Sumo

Federalism inheyo inodzikatidzwa muUnited States Constitution inokamuranisa chiremera choumambo pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika. Uku kugoverwa kwesimba kunorondedzera ukama pakati pamasangano ehurumende nehurumende uye kuvamba dzidziso dzinoverengeka dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza dzidziso dzehurumende yokusazvidzora kwehurumende. Kudzivirira kwoutongi hwehurumende kunodzivirira kuti kurege kuiswa mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwavo, dziviriro yakavakirwa muDemende yetesi uye inotsanangurwa neresimu yehurumende. Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pehurumende nehurumende nehurumende kunokosha kunokosha kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti Hurumende yeMitemo inochengetedza kuvadziko inochengetedza sei kuvadziko yogarisano. Nyaya inonzvera mava enhau, zvisarudzo zvinokosha zveDare guru, zvisingatengwi, uye mirangariro yazvino unodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende inoumbwa nemitemo youkuru mukuru mukuru wenyika yose.

Mavambo Enhau aChangamire weHurumende

Murangariro wokuzvitonga kwesimba rinodzivisa kukuvadzwa kwesimba rinotonga muna 1788 wakaumba hurumende ine masimba akaganhurirwa, asi hurumende dzakachengeta uchangamire hwadzo kunze kweapo dzakapiwa hurumende yehurumende. Pashure pekunge Hurumende yeAmerica yachinja, nyika dzakagamuchira iyi nheyo, dzichizvirangarira dzimene sesangano rapamutemo mukati megadziriro itsva yehurumende. Kuumbwa kweBumbiro remitemo muna 1788 kwakaumba hurumende ine masimba akaganhurirwa, asi hurumende dzakachengeta uchangamire hwadzo kunze kwokuti apo dzakapiwa nenzira yakananga kuhurumende. Nhau yokuti hurumende dzingagona kukwidzwa navagari vemo vomunyika mudare rehurumende yehurumende yavanhu yakamuka nokukurumidza pashure pokutangwa.

Penjere re11 neChisholm v. Georgia

Chinoparira nokukurumidza Dare rePrefect yechi11 raiva chisarudzo cheDare reChikurusa mu Chahisolm v. Georgia (1793). Munhau iyoyo, vagari vaviri veSouth Carolina vakakosha hurumende kuti vawane chikwereti. Dare rakafunga kuti Chikamu III chematare emitemo ehurumende anobvumirwa kunzwa nhau pakati pehurumende nevagari veimwe nyika, zvinobvumidza zvinobudirira kurwisana nehurumende pasina kubvumirana. Chisarumbidzo chacho chakanyandura hasha pakati pehurumende, idzo dzaitya mafashamo ezvokutongwa nouchangamire hwehurumende. Mumhinduro, Dare rakakarakadzwa uye masangano akatendera kudzora kwechi11 muzana muna 1795, iro rinoti: “Kutonga kweUnited States hakuzobvumira nokurevererwa kwomutemo mumutemo upi noupi kana kuti kudzorwa kumutemo muhurumende kana kuti kutongerwa kupfurikidza nomumwe weUnited States, kana kuti kutongwa neHurumende inotonga imwe yeUnited States.

Pession yechi11 yakadzikira dziviriro yapamutemo iyo nyika dzakanga dzafarikanya pamberi pa Chahrolm. Inoratidzira kubvumirana kwehurumende: jaji rehurumende ringasagona kushandiswa sebumbiro kuti rizvidzivirire vamene kumasangano anozvidzivirira pamashoko omunhu oga, nokudaro ichi kuchengeta chiremera chehurumende nechiremera. Uku kugadziridza kunoramba kuri hwaro hworugwaro nokuda kwesimba rehurumende mumatare makuru enyika.

Kushanda Muchikwata Senheyo Yebumbiro reMitemo

Federalism haisati iri pfungwawo zvayo yenhau; inheyo yourongwa inopa revo kurwisa chigaro choumambo. Bumbiro remitemo rinogadzira gadziriro mbiri dzokutonga umo dzose dziri mbiri hurumende yorudzi nehurumende dzine masimba anozvitonga. Pession yeTenuth Inosimbisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokuchengeta kuhurumende masimba ose asina kupiwa kuUnited States. Mukati meiyi gadziriro, nyika hadzisi zvikamu zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende; ivo zviremera zvakaparadzaniswa zvine mutoro wokudzivisa kupomerwa mhaka kwapachivandei kana zvichibvumira kana kuti zvimwe Bumbiro remitemo.

