ireland Assembly inosarudzwa nokumiririra kwechikamu, uye nzvimbo dzinotungamirira dzinopiwa pachishandiswa simba rebato, zvichivimbisa kuti vose vari vaviri vakabatana uye vanotsigira nyika dzavo vane basa. Gurukota rokutanga nemutevedzeri weMutungamiriri wokutanga vane chiremera chakabatana, urongwa hwemaune kuti vashande pamwe chete. Dare reNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland rinoita kuti pave nebatira pamwe pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, nepo British-Irash Council Council inobatanidza hurumende dzeUK, Ireland, Isle of Man, neChannel Islands.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nokuenzana

Chibvumirano chikuru chebvumirano iyi chaiva chokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye kusimudzira kuenzana. Chakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweNorthern Ireland Rights Commission yeReal Human Rights neSangano reManety Commission, uye yakada kuti hurumende yeUK ibatanidze European Convention on Human Rights mumutemo weNorthern Ireland.

Kurega uye Kuremekedza

Chibvumirano chacho chakarayira kuti zvombo zvehondo zvibviswe, zvaive zvisingakurumidzi kurwiswa asi pakupedzisira zvakapera pakazosvika 2005, chakarayirawo kuti pave nokugadziridzwa kukuru kweRoyal Ulster Consabulary, iyo yakanzizve Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) uye yakagadziridzwazve kuti ive mumiririri wenzanga dzose dziri mbiri.

Kuva Mugari Wemo uye Kuzivikanwa

Chikamu chamashoko chinokosha zvikuru chakaziva kodzero yavanhu vakaberekerwa muNorthern Ireland yokuzivisa seIreland, British, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri. Iyi nheyo yokubvumirana . Iyi pamutemo yebumbiro remitemo reNorthern Ireland inogona kuchinja bedzi nebvumirano yavazhinji(yakanga iri chinhu chikuru kubvumirano. Nokuda kwediaspora, iyoyi yakasimbisazve kuva anign reIreland mukati meNorthern Ireland ndokubvisa nzvimbo ipi neipi pamusoro penzvimbo yeIrish munharaunda yakanga yave ine rwisano huru kwazvo.

Vatorwa Vasati Vabvumirana: Vanhu Vakakamurwa Nehondo

Nzanga dzeIreland dzakavapo kwamazana amakore, dzakaumbwa nokutama kukuru kwekufambiswa nenzara, nhamo yemari, uye kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika. Pakasvika nguva yeNhaka, idzi nzanga (muUnited States, Canada, Australia, Britain, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo) dzakanga dzatobatanidzwa zvikuru neIreland nebatano dzemhuri, masangano etsika, uye zviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, rwisano muNorthern Ireland kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji yakaparira kusawirirana mukati memapoka ediaspora. Vamwe vakatsigira chisakiso chenyika, vamwe vakatsigira chimiro chemubatanidzwa, uye vazhinji vakanzwa vasingabetseri vakatarira masimba kubva kure. Nhando dzezvirongwa zvehondo zvechiuto zvakaparira mipatuko yehondo uye kutsoropodza nzanga huru.

Bva kunyange mukati mamakore akasviba zvikurusa, nzanga dzemadiaspora dzakashandirawo rugare. Kugamuchirwa kwechiIrish-America, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana neFriends of Ireland muU.S. Congress, akaita basa rakakomba mukudzvinyirira hurumende dzeBritain neIreland kuti dzironde kugadzikiswa. Vatami veIreland muBritain vakaumba mapoka esangano renyika yeIndaneti uye vakatsigira kuyanana. Kusanwa kweBelfast Agreement nokudaro kwakasvika senguva yeyamuro huru netsigiro nokuda kweidziva vanoshinga. Kwakaratidza kuti nhamburiko dzavo dzakanga dzisati dzave dzisina kuva pasina maturo uye kuti rugare rwaiva runogona kuwanikwa.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Kuzivikanwa Nevanhu Vasiri muIsraeri uye Kudada

Chiratidzo Chetariro uye Kubatana

Nokuda kwenzanga dzediaspora, Belfast Agreement yakashandura nhauro yeIrish kubva pane yegakava nemukana ndokuva imwe yorugare nebviro. Pamutambo weZuva raPatrick weGore nereMusi weMuzinda waMakore egore waMabvazuva seNew York, Boston, London, neSydney yakava nerevo itsva, sezvo yakanga isati ichayeukwa nenhau dzokubhomba nokuurayana. Chibvumirano chacho chakava chiratidzo chokutsungirira nokubatana, chichibvumira vazukuru veIreland kugamuchira nhaka yavo norudado rwakamutsidzirwa. Zviitikombere zvetsika, zvakadai semitambo yakawanda yeIreland yakaitwa munyika yose, zvakavamba kusimbisa misoro yeyanano nenhau yakagoverana panzvimbo pokungova nenharo pakati pokuchamhembe nemaodzanyemba.

