Kunzwisisa Panchayati Raj System

Panchayati Raj imirira mamiriro etsika akakodzera okutonga muruwa rweIndia, ichiumba nheyo yokuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inofanira kusvika kumidzi yeuswa. Yakagadzwa segadziriro yetatu, inoumba Gram Panchayats panzvimbo yomusha, Panchayat Samitis pamwero wemipata, uye Zilla Parishads pamwero weruwa. Chimiro ichi chinosimbisa nzanga dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokugonesa kutora rutivi rwakananga mumiitiro yokuumba upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva (kubva pakutarisirwa kwemvura noutsanana kudzidzo yeurombo. Mutevedzero unogadzirirwa kuvhara mukaha pakati pehurumende neinodzoro inodzorwa, ichisimbisa kuti kufambira mberi kwomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokushanda kwapamusoro pezvinoitwa.

Chirevo chebumbiro remitemo chePanchayati Raj chakasimbiswa kupfurikidza noMutemo wePentekoste we 73th Constitution Act wa 1992, uyo wakatanga kushanda pana April 24, 1993. Uyu mutemo wechinyorwa wakapiwa nzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo kumitumbi yomumaruwa, uchiiita masangano ehurumende yoga yoga. Chibvumirano chakaraira kutangwa kwegadziriro yezvikamu zvitatu munyika iri yose ine vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni maviri, yakatanga sarudzo dzenguva dzose pasi petarisiro yeState Ecomment Commissions, uye chakachengeta 600-hitatu yezvigaro zvevakadzi uye zvigaro zvakaganhurirwa zvechi chiSady Castemis (SC) nePress Compliefs (ST). Nhasi, India ine chiverengero na555 fram Panchaat, vanenge 6,700 Samtatis, uye Zhad Pariss, vamiri vamirioni vanenge mamiriyoni 3 vakasarudzwa pamwe chete.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare EPanchayati Raj

Murangariro wemadare omumusha kana kuti pacampats haisati iri chinhu chazvino uno. Ufakazi kubva munguva yeVdic (c. 1500-500 BCE) hunoratidzira kuti magungano omunzvimbomo anozivikanwa se shashashas[ uye [[FLT]] sisitatis[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] aibata nhau dzorutongeso nedzoudzo dzehurumende pamwero yenzanga. Mukati momubatanidzwa Mauryan neGupta, Exptah, navakuru vakuru vanotarisira nyika, mari, uye magakava. Mughal akaona nguva yokupfuuridzirwa kwamagamuchidzanwa aya, kunyange zvazvo simba rawo rakaganhuridzwa.

Kutonga kweRoma kwakakanganisa izvi zvirongwa zvokutonga zvomunzvimbomo. Hurumende yeBritain, yainyanya kufarira kubudisa mari, yakanetesa nenzira yakarongwa mitumbi yaizvishandisa yomunzvimbomo. Mayo Resolution yakaedza kumutsazve mapuranga omunharaunda, asi yakanga iri chishandiso chikuru nokuda kwokushandisa mutero panzvimbo pokupiwa simba. Chibvumirano cha1882 Ripon Revolution, chaiwanzodana kuti "Magna Carata yehurumende yomunzvimbomo yakashorwa asi chakavaita kuti vave pasi pevakuru vakuru veBritain. Hurumende yeIndia yaMacsc na1935 yakasuma kuti ive chikwata chedhiarchy neFreastrument, ichipa maruwa kudzora mitumbi yomunzvimbomo, asi pfungwa dzehurumende dzakadzokorodza kudzivisa kushatisa pamutemo.

Post-FLT, Gungano reConstitute rakakakavadzana basa repankayats. Nepo Mahatma Gandhi akatsigira [[FLT: 0]Gram Swaraj (kuzvidzora umene), Dr. Ambedkar akataura itiro hanya pamusoro pekukwidziridza kweganda mumisha. Bumbiro remitemo rakaisa pakuvamba pa pa pa pansthiss reDrective Principles of State (Fricle 40), richikurudzira kutaura kuti zvironge zvive zvisakafanira zvekuzvitonga. Zvisinei, kuitwa kwemasangano kwakaramba kwakaneta uye kusina kufanira.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya muna 1957 ne Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, iyo yakarumbidza gadziriro yehurumende yemo nemasimba echokwadi nepfuma. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukutangwa kwemasangano ePanchayati Rajig (Printa) munyika dzinoverengeka, kutanga neRajan neAndrahsh muna 1959. Zvisinei, tsika yakatambura netsigiro inopesana, kurwisana nemitemo, uye kusabhadhara mari. Dare reSate Mehok Mehta Committences Reformation raMagend Revential (1985).