Uchangamire Hwakafanana Nenheyo Yokusabatana

Dzidziso yemitemo miviri inodzorwa nehurumende. Changamire mumwe nomumwe mukati memabhora ayo. Savanhu vane kodzero yokuzvitonga vanoberekwa nayo yokusununguka pakutonga. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richiziva kuti uku kudzivirira haisi hayo pamutemo asi inyasha yemitemo yehurumende. Hans v. Louisiana [1890] [i], Dare raidavira kuti Shemendement ine nheyo yakakaturo yehurumende inopfuudza mutemo wakawanda uyo unodzorwa navagari vemo vomunyika, kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwacho rwuchingodudza suturo bedzi navagari vemo voga voga voga nemhaka yeimwe nyika inodzivisa Hurumende. Brapley anotsinhira nemhaka yokuti Hurumende inotonga hurumende inotonga nemhaka yokuti vadzoresa, Brati “ufakazi hwakajeka hutsvene hwechipo hunorevo.

Basa Rehurumende Mukuganhurira Simba Renyika

Federalism inoshandawo senzvero pamano eCongress okukurira kudzivirira hurumende. Munsi meBumbiro reMitemo, Congress ingadzivisa kudzora kwehurumende bedzi apo inoita kuti ipedze chiremera chapamutemo ndokuratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yayo yokuita kudaro. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadudzira iri simba, zvikurukuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Somuenzaniso, mu Svolealetle vvv. Florida[[FLY:1] [1966], Dare rakarangarira kuti Congress resignet recustom reculture recureal pardernent murecultivess. Chirevotimedzo chamatotimei chehurumende hachigoni kusimbisa maruramiro ehurumende kuti pave nesimba rayo rehurumende renyika dzose pakati pedzero, chikaro chikuru chinoda kubvisa kubvisa kubviswa muResmendement, zvikurukuru chikamu 5 dare rehurumende chidzo chavagari chavagari chavagari vehurumende.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinoshora Dzidziso

Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa mitongo yakatevedzana yakachinja ukama huri pakati pehurumende nokuzvitonga.

Hans kana kuti Louisiana (1890)

Sezvacherechedzwa, Hans v. Louisiana yakatambanudzwa kutyiswa kwePramendment yechi11 kwekusatapurwa kwesutu kunounzwa navagari vehurumende vamene. Mutengi, mugari weLouisiana, akakokera hurumende kuwanazve fariro pamibatanidzwa yehurumende. Dare rakabvisa sututi, rikachengeta kuti Pestemendi yePremitempleth yakanga isiri manyuko bedzi echinodzivirira Hurumende; panzvimbo pezvo, Bumbiro remitemo rinotaura kuti haidziviriki pasutu dzavo vogaro mudare rehurumende. Iyi ibwe rinowanzodudzwa nokuda kwechibvumirano chedzidziso yetsika yazvinodzorwa nehurumende kuti kudzivirira kwehurumende kuri mugadziriro yemitemo yehurumende.

Exte Young (1908)

Kusiiwa kukuru kwehurumende kudzivirira dziviriro yehurumende kwakabuda mu Ex Young (08). Munhau iyoyo, Dare rakataura kuti mugari wemo oga aigona kukwidza mutungamiriri wenyika kuti apedze kudzikamiswa kwemitemo yenyika isina kutongwa. Dare rakarangarira kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoita zvisina kuvimbika anobviswa chiremera chehurumende uye naizvozvo anodzorwa nechiremera chehurumende. Iyi “daviro” inobvumira matare ehurumende kupedza kuputsa mutemo wehurumende pasina kuisa pamutemo. Chisarudzo chinodenha pakati pehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende: hurumende imene inoramba dziviriro, asi mapurisa anomanikidzirwa kuwirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anodenha nokuda kwekodzero dzehurumende, uye kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu ezveutano.

Seminole Tribum v. Florida (1996)

Mu SOMINOLE FUBL v. Florida, Dare Gurusa rakataura kana Congress yaigona kudzora hurumende muhurumende muIndian Commerce Claus. Rudzi rwakatanhamara rwakapomera nyika yeFlorida nokuda kwokukundikana kukurukura mukutenda kwakanaka pamusoro pemibato, sezvinodikanwa neIndiya Gaming Regugatation Act. Dare, muchisarudzo cha5-4, rairangarira kuti Congressss haina chiremera kuhurumende yehurumende yeBookitism pasi peChikamu I, kubatanidza Muteo weCreast I. Murangariro mukuru, wakasimbiswa neSahlulero mukuru Rehnquist, akasimbisa kuti dziviriro yeGwaromende youmambo ye105 yehurumende inoganhurirwa pasimba renyika yose. Iyi inodzorwa zvikuru kutsika mano oudzorwa kutsika kumutemo wapachena uye kutongedzerwa kumutemo.