Kugara Mumusha

Rugare rwakava nyore zvikuru mukufamba nokukurukurirana pakati peIreland neredhia yayo. Maurish kuNorthern Ireland neRepublic yakatanga kukura mumakore pashure pa1998. Vanhu veIreland vakanga vazeza kushanyira nharaunda ine ngozi zvino vakanzwa vakachengeteka kuti vava kuongorora kwakabva. Uku kufambidzana kwakasimbisa kubatana kwepfungwa uye kwakaita kuti pave nokuchinjana kwezveupfumi netsika. Diaspora yakava inobatanidzwa zvakananga mukutsigira nzanga dzomunzvimbomo muIreland kuburikidza nemari, mari yebhizimisi, uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo.

Kubatanidzwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokutsigira Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kubudirira kwegadziriro yerugare kwakaita kuti mapoka atsigire basa guru mukutsigira fariro dzeIreland. Masangano akadai seIrish American Unity Conference, Irish Apostotad muBritain, uye Australian Ireland Chamber of Commerce akashandisa chibvumirano sechikuva kukumbira kuti varambe vachiunganidza mari mukuvaka rugare, kutsigira mutauro weIreland, uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzakabatanidzwa mumusha. Kutsigira U.S. kutsigira rugare mukati mezvinetso zvakatevera, kubatanidza gakavaro pamusoro pokubvisa bhizimisi uye kuputsika kwapashure kweGungano muna 2002.

Mirangariro Yomunharaunda: Magariro Akasiyana - siyana Evatorwa Akawana Chibvumirano Chacho

United States

United States inyika ine vanhu vakawanda zvikuru vokuIreland, vane vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 30 vanozviti vakabva kuIreland. Chibvumirano chacho chakanga chiri chinokosha zvikuru pano nemhaka yebasa rinoitwa nevezvematongerwe enyika veU.S., zvikurukuru Purezidhendi Bill Clinton naSenator George Mitchell. Clinton chisarudzo chekubvumira Sin Féin mutungamiriri Gerry Adams kuti ashanyire U.S. muna 1994 chakanga chiri nhano inokosha asi inokosha mugadziriro yorugare. Pashure pokunge chibvumirano chacho chasainwa, hurumende yakagovera mari yakakura nokuda kwerugare negadziriro dzeyananiso, kubatanidza International Fund for Ireland. Nokuda kwechiIrish-American, Belfastric yakanga iri chibvumikiso chokuti nhaka yavo panzvimbo yenyika uye kuti vaigona kupesvedzera nyika yekare.

Canada

Canada diaspora yeIreland, inosvika mamirioni 4,5, yakanzwawo batano huru nebvumirano. Canada yakanga yabetsera kuchengetedza rugare muNorthern Ireland uye yakanga ine nhau yokubudisa rwisano. Chibvumirano chacho chakasimbisa murangariro weCanada umene senyika inovakirwa pakubvumirana patsika. Masangano echiIrish-Canadian akashandisa nhambo yacho kusimudzira kurukurirano dzetsika nedzidzo izvo zvakasimbisa zvidzidzo zvegadziriro yorugare nokuda kwedzimwe nzanga dzakakamukana.

Australia

Australian diaspora yeIreland, inofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 2,5, ine nhau refu yakatanga kare munguva yavasungwa. Zvinetso zvakanga zvanyandura nharo dzechisimba munzanga dzeAustralian Ireland, namasangano eparabhuriki uye vamwe vachitsigira nzvimbo yeBritain. Belfast Application yakagovera nzira yokuti aya mapoka awa awawane nzvimbo imwe. Hurumende dzeAustralia dzakatsigira rugare kupfurikidza nemikoto yehurumende yehurumende uye zvirongwa zvakatsigira dzidzo zvakazokurudzira kubudirira mune zvemari muNorthern Ireland. Nokuda kweIrish-Australia, chibvumirano chakavabvumira kushanyira mhuri muNorthern Ireland pasina kutya, uye chakanyandura kufarira mutauro weIreland netsika.