Zvinoreva Panchayati Raj

Tsigira Kutora Rutivi Rwehurumende

Panchayati Raj anounza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kumasuo avagari vomumaruwa. Sarudzo yenguva dzose, inoitiswa neHurumende yeEcommution Commissions, inogonesa vagari vomumusha kusarudza vamiriri vavo. Gram Sabhas (magungano anoona nezvehurumende) anobatira senzvimbo dzehurumende umo vagari vose vakura vanogona kutora rutivi mukuronga, kutendera mari, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vasarudzwe. Iyi gadziriro yokupa inoparira kuzivikanwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvimbisana kwehurumende, uye pfungwa yokuva muridzi wenzvimbo pamusoro pekubudirira kwomunzvimbomo. Nokuda kwemaruwa akawanda, zvikurukuru avo vari munharaunda dziri kure, pachatrusarusodokedzo ndiyo gadziriro yehurumende yavanowirirana nguva dzose.

Inoratidza Kufambira Mberi Kwenzvimbo Yacho

Mitumbi yomunzvimbomo inonatswa nenzira yechienzi kuti izive zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvenzanga dzayo. Gam Panchayat munharaunda inosanaya mvura ingaisa nzvimbo inochengetedzwa mvura, nepo imwe munharaunda ine makomo inganangidzira ngwariro pawirirano dzomugwagwa. Gadziriro inoita kuti kuronga kwakanaka kupfurikidza nokubvumira Panchayats kugadzirira gadziriro dzegore negore dzinowirirana nenzvimbo nenzvimbo. Zvirongwa zvakadai seMahtma Garnacticalm Act (MGNREGA) uye Pradhantri Awas Yajana kutengwa kupfurikidza naPanchaats, kuvimbisa kuti mari inosvika mukubetsera kunotengwa. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mishana inoshingaira neDangchaatrays ive yakakwirira, mwero yakakwirira, uye youtano yakavandudzwa.

Masimba Anoita Vakadzi Nemapoka Ane Ngozi

Pedzisimendi ye 73rd Demendition yaichengeta chikamu chimwe chechitatu (zvino chakawedzera kusvika ku 50% munyika dzakawanda) chezvigaro zvavakadzi, pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa nokuda kwechiShedymard Castes neStepped Tuvolture. Uku kubvumwa kwakachinja utongi hwomunharaunda. Vakadzi vanopfuura miriyoni zvino vanobatira savamiriri vakasarudzwa vapapa, mitemo inodenha uye inopa ngwariro kunhau dzakadai soutano hwamai, dzidzo yavanasikana, uye masimba masimba omumba. Nenzira yakafanana, SC/ST vanovimbisa kuti mitemo itaure pamusoro petsika dzechikamu chetsika nenzvimbo inosimudziro. Vakadzi vanonangi vanobatira kufurira kurumbidzwa nokubudirira kweidziro dzehurumende.

Kuvandudza Kutarisirwa Kwezviwanikwa Kuri Nani

Mitumbi yomunzvimbomo inotarisira zviwanikwa zvakadai semitumbi yomusikirwo, masango, uye nyika dzinozivikanwa navose dzine basa guru zvikuru kupfuura mativi ari kure. Panchayats anoita basa guru mukushandisa National Literal Tottom Water Programme, Swach Bharat Mission, uye gadziriro dzokudzora dzinobviswa mvura. Kudzora kunoderedza ushati kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa nhevedzano yemirairo nokupenya kunowedzera. Public Financial Financial Management System (PFMS) zvino mari inoyerera kuPanchayats, uye vhineti dzenzanga (Zveidzo dzakafanana nedzinonge dzakarairwa pasi peMGREGGA) inobvumira vagari kuti vaongorore kudzorwa.