Alden (1999)

Pashure pa. Munhau iyoyo, Dare rakatambanudza mufungo wesimba rehurumende rokusatapurwa nemitemo yehurumende kumatare mu Alden v. Maine[. Kunyange zvazvo kugadziriswa kwePwere kuchishanda kumatare ehurumende, Dare rakawana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu eMaine nokuda kwokuwedzera aidzorerwe pasi peMoor Act. Dare rakasimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinorambidzawo zvidhomo zvapachivande mumatare avo pasina kubvumiranwa nehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo kudzoresateswa kwePhosvusvusvusvusvusvusvudzi kupfurikidza namashoko aro arotetwe bedzi, Dare rakawana kuti dziviriro yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yogadziro mudare remitemo mudare remitemo yapamutemo mudare rinosano. Chisarudzi ichi chakasimbiswawo mumugariro mukuru mukuru panhau yarotetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetetete

Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002)

Mu Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority [2002], Dare rakashandisa nheyo dzinodzora kutongwa kwehurumende. Murayiro wokufamba nendege waitsvaka kuunza nyunyuto pamberi peFederal Maritime Commission muSouth Carolina State Ports Authority nokuda kwokuramba kodzero dzokumisa. Dare rakaramba kuti dziviriro inofambwa nehurumende mudare rehurumende inotambanurira kudzo dzinoitwa pamberi pamasangano ehurumende. Chisarumbiso chakasimbisa kuti kubvumira mapoka avanhu vatenzi vogaro pamberi pezvirevo zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yapamutemo kwaizosekesa uchangamire hwehurumende.

Zvikamu Neganhuriro

Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirirwa kwoutongi hwenyika kwakafara, nheyo dzeFederalism dzinogamuchirawo kusiyana kunoverengeka kunobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuwana rusununguko mukurwisana nehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vavo.

Kubvuma uye Waiver

Hurumende ingabvuma nokuzvidira kukwidzwa mudare rehurumende. Iyi revo inogona kuratidzirwa kupfurikidza nemirairo yehurumende, kupfurikidza nokuoneka mudare pasina kumutsa dziviriro, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende ine migariro inoda mutengi anodzivisa kuzvidzivirira. Somuenzaniso, apo hurumende inotora rutivi mupurogiramu inopa mvumo, ingabvuma kukwidzwa nokuda kwokupunzwa kwezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro redare rakada kuti api noupi anodzivisa kuva “akakwana uye asina kuoma, anoratidzira ukoshi hwedziviriro yapamutemo kuuchangamire hwehurumende.

Kubviswa Kwechechi Pasi Pechikamu 5 cheMitemo Yechigumi Negumi

Congress ingadzivisa kurwisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kusava nesimba kushandiswe nesimba rakapiwa pashure pekunatswa kwePuncince ye145. IMpendment ye145 yakaitwa kuti iwedzere chiremera chehurumende kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye gadziriro yayo yokudzikamisa inoita kuti Congress ive nesimba rokudzora kudzivirira hurumende apo kugadziridza kuganhurirwa kwemitemo. [[FL]] Fitzitrick v. [FLT][12] [777], Dare rinotsigira mano ebrogatetionsssss as pasi peGrandment paGrangetment, kurangarira kuti kugadzirirwa kwechipo panzvimbo yeIfitimoniti. Njogoswose. Chiitiro chaisa miganhuro pakati pekudzo yeChibvumirano chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo. [2][5]

Adhiropu Dzinorwisana Nevakuru veHurumende: Ex Youung Doctrine

Sezvacherechedzwa, dzidziso Ex Young inobvumira sutuso dzinopesana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa kumisa kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Uku kusiiwa kunokosha nokuda kwokusimbisa Bumbiro remitemo nemiraudzo pamabasa ehurumende, kubva pakuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu kumira mirayiro yemhoteredzo. Rusununguko rwakaganhurirwa kumirariro uye haruregeredziri kuvadziko dzinoshanda, idzo dzingava dzinofanira kurwisana nehurumende. Dzidziso inochengetedza dziviriro yehurumende nepo ichiita kuti mutemo wehurumende urambe uri mukuru.

Adhisiti Yakaitwa neUnited States Kana Kuti Dzimwe Nyika

Dare Repamusorosoro rakati Dare Rechigumi Nechiviri rakaitirwa kudzivirira hurumende pamhosva dzapachivande, kwete pazviito zvinoitwa nehurumende kana kuti dzimwe nyika.

Kunetsa Kwomunguva Ino

Kudzivirirwa kwehurumende kunoramba kuchiparira nharo dzinokosha dzemitemo nedzemitemo, zvikurukuru munzvimbo umo mitemo yehurumende inotsvaka kudzora mufambiro wenyika.