Britain

Nzanga yeIreland muBritain ndiyo hurusa muEurope, ine vagari vakaberekerwa muIreland vanopfuura 800 000 uye mamwe mamiriyoni evaIreland. Iyi nzanga yakasangana nerusaruro runokosha mukati meNhamo, zvikurukuru pashure pokubhomba kweIRA munyika yeBritain. Kusaina kwebvumirano yacho kwakanga kuri nguva yakapera, kuchideredza kusawirirana uye kuita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanhu veIreland muBritain vazvizivikanwe pachena. Dzimba nemapoka etsika zvakabudirira, uye kufambidzana kwemasangano kwakanangana. Chibvumirano chakasundawo hurumende yeBritain kukumbira ruregerero rwepamutemo nokuda kwekusaruramisira, sokubatwa kwechi Irish panguva yerwisano.

Dzimwe Nzvimbo

Nzanga duku asi dzinoshingaira dzeIreland dziripo muLatin America, kondinendi yeEurope, Africa, uye Asia. MuArgentina, nzanga yeIrish yeshanu yakakura zvikurusa kune dzimwe nyika, chibvumirano chacho chakachengetwa somuenzaniso wedanho rerwisano ine rugare. MuNew Zealand, vazukuru veIreland vakaronga zvinoitika zveyekuyeuka uye zvinangwa zvokutsigira kuvaka rugare. Kusvika kwenyika yose kweBelfast Account idist yepesvedzero yakapararira yediaspora uye kuzvipira kwavo kunguva yemberi yeIreland.

Kuchengetedzwa Kwetsika Nemutauro

Chimwe chezvisingatapurwi zvikuru asi zvakadzika miuyo yeBelfast Aprty on diaspora yave iri kunyandurwa kwefariro mumutauro netsika zvechiIrish. Chibvumirano chaibatanidza zvibvumirano zvokushandisa chiIrish neUlster Scots muupenyu hwavose muNorthern Ireland, kupa kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kumitauro yakanga yave yakacherwa. Iyi yakanzwika nesimba nenzanga dzechinapuspora dzakanga dzatamburira kupfuudza nhaka yavo yomutauro kuchizvarwa chiduku. Zvikamu zvechiIrish, marusarusando enzi, uye mitambo yetsika zvakaona kubatanidzwa munzvimbo dzakadai seNew York, San Francisco, uye Melbourbourne. Masangano akadai seIrish Language Learterry's Association neNorth American Gaeltacht's akabuda mubvumirano chibvumirano chitsva chakapiwa kumutauro.

Rugare rwakabvumirawo tsinhano yetsika yapachena zvikuru. Vaimbi, vanyori, uye vaimbi vakabva Northern Ireland vakafukunura nyika yose, vachigoverana nhau dzerwisano neyananiso. Mabasa akafanana nenhetembo dzaSeamus Heaney nemitambo yaBrian Friel, yaitodiwa nediaspora, yakaonekwa sezviratidzo zvokusimba kwomudzimu womunhu mumugariro worugare. Chibvumirano chacho chakava nokudaro nzvimbo yokubudirira kwemiitiro yeIreland.

Zvisungo Zvemari Nemari Yokuchengetesa

Kutsigiswa kwakaunzwa neBelfast Advset kwakazarura mikana yezvemari yainyanya kuwanikwa muIreland nejesi yayo. Upfumi hweNorthern Ireland, hwakanga hwakanganiswa nechisimba, hwakatanga kukura. Vavengi vemo vemo vakaita basa guru, mari, nzvimbo, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu vakatanga. Bhetani reIland Inc. , raimirira zvose zviri zviviri North neSouth, rakava rinokwezva kuvavengi vokune upfumi vokune dzimwe nyika. Diaspora yakapawo mupiro kupfurikidza nezvemibato yezvemari, kutsigira zvirongwa zvenzanga muNorthern Ireland nenhomedzo.