Anosimbisa Kuzvidavirira

Vamiriri vanonangidzirwa vanogona kuzvidavirira zvakananga kuvamiririri vavo. Vagari vemo vanogona kubvunza sarpanch mukati memisangano yeGram Sabha, kuraira tsananguro nokuda kwokunonoka, uye kuvhota kusashanda. Uku kuva pedyo kunovimbisa mwero wokuzvidavirira uko mwero wakakwirira wehurumende unowanzoshaiwa. Right to Information Act (2005) inogona kupazve vagari vemo simba rokuwana marekodhi nokumutsa zvichemo. Uyezve, State Depagence Commiss inorumbidza kubvisa kugadzirwa kwemari, mabasa, uye mabasa kuPanchaats, kusimbisa kudzosera kwavo.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga

Panchayats dzinowanzobatira sezvikuva nokuda kwechisarudzo cherwisano pamwero womusha. [[FLT: 0] Magamuchidzanwa [masangano]nyaya pankayats (matare anobetsera) anobata nharo duku, kuderedza mutoro pamatare epamutemo. Mumisha mizhinji inoumbwa, zvinobatanidza zvinobetsera kuparadzanisa nzanga uye zvinosimudzira tsinhirano. Sangano rinoitawo kuti nzanga ibatane mumitambo, mhinduro yengwavaira, uye kukumbira mabasa ari nani.

Matambudziko Akasangana Nemazano ePanchayati Raj

Pasinei zvapo nechimiro chayo chebumbiro remitemo uye kubudirira kwayo, gadziriro yePanchayati Raj inorwisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira zvinoganhurira kushanda kwayo.izvi hazvisi zvipingamupinyi zvehurumende chete asi zvipingamupinyi zvokuvaka uye zvematongerwe enyika zvakadzika midzi munzanga yokudzora yeIndia.

Kusakwana Kwemari uye Kushandisa Mari

Kunyange zvazvo Pession ye 73dhi yakarayira kuti hurumende dzipedze mari yaipiwa Panchayats, kugoverwa chaiko kunowanzova kushoma. Panchayats dzakawanda dzinovimba zvikuru nezvipo zvehurumende, zvichingova nohushoma hwokukwidziridza mari yadzo padziri pachayo pachishandiswa mitero, mari yadzo, kana kuti mari dzinobhadharwa. Maererano neMitemo yehurumende inodzorwa mari yemari yemari yePanchayati Raj, mari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yesero yemari yePanchayat mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Hurumende yemari, inoreva kurumbidza devokin, kazhinji kacho inowana kurumbidzwa kana kuti kushaidzwa.

Kushaikwa Kwavashandi Vakarovedzwa

Gam Panchayats kazhinji kazhinji vanoshaiwa vashandi vane unyanzvi − vakadai savatarisiri vemari, mainjiniya, uye vakuru vakuru vokuronga , kuti vaite mabasa akaoma akafanana nokugadzirira mari, kugadzira mapurani, uye kuwirirana nemitemo yokuongorora. Panchayat Mabharani mukuru, anowanzoremerwa uye asingakwaniswi. Vamiririri vazhinji, zvikurukuru vakadzi nemitezo yokutanga, vane dzidzo yakaganhurirwa yetsika uye vanowana rovedzo isina kukwana. Zvirongwa zvokuvaka zvechitima chinovaka zviripo, zvakadai sezviya pasi peRashtriya Fram Swaj Abhiyan, asi ivo vanowana chikamu chiduku bedzi chavamiriri 3 miriyoni.

Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika Nekudzivisa Kutongwa Nehurumende

Hurumende nedhipatimendi remitemo kazhinji kazhinji zvinosekesa Panchayats kupfurikidza nokunyima mabasa kana kuti kugadzira zvivako zvinowirirana. Somuenzaniso, Masvikiro eruwa angapfuura Zilla Parishads mukushandisa zvirongwa. Ejonga rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoitwa navatungamiriri vebato romunzvimbomo kana kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogona kushatisa zvokutanga ndokutsigira. Uyezve, kushaikwa kworujeko mu11th Shegel (inoronga nhau 29 dzePanchayats) kunotungamirira kukudzoserana uye rwisano namadhipatimemi emutsetse.