Kutarisira Utano Nechiito Chokutarisira Chisingatani Kushatiswa

Mukutevera Act yeAffordal Care (ACA), masangano akadenha gadziriro dzakasiana----shaiana, kubatanidza Medicaid. Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira murairo womunhu oga weACA mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[FLT:] [202], yakaganhurira simba rehurumende kumanikidza masangano kukudza Médicaid kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kubvisa chitsikiso chiripo. Dare rakasimbisa kuti mugariro wakadaro wakanga uri wokusakafanira uye uchiputsa nheyo dzemitemo yomutemo. Changamire aiita basa muringi nemhaka yokuti masangano ehurumende avanhu aisagona kudzora zvakananga nokuda kwekusawirirana kweAABH kana kuti kusava nesimba.

Kumanikidza Kwazvakaita uye Kutungamirira

Mapoka emhoteredzo ari oga anotsvaka kuisa mirau yehurumende yakadai seCelean Water Act kana kuti Ceaner Act mukurwisana namasangano ehurumende anowanzotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinodzora. Ex paratiote Young dzidziso inopa nzira yeyamuro yedambudzo, asi kuvadziko inotsiva nokuda kwokuputsa kwakapfuura haishaiwi. Iyi ganhuriro inoumba gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvemhoteredzo, idzo dzinofanira kunangidzira papunziro dzinopfuurira panzvimbo panzvimbo yokutsvaka muripo nokuda kwekuvadziko yatoitwa. Betsero yehurumende inovimbisa kuti kusaiswa mukuvadziko yapachivande, asi vatso vanopikisa kuti inogona kusiya vanhu pasina mushonga wokuparira kuvadziko yehurumende.

Kubhadharwa Kwemari Nouchangamire Hwehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinodzora kudzivirirwa kuhurumende rinomukawo muzvinoitika zvokubhuroka. [FLT Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006]], Dare Gurusa reHurumende rakataura kuti kudzivirirwa kwemari hakudzivisi matare okusabhadharwa kwemari kutadza kushandisa musimba rezvinhu zvine chikwereti, kubatanidza zvinhu zvinochengetwa nehurumende. Dare rakarangarira kuti Bankruptcy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo inodzorwa nemhaka yokuti kushatsa kwapamutemo kwakabatanidzwa nesimba rokubvisa zvikwereti nezvinhu zvinochengetedzwa. Iyi inhau inoenzanisira kupfuudzira kushairwa uko chirongwa chehurumende chinopa mari inodzorwa kumugariro wokurasikirwa nenyika yose.

Kubatana kwaChangamire weHurumende muMadare Akaderera

Dare reFederal rinopfuurira kurwisana noukuru hwechidzivisiro chekodzero yokuzvitonga mumativi akasiyana- siyana, zvakadai sesutu pasi peAmerican neChitemo cheUrema kana kuti Muganhu VII weChibvumirano cheChiviko. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti Congress ingadzivisa kuputswa kweIgumi nerechinethi, asi bedzi kana kurapa kwemitemo kwakabatana uye kunowirirana nokukuvadzwa kwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mu Board of Trustees v. Garrett [2001], Dare rakati Hurumende yakanga isina kudzivirirwa nenzira yakarurama nokuda kwekusarura kwechirema. Chinyorwa chacho hachiratidzi mupimo wetsika worusarura rusina kufanira.

mhedziso

Dzidziso yokudzivisa kuzvitonga kwehurumende yakaumbwa zvikuru nenheyo yehurumende. Kubva pamavambo ayo muPendeko re11th resignment kumabasa ayo azvino uno, kuzvidzivirira kwoutongi kunoratidzira musengwa weBumbiro remitemo wokuchengeta hurumende sezvigaro zvakazvimirira mukati megadziriro yehurumende. Dare repamusorosoro redare ragara richisimbisa kuti kudzivirira kuva rutivi runokosha rwehurumende, kunongova bedzi kubviswa nokungwarira. Ganhuriro yehurumende inovimbisa kuti hurumende inogona kudzora pasina rutyo rwenguva dzose rwedzidziso yapachivande yehurumende, nedare reExce Young reparation restion mumpirencesssssss rehurumende rinopa mitoro yehurumende inoparira kodzero yehurumende. Sezvo anoenderera mberi mutemo wokutonga kudzorwa kwomugariro mukuru mukuru wehurumende inhau yehurumende.

Kurava kwakawedzera: [FOLT]] Cornell Information Institute – Eleventing STREMET . [[FLT:]Oyez – Chifisholm v. Georgia[[FLT:]] .[FLT] .[FLT:] .[FLT]] .[FLT] .[FLT][12][9] Central Collegement .[FFF][FLT][FLT]