Masangano akadai seNorthern Ireland Bureau, ane mahofisi muWashington D.C., akatsigira nokushingaira kuchengetedzwa kwemari yemajekiseni. Kubudirira kwegadziriro yorugare kwaiwanzotaurwa nevatungamiriri vebhizimisi sechikonzero chokubatanidzwa munharaunda yacho.

Zvinetso Nenhaka: Chibvumirano Chomuzana Remakore Rechi21

Brexit neMuitiro Wemitemo woKuchamhembe kweIreland

Belfast Agreement yakatarisana nomuedzo wayo wakakomba zvikurusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura iyi nokubuda kweUK kubva kuEuropean Union. Paratition yeNorthern Ireland, iyo yakatanga muganhu webhizimisi muIrish Sea kudzivisa muganhu wakaoma pachitsuwa, yakatsamwisa vabatanidzwa ndokuvhiringidza masangano esimba anodzivirira. Gungano rakanga risingashandisi zvinobudirira nokuda kweyakawanda ye2022-2024 sezvo Democratic Union Party yakanyandurwa mukutsutsumwa. Nokuda kwediaspora, zvinoitika izvi zvave zviri zvikuru pamusoro pe. Vakakurudzira kudzivirira chibvumirano, vachikwidziridza hurumende dzose dziri mbiri muEurope neNorth America kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti kuwanikwa kworugare hakuna kuparadzwa. Mapo amapoka akawanda akakurudzira kutsigira kubvumirana kwemitemo nokubatana.

Yeuko NeChirangaridzo

Makore makumi maviri namashanu pashure pokusaina kwayo, chibvumirano chinopfuurira kuchengetwa nenzanga. Zviitiko muna 2023 zvakaratidzira kuchengetwa kwegore negore nemisangano, mapurogiramu etsika, uye kurukurirano dzenguva dzose. Vazukuru vaduku veIreland, vasina kurarama muNhamo, vari kudzidza pamusoro pebvumirano senhau yehwaro yeIreland yazvino uno. Nhaka yebvumirano yacho inodzidziswa mumapurogiramu efundo eIreland kumayunivhesiti munyika yose, vachivimbisa kuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvinonzwisisa revo yayo.

Kuramba Tichipemberera Rugare Rwenyika Yose

Falfast Augness yazova muenzaniso wezvisarudzo mudzimwe mativi enyika. Nzanga dzeruwa munyika dzakadai seSouth Africa, Colombia, uye Sri Lanka dzakatsvaka zano kuvavaki vorugare veIreland. Simbiso yebvumirano pakudzora simba, kodzero dzavanhu, uye kubatira pamwe kwemitsetse inopa zvidzidzo nokuda kwenzanga dzinorwisana nokukamukana kukuru. Kubva kuIreland diaspora, uku kusiiwa kwefaro yefandesheni imavambo okudada kukuru. Kunosimbisa kuti chitsuwa chiduku cheIreland chinogona kuva netapuro huru pazvinhu zvenyika yose.

mhedziso

Belfast Augnes igweta rinopfuura zvikuru chinyorwa chenhau; isimba ripenyu rinopfuurira kuumba ukama pakati peIreland nemhuri yaro yenyika yose. Nokuda kwenzanga dzeIreland diaspora, yakaguma makore enhamo ndokushandura peji kuganhuro yetariro, chinzwano, uye rudado. Yakavabvumira kubatana nenyika yavo pasina mumvuri wamasimba masimba, kuchengeta tsika dzavo pachena, uye kuva vatori vapindi vanoshingaira mumuitiro unopfuurira wokuvaka rugare. Zvinetso zvakaramba zviripo, kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudikanwa kwokukurukura nhau dzebvumirano dzisingagadzirisiki dzemitemo dzinoramba dziri chiedza. Sezvo nzanga dzepo dzinovakwa munyika yose dzinotarira kunguva yemberi, dzinodaro nechivimbo chokuti Belfast Advementation inogoverwa nereyi inorevo. Zvinetso zvamatongerwe murugare rwayo hachizoreverwa muIreland, Nor - chibvumirano chapamhengeri chadzodzodzo kuupenyu chete muIreland, asi rinobva kunzvimbo yapasi pedokubva kuSdo, kuSdoudha kunzvimbo yeSydney, kusvika kunzvimbo yegungwa, kunzvimbo yegungwa kusvika kuS