Masimba Ashoma Panzvimbo Yedu

Kugadziridzwa kwakarondedzera mabasa ePanchayats kwakafara, asi Hurumende zhinjisa dzave dzichinonoka kubvisa zvikamu zvose 29. Nharaunda dzinotambudza dzakadai sedzidzo, utano, uye kurima kazhinji kazhinji dzinoramba dziri pasi pedzoro yehurumende. Kunyange apo mabasa anochinjwa, zviwanikwa zvemari zvinoperekedzwa nechiremera chokudzora hazvisi. Uku "kuchinja zvinhu pasina kubvisa upfumi" kunoshandura Panchayats semitumbi yechiratidzo. Naizvozvo, vagari vomumusha vanozvirangarira sezvisina simba, zvichideredza kutenda kwavo mutsika.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvenzanga Nokubatwa Nevanhu

Pasinei zvapo nokukanza, mapoka ane simba enzvimbo dzapamusoro kana kuti anodyarwa nyika anowanzodzora zvisarudzo zvepanchayat. Vamiriri vavakadzi, kunyange zvazvo vachirairwa nebumbiro remitemo, pane dzimwe nguva vanoshandiswa semagwaro okuvhota usipo nehama dzokunyama dzavarume .Njodzi dzinozivikanwa sa "sarpanco pati". Masimba anopesvedzerawo kugoverwa kwamaripo, namapoka akaganhurirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achigamuchira betsero shoma. Gram Sabbah, inorehwa kuva inozivikanwa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji bedzi nezvikamu zvikuru, achisiya varombo napasi vasinganzwiki.

Kushandisa Misiyano Neuori

Mukaha uri pakati pomutemo nezvinoitwa wakakomba. Mari inoshandiswa pakubudirira inowanzonzi yakashata kana kuti inononotswa. Comptroller and Discritorior General (CAG) inoshuma kuti nguva dzose inosimbisa kusafambidzana munhoroondo dzePanchayat. Kubvunzurudza kwemagariro, kunyange zvazvo kuchidikanwa zviri pamutemo pasi peMGNREGA, kunodzorwa nenzira isiriyo uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji navakuru vakuru vehurumende vomunzvimbomo. Pasi pokunzvera kukuru, uori hunowanda.

Nhamburiko Dzokusimbisa Panchayati Raj

Kuchinja Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nezvepamutemo

Pentegerword Demendition pachayo yakanga iri nhano huru, asi nhano dzakatevera dzakananga kukupiwazve simba. Panchayats (Kuwedzera Kunzvimbo Dzakacherwa) Act (PISA), 1996 yakawedzera tsika kunzvimbo dzemaruwa, ichiziva miitiro yedzomubatanidzwa wegamuchidzanwa. [[FLT:] 14th Commission (20) yakawedzera mugove wemari yePanchaats (pano) inorumbidzwa zvikuru-kakura kupfuumbika) kubva ku $596966-146 kusvika kui mabhiriyoni 2014 kunopfuura .2020. [FLD:] 01] 01-201 Komiti yemarication [125]

Mitezo inoverengeka yakagadziridza mabasa ayo ePanchayati Raj kuti ipedze mimwe mibato ndokusimbisa Gram Sabhas. Somuenzaniso, Campaign’s People’s Punancial Campaign (1996) yakagadzirirwa zvakanaka kusvikira kuuremu hwenharaunda, ichigadzira muenzaniso wehurumende inopa nhevedzano. Odisha naRajastan vakatanga rupo rwakavakirwa pakuronga mafashoni nekurukurirano zvenzanga.

Purogiramu Dzokuvaka Nokurovedza Vavaki Vakanaka

Minisitiri wePanchayati Raj, kupfurikidza ne [FLT: 0] Rashtaria Gram Swaratij Abhiyan [RGGSA], inogovera rovedzo kuvhotera vamiriri navashandi. . [[FLT:]] Nationalal Institute of Moral Development na Panchaychati Raj [FLT:] inosimbisa vakadzi vamiriri. [[FLT:] [3] inoita zvidzidzo, e-acrigitoma, uye masurugate. [FGRAT] [FT][3]

Kuderera Kwemari Noruzivo Rwokugadzira Mari

Kubatanidzwa kwe Plublic Financial Management System (PFMS) uye DHAMBIDHAURO REGURORODS , yaderedza kuvhura. [[FLT]] National Social Confective Programme (NFMS) zvino yapiwa kupfurikidza nePanchaats, nemari inoshumwa zvakananga kuakaunziroma. Geotagte of projectivessssssssssssssssssssssss pript [FFLT:]

Kusimudzira Kuziva uye Kubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano

Masangano avagari vemo nenhimbe dzezvinobudisa nhau zvakaita basa rinokosha mukudzidzisa vagari vomumusha pamusoro pekodzero dzavo pasi pePanchayati Raj system. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne UNICEF’S inosimbisa [ uye [[FLT:]] Attaid’s misquations proadroads[ yakawedzera kubatanidzwa. [FLT] [FFLT]] [FLT]]

Kusimbisa Mukono weSabhasi

Kuziva Gram Sabbas sechikamu chikuru chedemokrase, maruwa akawanda akaraira huduku hwemisangano mina pagore. Modell Panchayat Goverliance (MPG) inosimbisa basa reGram Sabbas mukuronga, bvunzurudzo dzenzanga, uye kunyunyuta purofiti. National Expert Committee on Panchayati Raj (20)[FLD:] yakarumbidza kuti ramuro refu yeSabha ive iri madikanwa nokuda kwezvirongwa zvose zvikuru zvekubudirira, nyika inovigwa, kuunganidza, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvomusikirwo.

Kuongorora Nguva Yemberi Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Panchayati Raj system inoshanda zvikuru nhasi kupfuura nakare kose. Sezvo India inokurumidza kuita maguta, Hurumende yomumaruwa inoramba iri chigaro chokuderedza urombo, chengeteko yezvokudya, uye mamiriro okunze. Nhenda yeCHOVAD-19 yakasimbisa ukoshi hwemitumbi yomunzvimbomo mukutarisira njodzi. Panchayats yakava nzvimbo dzokuchengetera , kuparadzira kuyamura, uye kungwara kwoutano. Nenzira yakafanana, naRLM] na India Missions[FLT]

Zvisinei, kuziva chiono che Gram Swaraj, chinjo dzinoverengeka dzinokosha:

  • Evolution yose: nyika dzinofanira kupfuudza zvikamu 29 zvose pamwe chete nemari, mabasa, uye kuchinjika.
  • Fiscal Signity: Panchayats dzinofanira kupiwa simba rokubhadhara mutero wemari, mutero webasa, uye kubhadharwa kwavashandi, nehurumende dzehurumende dzinobatanidza kurasikirwa nemari.
  • Kurongeka: Kugoverwa kwavanyori vakakwaniriswa, mainjinia, uye vatarisiri veakaundi pamwero weboka kunowedzera kushanda.
  • [[[Nhamba]] Mitemo yeMasaibhurari neTransparency: Kuongorora kwenzanga kwegore negore kunoitwa namasangano akazvimirira kunofanira kumanikidzwa.
  • [ Kubatanidzwa kweMitunzi yeUrban : Dzidzidzo dzinobva kuPanchayati Raj dzinofanira kuzivisa kusimbiswa kweudzori hwemanisiparati.
  • Kuwedzera kwe kukura kwokushandiswa kwe [[FLT:] eGramsawaj uye .Panchayat Enterprise Admide (PES) mabasa e [FLT] anogona kudirana rezaro nechisarudzo chedata-matomupiki.

Panchayati Raj igadziriro yebumbiro remitemo asi kuedza kurarama muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Rubudiriro rwayo runotsamira pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika chehurumende, kuziva vagari vemo, uye perero yavamiriri vakasarudzwa. Kana vapiwa simba rakazara, Panchayats vanogona kuchinja India kubva musangano rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuva hurumende ine simba uko musha uri wose une inzwi.

Zviwanikwa uye Kuravazve

Mumhedziso, gadziriro yePanchayati Raj inoramba ichikosha nokuda kwokusimudzira mipimo yedemocracy nokusimudzira kukura kwakapfuudzira muIndia. Kusimbisa tsika ino kunovimbisa kuti nzanga dzomunzvimbomo dzine inzwi mukutonga, kuchitungamirira kukukura kukuru kunowirirana nokunotsigirwa muruwa rweIndia. Rwendo kubva kunhaka yehurumende yehurumende kusvikira kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo rwave rwakaoma, asi chipikirwa che Garam Swaroj chinopfuurira kuparira kugadziriswa nokudzivisa zvakafanana.